This document provides an overview of a study tour conducted by members of The Salvation Army Australian Eastern Territory to examine responses to human trafficking in the United States. The tour involved visiting 14 organizations involved in anti-trafficking work to understand different models of service delivery, legal frameworks, and best practices. The goals were to help develop The Salvation Army's strategic response to human trafficking in Australia and facilitate sector development.

2. 2
Aged Care Plus Fellowship
Study Tour
Examining Responses to Trafficking in Persons
1. Background pg. 3
a. Introduction & Goals
b. Nature of study tour & organisations visited
2. Summary of Recommendations pg.14
3. Discussion of Recommendations pg.15
4. Strategic directions for The Salvation Army Australian Eastern Territory
and beyond pg. 27
5. Challenges and Visions pg. 28
6. Appendices pg. 30
a. 2011 Safe House for Trafficked Women Summary Report
b. Discussion Paper: International Framework of Practice
7. References and Acknowledgements pg.33
8. Going Forward pg. 35

3. 3
1. BACKGROUND
_____________________________________________________________
a. Introduction & Goals
The Salvation Army Australian Eastern Territory has a territorial social justice
commitment to Human Trafficking and is committed to eradicating human
trafficking in all of its forms.
Human Trafficking is defined in the United Nations Protocol to Prevent
Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (2003). In short the definition
comprises of three main elements, including Process (recruitment,
harbouring, moving or obtaining) Means (Force, Fraud and coercion) and End
(Forced Labor, Debt Bondage and slavery). Human Trafficking is a gross
violation of Human Rights and one of the world’s fastest growing organized
crime types.
As part of the Australian Eastern Territory’s commitment it supports the only
service in Australia that provides supported accommodation and
comprehensive client centered case management support to men, women,
children and families who have experienced human trafficking, slavery and
slavery-like practices (See Appendix A)
The existing model is commendable and can stand as a leading example to
service provision across the nation.
The territory has also supported a series of Community Education and
Training sessions, which aim to equip front-line service providers to identify
and respond to people who have experienced trafficking.
It is acknowledged that whilst the territorial response, is unique and
admirable, there are other aspects of the anti-trafficking movement that have
not yet been considered by the territory, and are aspects which will enhance

4. 4
the territories commitment to the ongoing support and eradication of trafficking
in persons.
In order to look more closely at different models of service delivery, advocacy
and policy development, Ms. Robyn Evans (Territorial Social Justice Project
Officer) and Ms. Laura Vidal (Case Worker, Safe House for Trafficked
Women) engaged in a 5-week study tour of the United States of America.
The goals of the trip were to:
• Understand different models of service delivery;
• Understand the United States of America legal framework for
supporting victims of Human Trafficking including it’s relationship with
service delivery;
• Develop best practice models in anti-trafficking by learning from
international models;
• Facilitate sector development in Australia especially in partnerships
and collaboration;
• Expand Australian Eastern Territory’s knowledge of Human Trafficking
and further develop a strategic response;
This report sets out recommendations to the territory regarding their response
to trafficking in persons, and through these recommendations provides
detailed discussion of learning.

5. 5
b. Nature of Study Tour & Organisations Visited
The study tour was a combination of service visits, meetings with key
stakeholders in the United States Anti-Trafficking movement, as well as
attendance at the United Nations Conference of the Commission on the
Status of Women.
A detailed description of organisations and individuals met with on the trip are
provided over page.
Organisations
Name Brief Description
Orange County
Human
Trafficking
Taskforce
The Orange County Human Trafficking Task Force was founded in 2004 and is
a collaboration of Law Enforcement, Non-Governmental Organisation, Faith
Based Organisations and the Community. The purpose of the OCHTTF is to
work together to protect victims, prosecute offenders and prevent further
perpetration of this crime in Orange County. The Salvation Army is the Social
Services provider under this task force and across the nation there is an
understanding that this is one of the most effective taskforces.
Web Address: http://www.egovlink.com/ochumantrafficking/faq.asp
Generate Hope Generate Hope provides a comprehensive and uniquely designed long-term
recovery program for young women who have been trafficked, prostituted, or
otherwise sexually exploited.
The GenerateHope program provides dedicated housing and recovery,
including continued education, job training, life-skills training, individual and
group therapy, recreational activities and other support services. Since recovery
from sexual exploitation is a long-term process, GenerateHope provides up to
seven years of support to work through past trauma. This allows women the
ability to live independently and become a positive influence on their
communities and future generations. This service has been open for 2 years
and discussed their ongoing desire to develop a case management program but
thus far, have not implemented this into their program structure. Web
Address: http://generatehope.org/

6. 6
The Salvation
Army Door of
Hope
The Salvation Army’s Door of Hope is a multi-service campus that works with
three key target groups- young pregnant or parenting mother who have either
been victims of commercial sexual exploitation or disadvantage that has led to
identification by statutory court or child protection agencies, young women and
children who are homeless and require further development of living skills, and
men and women struggling with addiction. The service works with these
populations in three ways- a dedicated program for young women to develop
parenting skills and live in a supported routine way, a program for mothers and
children to learn living skills in an intensive supported accommodation program
and finally, a service that works from the traditional Salvation Army addictions
model.
All of these services are found in a single campus set up in San Diego.
Web Address: http://www1.usw.salvationarmy.org/usw/www_usw_sdm.nsf/vw-
sublinks/89406CC84434882688256FC000071923?openDocument
Thai
Community
Development
Centre
Thai Community Development Center (Thai CDC), a community development
non-profit organization since 1994, facilitated the designation of the one and
only Thai Town in the world located in Hollywood, Los Angeles, and founded
the Thai New Year's Day Songkran Festival. Thai CDC aims to create a
thriving community by creating businesses and jobs, developing decent and
affordable housing, and revitalizing public space. Thai CDC serves
economically disadvantaged populations including immigrants, low-wage
workers, and victims of human trafficking. In fact, the famed El Monte Slavery
Case, the first case of modern day slavery in the United States, was
vigorously fought by Thai CDC and our human rights allies until justice was
achieved for the victims.
Web Address:
http://thaicdc.org/cms/about/

7. 7
Coalition to
Abolish Slavery
& Trafficking
The Coalition to Abolish Slavery & Trafficking (CAST), a not-for-profit
organization, was established in 1998 in the wake of the El Monte sweatshop
case where 72 Thai garment workers were kept for eight years in slavery and
debt bondage
With this in mind, CAST was created in 1998, with Little Tokyo Service Center
as its fiscal agent, to provide intensive case management, comprehensive
services, and advocacy to survivors healing from the unspeakable violence
endured during slavery. Today, CAST is a multi-ethnic, multi-lingual human
rights organization located in Los Angeles that has been nationally and
internationally recognized for its dedication to the identification of trafficking
survivors, the mobilization of all sectors of the community to identify and
advocate against trafficking, and the provision of direct services for victims.
With an annual budget of $2.4 million a year, CAST provides comprehensive
long-term services through a three-pronged empowerment approach which
includes Social Services, Legal Services, and Outreach and Training. The
organization also operates the first shelter in the nation solely dedicated to
serving victims of trafficking and established the first partnership of its kind with
Saban Free Clinic – a family clinic in Los Angeles trained to address the health
and mental health needs of trafficking victims. As the first organization in the
country dedicated exclusively to serving survivors of human trafficking and
modern-day slavery, CAST’s mission is to assist persons trafficked for the
purpose of forced labor and slavery-like practices and to work toward ending all
instances of such human rights violations.
CAST also chairs the survivors caucus, a group of survivors that work to
address rights abuses of trafficked people. The newly established Freedom
Advocates Project was modelled on this project.
Web Address: http://www.castla.org/about-us

8. 8
Urban Justice
Centre- Sex
Workers
Project
The Urban Justice Center serves New York City's most vulnerable residents
through a combination of direct legal service, systemic advocacy, community
education and political organizing.
They often defend the rights of people who are overlooked or turned away by
other organizations. They reach a wide-ranging client base through their
Projects.
Created in December 2001, the Sex Workers Project is the first program in New
York City and in the country to focus on the provision of legal services, legal
training, documentation, and policy advocacy for sex workers. Using a harm
reduction and human rights model, the SWP protects the rights and safety of
sex workers who by choice, circumstance, or coercion remain in the industry.
The SWP provides critical information to policymakers, activists, and the media
on the human rights abuses faced by sex workers and those who are at risk for
engaging in sex work. We use documentation-based advocacy, policy analysis,
training and education, and collaboration with community-based service
providers to advance practical, long-term solutions to the problems faced by this
vulnerable and marginalized population. We document the lives of sex workers
and put a human face on violations of their human rights.
The SWP works to ensure that the criminal justice system appropriately
responds to the needs of sex workers; that victims of trafficking in persons have
access to legal and other benefits; and that community-based service providers
who work with sex workers have the expertise to assist them. The SWP works
in the following areas: criminal justice reform; trafficking in persons; and human
rights documentation.
Web Address:
http://www.urbanjustice.org/
www.sexworkersproject.org
Somaly Mam
Foundation
The Somaly Mam Foundation is a nonprofit charity committed to ending modern
day slavery in North America and around the world.
Co-founded by sexual slavery survivor, Somaly Mam, the Foundation works to
eradicate human trafficking, liberate its victims, and empower survivors so they
can create and sustain lives of dignity. The Foundation supports survivor
rescue, shelter, and rehabilitation programs globally with a special focus on
Southeast Asia, where the trafficking of women and girls, some as young as
five, is a widespread practice. The Somaly Mam Foundation also runs
awareness and advocacy campaigns in North America and around the world
that shed light on the crime of human trafficking and focus on getting the public
and governments involved in the fight to abolish modern day slavery.
Our Vision: A world where women and children are safe from slavery. Our
Mission: To give victims and survivors a voice in their lives, liberate victims, end
slavery, and empower survivors as they create and sustain lives of dignity.
Web Address: http://www.somaly.org/whoweare
Break the
Chain
Campaign
Break the Chain seeks to prevent and address the effects of the exploitation
and abuse of migrant working women through survivor driven advocacy,
outreach, and technical support. Break the Chain campaign formerly provided
direct services to exploited migrant workers as part of a task force. They have
since changed the focus of their work and work on advocacy projects around
this, and will be setting up a survivor based advocacy group for exploited
migrant workers in the Washington DC and surrounding areas.

9. 9
Centre for
Human Rights
and
Humanitarian
Law
The Center for Human Rights & Humanitarian Law was established in 1990 to
provide scholarship and support for human rights initiatives in the U.S. and
around the world. The Center works with students, academics and practitioners
to enhance the understanding and implementation of human rights and
humanitarian law domestically, regionally and internationally. The Center
explores emerging intersections in the law and seeks to create new tools and
strategies for the creative advancement of international norms.
VIDA Legal VIDA Legal Assistance, Inc. VIDA stands for Voices for Immigrant Defense and
Advocacy. VIDA a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization was founded in 2011 in
response to the great need for culturally and linguistically specific services for
victims of abuse in South Florida. Its mission is to provide and ensure that
quality legal representation, and other necessary direct and indirect services are
available to economically disadvantaged immigrant survivors of domestic
violence, sexual violence, human trafficking and other violent crimes. We are
currently the only legal organization in Miami-Dade with the sole purpose of
assisting these victims in a holistic victim centered care coordination model.
Coalition of
Immokalee
Workers
The CIW is a community-based organization of mainly Latino, Mayan Indian and
Haitian immigrants working in low-wage jobs throughout the state of Florida.
We strive to build our strength as a community on a basis of reflection and
analysis, constant attention to coalition building across ethnic divisions, and an
ongoing investment in leadership development to help our members continually
develop their skills in community education and organization.
From this basis we fight for, among other things: a fair wage for the work we do,
more respect on the part of our bosses and the industries where we work, better
and cheaper housing, stronger laws and stronger enforcement against those
who would violate workers' rights, the right to organize on our jobs without fear
of retaliation, and an end to involuntary servitude in the fields. Web
Address: http://ciw-online.org/about.html
Safe Horizon Safe Horizon is the largest victims’ services agency in the United States, with 57
locations serving more than 250,000 children, adults, and families affected by
crime and abuse throughout New York City each year.
Since 1978, Safe Horizon has provided victims of domestic violence, child
abuse, human trafficking, rape and sexual assault, as well as homeless youth
and families of homicide victims, with a wide range of comprehensive support.
Our programs also partner with governmental and other community agencies so
we can offer additional assistance, including finding resources for those living
outside New York City.
In addition to our direct services, Safe Horizon also advocates for policies on a
local, state, and national level on behalf of those affected by violence and
abuse. Web Address: http://www.safehorizon.org
Global
Centurion
Foundation
Global Centurion Foundation is the leading international organization focused
on fighting sex trafficking by focusing on demand. Men who buy sex fuel the
market for commercial sex. Today’s brothels often trade in women and children
who have been trafficked into prostitution. Global Centurion assists
communities, states, and governments in developing a comprehensive demand
reduction strategy. Reducing and eliminating demand will dry up the global sex
trade in women and children. Web Address: http://globalcenturion.org

10. 10
World Relief As the world’s second largest and fastest growing criminal industry, human
trafficking has led to the enslavement of nearly 27 million people around the
world. To meet the demand in the United States, a person is trafficked over US
borders every 10 minutes.
In response to this stark reality, World Relief helped launch the Faith Alliance
Against Slavery and Trafficking (FAAST), a group of Christian organizations
which collaborate to design programs, curriculum and training to prevent
trafficking and help survivors to rebuild their lives.
Since 2004, World Relief has partnered with local law enforcement to rescue
and provide comprehensive services to survivors of human trafficking in the
United States. World Relief trains thousands of community members how to
identify victims of trafficking every year.
Web Address: http://worldrelief.org/human-trafficking
US State
Department
The Department of State’s Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons,
directed by Ambassador Luis CdeBaca, leads the United States' global
engagement against human trafficking, an umbrella term used to describe the
activities involved when someone obtains or holds a person in compelled
service. At the heart of this phenomenon are the myriad forms of enslavement
as outlined in the United States' Trafficking Victims Protection Act. Major forms
of human trafficking include: forced labor, sex trafficking, bonded labor, debt
bondage, involuntary domestic servitude, forced child labor, child soldiers, and
child sex trafficking. The Office has responsibility for bilateral and multilateral
diplomacy, targeted foreign assistance, and public engagement on this issue of
modern slavery and partners with foreign governments and civil society to
develop and implement effective counter-trafficking strategies. Web
Address: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/index.htm
Polaris Project Named after the North Star that guided slaves towards freedom along the
Underground Railroad, Polaris Project has been providing a comprehensive
approach to combating human trafficking and modern-day slavery since 2002.
Polaris Project is a leading organization in the United States combating all forms
of human trafficking and serving both U.S. citizens and foreign national victims,
including men, women, and children. We use a holistic strategy, taking what we
learn from our work with survivors and using it to guide the creation of long-term
solutions. We strive for systemic change by advocating for stronger federal and
state laws, operating the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline
1.888.3737.888, and providing services to help our clients and all victims of
human trafficking. Web Address: http://www.polarisproject.org/about-
us/introduction
Not for Sale
Campaign
Not for Sale creates tools that engage business, government and grassroots in
order to incubate and grow social enterprises to benefit enslaved and vulnerable
communities. Web Address: www.notforsalecampaign.org

11. 11
The Salvation
Army United
States National
Office
The Salvation Army (TSA) has been providing services to victims of human
trafficking since 1884 when it first established a “Rescue Home” for women and
girls escaping sex trafficking and prostitution in London, England. Now, more
than a century later, The Salvation Army in the United States and around the
world is part of a revived movement for the abolition of human trafficking and
forms of commercial sexual exploitation. Today The Salvation Army USA’s anti-
human trafficking efforts focus on four core areas: awareness-raising and
training, policy advocacy, prevention, and trafficking survivor services. Across
the country The Salvation Army participates in many local coalitions, task
forces, and working groups dedicated to ending human trafficking, and is
frequently called upon to provide food, shelter, and clothing at a moment’s
notice.
Individuals
Biography
Elaine Pearson
Human Rights
Watch
Elaine Pearson, deputy director of Human Rights Watch's Asia division,
supervises work across Asia, especially South East Asia. Based in New York,
Pearson regularly briefs members of the media, government, and UN
officials. She joined Human Rights Watch in 2007. Pearson has previously
lived and worked in Asia for six years including Bangkok, Hong Kong, and
Kathmandu. She has specialized expertise in human trafficking and
migration, and has extensively documented human rights violations in
trafficking and as a consequence of misguided anti-trafficking strategies. She
has worked for the International Labour Organization, the UN Development
Fund for Women, and led the first trafficking program at Anti-Slavery
International in London. Pearson writes frequently for numerous publications,
and her articles have appeared in the Guardian, the Wall Street Journal, the
Age and Human Rights Quarterly. Pearson holds degrees in law and arts
(English and comparative literature) from Australia’s Murdoch University.

12. 12
Ann Jordan
Washington
College of Law
Ann Jordan is the Director of the Program on Trafficking and Forced Labor at
the Center on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at American University
Washington College of Law. This project was created to raise awareness of
the widespread trade and exploitation of human beings and also to promote a
rights-based approach to combating this issue. By focusing on the effects of
the sex trade as well as the consequences of forced labor, this program
seeks to widen the debate to promote effective and far-reaching solutions at
both the international and local level to combat all aspects of human
trafficking. Program Director Ann Jordan is an international human rights
attorney who specializes in issues of human trafficking, forced labor and
women’s rights. For ten years, she was the Director of the Initiative against
Trafficking in Persons at Global Rights and spent eight years in Hong Kong
and China teaching women’s rights, human rights, criminal law and torts and
advocating for and writing about women’s rights in China and Hong Kong.
She actively participated with an international coalition of NGOs in the
development of the UN Trafficking Protocol and with a U.S. NGO coalition in
the development of the U.S. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection
Act. She was a member of the Women’s Caucus for Gender Justice in the
International Criminal Court, which successfully advocated during the
negotiation process for the inclusion of women and women’s issues at all
levels of the Court. She works with a broad international coalition of advocacy
and grassroots organizations on building local capacity to develop and
advocate for human rights-based programs on human trafficking and forced
labor and to carry out evidence-based research and programming that
addresses and supports the needs and rights of the affected persons. She
has worked in or on projects in China, Hong Kong,
Cambodia, Bosnia, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Ukraine. The
Program supports the creation of networks, promotes conceptual clarity and
offers training on rights-based laws and policies. Currently, the Program
focuses on transparency and accountability in U.S. anti-trafficking policies
and grant making and on developing materials to promote a greater
understanding of the complexity of human trafficking and its intersection with
labor migration policies, sexual rights, health rights and women’s rights. Ms.
Jordan was intimately involved in developing the Freedom Network (USA) to
Empower Trafficked and Enslaved Persons, a premier U.S. NGO anti-
trafficking network of service providers and advocates. In addition, she is on
the board of advisors of the Open Society Institute Sexual Health and Rights
Program and also the central and eastern European anti-trafficking network,
La Strada. She earned her law and undergraduate degrees at Columbia
University and serves as an advisor to several NGOs and networks.

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Martina
Vandenberg
As an Open Society Fellow, Vandenberg will establish a public law center
called Civil Justice: The Human Trafficking Legal Resource Center. The
center will serve as a clearinghouse, bringing together highly-qualified pro
bono attorneys with human trafficking survivors seeking legal assistance.
The organization will advocate to increase the range of legal options offered
to trafficking victims in the United States. By advocating with non-
governmental organization leaders, training lawyers, and mentoring attorneys
handling pro bono trafficking cases, Vandenberg hopes to increase trafficking
victims' access to justice in the United States.
Previously, Vandenberg was a partner in the Litigation Department of the law
firm Jenner and Block LLP, where she focused on complex commercial
litigation and Foreign Corrupt Practices Act matters. She served as a senior
member of the firm’s Pro Bono Committee. In 2006, Vandenberg received
the Albert E. Jenner, Jr. Pro Bono Award for her successful representation of
trafficking victims in the United States federal courts and her advocacy before
Congress. In 2011, Vandenberg served as pro bono advocacy counsel to the
Freedom Network USA.
Vandenberg has spent nearly two decades advocating against human
trafficking, forced labor, and violence against women. As the Europe
Researcher for Human Rights Watch's Women's Rights Division (1998-2002),
Vandenberg participated in the negotiations for the United Nations Trafficking
Protocol in Vienna, Austria. She also wrote two Human Rights Watch
reports, Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict
Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution and Kosovo: Rape as a
Weapon of "Ethnic Cleansing." She conducted extensive human rights
investigations in the Russian Federation, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Uzbekistan, Kosovo, Israel, and Ukraine. In 1997, the Israel Women's
Network published Vandenberg's report, Trafficking of Women to Israel for
Forced Prostitution, the first report documenting human trafficking in Israel.
While living in the Russian Federation, Vandenberg co-founded one of
Russia's first rape crisis centers for women.
A Rhodes Scholar and Truman Scholar, Vandenberg also teaches as adjunct
faculty at the American University Washington College of Law.

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2. SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
_____________________________________________________________
A combination of this study tour and ongoing practice experience has led to
the following recommendations. The recommendations aim to contribute to
strategic planning of The Salvation Army’s anti-trafficking work on an
International, National, and Territorial level.
It is in our opinion that the strategy for anti-trafficking work requires holistic
collaboration that is addressed on all three of the above levels. In our
experience both in the United States and through our work in Australia, we
feel that this is an effective model to best support people who have
experienced trafficking and slavery.
This strategy recommendation will provide a basis to further the work of The
Salvation Army in the anti - trafficking sector, but the strategy should always
remain flexible and adaptable in order to be responsive to change in this area
of work.
International Recommendations
1. The International Social Justice Commission should consider being the
central information source for The Salvation Army’s anti-trafficking
efforts.
2. Develop international standards for The Salvation Army’s anti-
trafficking efforts and programs.
National Recommendations
3. Strategic planning on a National level, which includes a coordinated
response from both Australian Territories.
Territorial Recommendations
4. Active pursuit of meaningful partnerships to enhance service delivery
and advocacy.
5. Development of a process regarding current anti-trafficking efforts in
the territory, including advocacy, media and its relationship with direct
services
6. Development of training curriculum and awareness raising materials to
equip front line workers to appropriately identify and respond to
potential victims of trafficking, with a particular focus on identification
and response in Salvation Army services.
7. Resourcing of Salvation Army services working with at risk populations

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3. DISCUSSION OF RECOMMENDATIONS
_____________________________________________________________

16. 16
Recommendation One
_____________________________________________________________
The International Social Justice Commission should consider being the
central information source for The Salvation Army’s anti-trafficking efforts.
Understanding collaboration and partnership was one of the main focus goals
of the study trip. It has been observed that as an international organisation
there is no one body that has information about anti-trafficking efforts
worldwide. There is also not a common understanding about minimum service
provisions or project standards.
Whilst it is acknowledged that all services operate in their own context it is
important, that there is a response that ensures each project has a central
point where it can connect with other similar projects. This would also allow
for intermational co-ordination for policy, program development and advocacy.
We believe that the International Social Justice Commission (ISJC) is
appropriately placed to be the central hub of this information. It would require
bi-annual reporting of efforts by each project or service, and a compilation of
information that is held at the ISJC.
Historically, in most territories the service to support victims of human
trafficking has been co-ordinated out of women's ministries. Whilst this has
been a significant support, the issue of human trafficking is not solely related
to women and therefore we feel the ISJC would be able to support a broader
framework for The Salvation Army's work in anti-trafficking to ensure that it
was not limited to women or trafficking for sex work.
The strategy around this outcome is straight forward in that trends of practice
and client group can be recognized, there is a holistic and comprehensive
evidence base for the work that is occurring internationally and that there is a
minimum standard of practice (See recommendation 2)

17. 17
The benefit of this implementation is really about strengthening the response
and holding services and projects accountable to overall Social Justice goals
held by The Salvation Army and worked on at the ISJC.

18. 18
Recommendation Two
_____________________________________________________________
Develop international standards for The Salvation Army’s anti-trafficking
efforts and programs.
In addition to Recommendation One, it is also our observation that The
Salvation Army as an international organisation requires minimum standards
of practice, and an international framework around their anti-trafficking efforts.
Again, context is to be acknowledged, and therefore implementation of an
international framework or minimum standards of practice will differ, it is
critical that The Salvation Army is able to have a united stance on what is
occurring worldwide in their programs.
This is again a potential project suggestion for the International Social Justice
Commission, but a worthwhile investment with regard to a concrete
implementation of anti-trafficking work globally.
Appendix B outlines in detail, previous work by Ms. Evans on developing an
international framework. Our collective experiences still very much support
this idea. Constructive comments by Commisioner Mac Millan are also
included in Appendix B

19. 19
Recommendation Three
_____________________________________________________________
Strategic planning on a National level, which includes a coordinated response
from both Australian Territories.
Something we see as a strength of The Salvation Army’s work in the
United States is their concerted efforts to have a national response to
anti-trafficking. Like Australia the United States is divided up into several
territories. In order to combat the issue of unity across their anti-
trafficking messages, The National Council of Human Trafficking was
established.
In our discussions with National Program Manager Lisa Thompson, she
discussed how instrumental it has been to have a united vision for The
Salvation Army around anti-human trafficking work.
Whilst the National Council does not have a monitoring role over the
territories, what is allows for is an open dialogue and a set of agreed
fundamental principles that are to be considered in ongoing anti-
trafficking work.
Some of the parameters around the council are included below:
Roles/Functions of the Council
To fulfill its purpose, the Council and its members will do the following:
1. The Council will make informed and strategic recommendations to The
Salvation Army in its efforts to eradicate and prevent human trafficking
and serve those victims rescued herein.
2. The Council will promote, support and make recommendations
regarding the continued education of The Salvation Army on human
trafficking matters.
3. All Council members will promote, support and inform anti-trafficking
efforts of TSA and its partners as well as the development of culturally-
appropriate, collaborative and comprehensive trafficking service
programs within each member's geographic purview.
4. Territorial Council Representatives will serve as liaison for TSA
trafficking efforts between their territories and: 1) other territories, 2)

20. 20
national headquarters 3) non-TSA entities in their territory.
Desired Outcomes
The ends to which the Council strives are to:
1. Increased identification and rescue of trafficking victims.
2. Increased prevention of new incidents of human trafficking.
3. Restoration of rescued survivors of human trafficking (including
prostitution)
4. Increased capacity of The Salvation Army to provide services to
victims of human trafficking.1
Whilst the above model is not entirely transferrable, we believe that it is
a modeled that can indeed be replicated and will assist unity between
the two territories on this issue.
A model in Australia would like similar to the current Hope for Life
program which is a Salvstion Army National response to suicide
bereavement and prevention. This is governed by a bi- territorial board,
but Australia Easern Territory hold the contract for the funding
agreement. This idea for national anti-trafficking work by The Salvation
Army was also tabled at the April Tri Territorial meeting on social justice
and was positively looked upon. It is recommended that there be an
advisory board that directs the National response on trafficking and this
board employees a National Project co ordinator and a National training
officer whom both have a direct connection to the service to ensure they
remain evidence based in their practice.
In terms of budget, this budget would be shared across 2 territories, but
potentially hostedeast the eastern territory. In total there would be 2
national positions, possibly some media resource and a travel and
resource budget attached. Figures would need to be discussed with
AUS.
1
http://www.salvationarmyusa.org/usn/www_usn_2.nsf/vw-dynamic-
index/FBC65EB916B7547F852574400063B682? Opendocument

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In practice, there have been informal discussions between both the
Australian Eastern Territory and the Australian Southern Territory about
how the two can commence a strategic working partnership around the
issue of human trafficking. It seems timely, to consider the
implementation of this recommendation and to pursue formal
discussions with the Southern Territory.

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Recommendation Four
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Active pursuit of meaningful partnerships to enhance service delivery and
advocacy.
One of the inspiring things about the context of anti-trafficking work in
the United States is the active partnership that service providers share
to better serve their client group.
It was acknowledged that the model used by the United States
government with regard to funding was instrumental in creating these
arrangements. However it says a lot about how holistic services can be
delivered.
The United States government funds services using a “Task Force
Model” In short, the task force model requires a partnership between law
enforcement, legal service providers and social service providers to
ensure delivery of services to identified victims of human trafficking.
Unlike Australia it does not fund only one single service provider, and it
also has funds available for providers of legal services.
In our meetings with different service providers, there were mixed
opinions regarding the task force model. On the whole, most
stakeholders saw the theoretical benefit of a task force, however like all
partnership and collaboration efforts there are challenges. Most people
we met with were of the opinion that the Orange County Task force (link
provided above) is a demonstration of one of the better more functional
task forces in the United States
The implementation of this recommendation is two fold-
1. Advocacy strategy directed to The Australian Government
regarding single service funding. Demonstrating the key benefits
to be gained for clients when multiple stakeholders are involved;
2. Support from The Salvation Army for the active pursuit by The
Salvation Army Trafficking project, and Social Justice department
for active and supportive formal partnerships, that in turn stand as
a network of support for people engaged in our services. This

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includes formalizing pre-existing partnerships internally and
externally.
There is much to be said about the benefits to clients when
partnerships are pursued. Namely, it gives greater autonomy to
clients around their choice in access for service providers, and it also
demonstrates a commitment about their holistic needs.
By creating a system of limited choice and freedom about individual
futures, we are in fact replicating the very same situation that have
experienced in their trafficking situation. In order to restore the lives
of individuals post a trafficking situation it is imperative that they have
choices and freedom to make choices which best support their
needs.

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Recommendation Five
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Development of a process regarding current anti-trafficking efforts in
the territory, including advocacy, media and its relationship with
direct services
It is critical that the approach to work anti-trafficking efforts, is strategic
and coordinated. From what we have learned during this study tour and
from direct practice experience, is that a strategic plan which
encompasses advocacy and media from a grass roots approach
achieves results.
It is importnat that the territory establishes clear goals regarding their
anti-trafficking efforts, and that these goals are clearly articulated and
implemented.
It is our recommendation that a key worker be employed to take on this
role as highlighted in recommendation 3. In our opinion this National
Project Officer must have a direct connection to the trafficking service,
but have a strategic role which includes developing a strategic plan,
creating a media and advocacy plan as part of this, and identifying
opportunities for growth.
As part of this role, management of the Freedom Advocates project
would be included to ensure that effective and meaningful partnerships
are created, and the grass roots advocacy response in line with The
Salvation Army's social justice philosophy remains part of the overall
strategy.

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Recommendation Six
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Development of training curriculum and awareness raising materials to equip
front line workers to appropriately identify and respond to potential victims of
trafficking, with a particular focus on identification and response in Salvation
Army services.
The Safe House for Trafficked Women spent time in 2011 rolling out
front line service provider training on trafficking, addressing the
identification and appropriate response to victims of trafficking. This was
hugely successful with many corps and communities being reached.
As modelled by The Salvation Army in San Diego, we recommend that a
formal training curriculum is developed that is coupled by awareness
raising materials and tools to assist front line service workers to
appropriately identify and respond to potential victims of trafficking.
The approach in our opinion would be two fold:
1. To equip mainstream front line service providers with these skills.
The Salvation Army with their work directly with trafficked people
is adequately placed to develop and implement such a training
curriculum;
2. To equip other Salvation Army services that are working with at
risk populations, to ensure that The Salvation Army as an
organisation is unified in their response to this client group.
3. Engage corps and salvos by utilising the Stop the traffik
campaigns to raise awareness and create a movement of change
in industries that exploit people. (3 year commitment is required
at $10 000)
We believe that this could be co ordinated by a National training officer,
as discussed in recommendation 3 wh has a direct relationship with the
service and carries a small case load. This will ensure that the training
remains grass roots, up to date and evidence based.

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Recommendation Seven
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Resourcing of Salvation Army services working with at risk populations.
In addition to the above recommendation regarding training. Time and
resources needs to be dedicated to the up-skilling and resourcing all
Salvation Army services working with at risk populations.
Our experience in San Diego, looking at the “Door of Hope” service,
allowed us to reflect on different target groups that The Salvation Army
works with and identify the potential populations that could be
experiencing exploitation. In particular, our attention was drawn to youth.
This recommendation is a culmination of both recommendation five and
six, whereby a strategic plan encompassing this issue needs to be
developed and time dedicated to ensuring that The Salvation Army
maintains unified in its response.
It is also an opportunity to share skills, resources and best practice
methodologies amongst the services.
One recommendation of how this could be implemented is by utilising
recommendation three. If this was not seen feasible at this time, then an
alternative communication and training strategy should be looked into.

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4. STRATEGIC DIRECTIONS FOR THE SALVATION ARMY
AUSTRALIAN EASTERN TERRITORY AND BEYOND
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With knowledge of current direction of the territory with special regard to
the “Hub Model” and communities of practice, we see it essential that
the Trafficking program and future activities be considered in this model.
Presently, the trafficking service sits under the homelessness service
delivery model and we see that there a both advantages and
disadavantages to this approach.
The advantage is that the service has access to resources which
otherwise may not be available should the service be stand alone. The
client group does share some of the same needs as the homelessness
population and therefore these resources are needed and well recieved.
Secondly, the service maintains some anonymity, protecting the safety
and security of residents residing at the service.
The disadvantage is the client group is often mis-represented, and the
additional service activities do not fit typical models of homelessness
and are therefore contested in some contexts and situations.
It is in our opinion essential that the overall territorial strategy ensures
that the issue of trafficking remains level to the other social issues
incorporated in the hub model.
The above recommendations are to be viewed as a cumulative
approach, that is the basis for the strategic development of trafficking in
this issue.
It is encouraging that the territory has made the physical and finanical
comittment to this issue, and for that reason, we feel that we are
adquately placed, and have existing expert knoweledge to be leaders in
the field.

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5. CHALLENGES AND VISIONS
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During the study tour, we had the opportunity to view really positive
progressive projects and models of practice that could be seen as best
practice worth learning from.
On the contrary we also were able to see services and be part of
discussions that highlighted some of the challenges that the anti-
trafficking context in the United States faces because of services that
are not delivering best practice.
The trafficking service in our territory, strives to deliver best practice,
and one of the achieved goals for caseworker of the service was to
realise the detriment caused by services that do not deliver best practice
and to continue developing a model of practice that is progressive,
evidence based and cutting edge.
In the Australian Eastern Territory we have worked at creating
relationships and partnerships with many services, community groups
and others who are working in the anti trafficking space or would see
potential victims in their services. It was our observation that the USA
Salvation Army is in some area's limited their partnerships and
collaboration by opposing and excluding services whom they felt were
not anti-sex work. We felt this limited the clients access to services as
well as limiting the advocacy arm of The Salvation Army in this field, as
advocacy could not then be united to government or in the community.
We feel that this lesson is one we can be aware of and learn from.
It is our every intention to learn the lessons of those who have come
before us, and this trip has most certainly been an opportunity to do that,
and to also be inspired and motived to develop a strategy, that at the
bare minimum protects the rights of individuals who have experienced
exploitation.

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An example of a service, which in our opinion was the true essence of
client-centred, trauma informed, and strengths based care was the Co-
ordinated Victims Assistance Centre, Miami-Dade Department of
Human Services, where VIDA Legal practices from.
This centre is funded by the county Department of Human Services,
however operates with self-funded Non-Government organisations
providing victims services ranging from legal assistance to counselling
and therapeutic care.
This model of service delivery demonstrates the vast needs of victims of
crime, and highlights the importance of recieving services. It is a model
that The Salvation Army could learn from, and consider implementing as
part of the hub-model.
More information about this innovative service can be found at:
www.casa-us.org/

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6. APPENDICES
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A. 2011 SAFE HOUSE FOR TRAFFICKED WOMEN SUMMARY
REPORT
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B. DISCUSSION PAPER: INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK OF
PRACTICE
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7. REFERENCES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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First and foremost we would like to acknowledge and thank Aged Care
Plus for providing the opportunity. This opportunity has been an
incredible priviledge, and has provided us with a wealth of knowledge.
We would also like to acknowledge and thank our teams on the front-
line. For supporting us to take the trip, for inspiring us to continue this
work.
To the survivors that we work with each and everyday. It is you, that
keeps us all fighting for justice, working for change and struggling for
freedom.
To all of our hosts, and the people that took time out of their busy
schedules in the United States, each one of you helped us to learn, and
imparted invaluable knowledge about your work and context of
trafficking in the United States.
§ Sherri Harris, NETS-OC Program Director, Anaheim
§ Captain Suzanna Mondell, The Salvation Army, Divisional Social Service
Secretary, San Diego
§ Wendy Dailey, Vice-President and Co-Founder, iSanctuary, Irvine
§ Sergeant Graig Friesen, Vice Detail, Anaheim Police Department
§ Lisa Robertson, Director, Door of Hope, The Salvation Army San Diego
§ Susan Munsey, Director of Organisation, Generate Hope, San Diego
§ Chanchanit Martorell Executive Director and Hisano Niikura Caseworker, Thai
CDC, Los Angeles
§ Vanessa Lanza, CAST, Los Angeles
§ Miriam Mesa, Information and Referral Specialist, CHIRLA, Los Angeles
§ Sienna Baskin, Project Co-Director Urban Justice Centre, New York
§ Avaloy Lanning & Team, Senior Director Anti-Trafficking Program, Safe

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Horizon, Brooklyn
§ Amy Merill & Izzy Katz, Somaly Mam Foundation, New York
§ Audrey Roofeh, NHTRC Program and Specialist Trainer, Polaris Project,
Washington DC
§ Ann Jordan, Program Director, Human Trafficking and Forced Labour,
Washington College of Law, Washington DC
§ Dr. Laura Lederer, Global Centurion, Washington DC
§ Lisa Thompson, The Salvation Army National Office, Washington DC
§ Abraham Lee, Public Affairs Office, US State Department, Washington DC
§ Martina Vandenberg, Open Society Foundation, Washington DC
§ Tiffany Williams, Break the Chain Campaign, Washington DC
§ Amy Hewat, World Relief, Baltimore
§ Maria Jose Fletcher, Co-Director, VIDA Legal, Florida
§ Ana Isabel Vallejo, Human Trafficking Academy Program Coordinator, St
Thomas University School of Law, Florida
§ Julia Perkins, Fair Food Program Education Coordinator,Coalition of
Immokalee Workers
§ Jonothan Hirt, Not for Sale Campaign, San Francisco

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8. GOING FORWARD
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From this report we seek permission to do the following:
1. Formally approaching, through the program secretary The
Southern Territory about developing a National approach to anti-
trafficking work. From this develop a proposal, including financial
commitments for both leaderships to consider.
2. In light of this report and the inner city review the position of the
Safe House for trafficked people in Sydney East and Illawarra
division be revised and determined whether the program should
sit as a stand alone territorial program, in partnership with the
division or remain as is.