Language and society (sociolinguistics), this course which translated in Afar language, is the course that I have taught second year students this year (2015).

1. ~ 1 ~
1hatto
Mafdaga
1. Sociolinguistics
1.1. Ayyunafmissorakiibo tu-mabulutte (oyti)
Ayyunafmissodadal akaxaamik (baritto) ossobba/kala.
Nammaayak (af kee ayyunta) 20hatto horak 2hatto garab fan (1950+) baxsal kusaaqisimte
sugte (tiyaay baxsah). Usun nammaayak tiyaay sinni xiinissa kalahmadqah innal
sugen.Ligidak 1952 tutaaxagoayyunta kee afti intin axaw kusaaqat culaanam qemiseenim
inki sanatahi adda sugte.
A ossobba addat tiyay tiya ittat tumcuggem qaddossa namma takko/numma tan----
ayyunta kee af.Usun ayyunafcubbi ittah tan baxsa le qangara madqen/ginen.
Seehadaytu naaxegem fannek/faxnek afti caagit naaxigem faxximtam kee seehadayti
kusaq maleh/maliinoh afti kusaaqissiyyi nek arac maxaga/mamuliya.
Ayyunafcubbi kaxxam qunxaane leh tan 62 karmat tan ossoba kataye kinni. Ligidak 1960
gexsiisen konforensil dago ammuntitte yeteebeqen. Haver C. “Sociolinguistics
(ayyunafcubbi) ekraaro” ammuntisen naharsi artikil yeteebeqen,yaab kee caddo
fantaaxaw.
Naharsi namma tabna sanootah (1960-1970) addat ayyunafmisso doolat kee barittoh
maggo tuxxiq yece. Maggo qadad/ixxima leh tan tutaaxago fieldi kusaaqal hangi hayte.
 Ayyunafmisso macaay?
Inki gabak/katuk afti mantafaqqa pattern kee aki gaba/katuk tommamey afti addat cultam
kusaaqissa afti cubbi exxa.
Qangara elle tascassennal af kee ayyuntiino wagsissam, baxsa le caddol/raawal ittal
gacsiyyi xiqto le ossobba/kala.
Is ayyunti afti baxxabaxsa luk leh yan angaaraw keemissa. Tohi Sabbatah, nammaayak
(af kee ayyunta) fanat causal inttin axaw qalli keenik yan.
Ayyunafmisso ittan term namma qangarah koboxu:
 Ayyun:- ayyunti caagid awlissa
 Afmisso:- afti caagida awlissa

2. ~ 2 ~
Amo biyal, ayyunafmisso iyyaanam afti quluumih exxaay af kee ayyunti
fantaaxaw kusaaqissa/cubbussa.
1.2. Af
Af yaanama sinam edde walaltah, itta edde geysisaanah, hinnay faxaana edde warsitan
cogdaay ayyunti itta elle geyya heenih madqen/dadlisen/ginen tiya kinni. Akkinnal kaadu
af seehadayti baxak kennaaneey num/mari/agat maa agat kinnim elle tamixxigeemi.
Tonnaah, af yaanam qaggoor mantafaqqay adam baxi/banaadamti baxi etta elle gee
angaaraw maknay/gida.
1.3. Ayyunta
Ayyunta yaanam iki guubul yan maraay baxaabaxsa le diini, qaada, af luuk xisimteh tan
kee ital qekuh tan gaanta. Who axic ganta baxsitteta luk ittaluuk
xiinah/yaqeeshe/allinnanim ittaluuk haysitah yan maray inki aracal gaaboobe/yenkette, a
ayyunti addal kak anninnaanih agaatih/rakaakayih xinttot, madqat xiinah yan mara takkay
immay marah le madqa yaaxigeenim takkeh/bictah macaay innek ayyuntta innah nan
waqdi dubuk inki maray inki af, qaada/salu, diini, kee/hinnay madqa le mara akke
waamih sabbata.
1.4. Afti baxaabaxsa
Afti baxsa innah nan wak af addal leh yan baxaabaxsitte tascasseh taniimi. Af mangonnal baxsa
le. Ceelalloh, nado, karma, mare, rakaakay, ww… taham tascassem kulli num sinni caddol,
rakaakay caddol, karrama caddol, mare caddol/kedo caddol, kee buxa addih qedaddo caddol,
hinnay tu-baritto caddol baxsa lennal afat yantifiqqenimioh.
Afti baxaabaxsat cultah tan duyye (factors) afitte fanat cogda leh tan mango baxsitte tanim qadoh
(Ingiliiz kee Jappaan af, Qafar kee Amcari af).masalan taa afitteh fanat madqa baxsi yan.
Mamaxxaga le/ossoobba le qngoor (Popular terms)
Innah nanwak, umman aracal ummatta edde yabtah tan afti addat tan baxsitteey num, sinam,
mihratwa, egla, fiqma, ww… ikih tascasseh tan afti baxaabaxsitteh addat tan yabti manttaffaqqa.
Too duyye ahaa gubal katayta:
1.4.1. Afeyta: yaana afti baxaabaxsak tiyak teena kina wak fexe afti baxsay aki
baxsittek (inki afih) maxcomaafo xisne (structure/grammar/syntax), angoor
maqna (semantic), afeytisiino (Pronunciation) madqa/cogda baxsa lehtaniimi.
Aki gabak kaadu afeyta innah nanwaqdi, num kak yeemet/num manni rasih baxa
kinnim kaak elle naxigu xiqnah nan afti baxsa. Nammahatto, inki afak yabti xongoloh

3. ~ 3 ~
mayyaaqa misso/qussaqa (Phonology), angoor/xisne aydaariyya (Morphology), xisne
(Syntax), kee maqna (semantic) inkih addat yabixih yan afti baxsa kinni.
Ceelallo, cayso- kilbati rasu, daaco- awsi rasu= morphological
- Booxal obtaamal a carra sunkuh koo xagisak en. A carra koqsol
obeettoy lakbah koo heeluken.= syntax.
- Bura, bara, cara, macammax- 3 hatto rasu, buxa,caxa, baxa,
mocammad- awsi rasu, kilbati rasu, 5 hatto rasu kee tonnah
amolludi caddol takkeh=Phonological
- Dirar,quusi- 2 hatto rasu, afxago, qerakkalo- awsi rasu= semantic
Taa dagal dafeyte ceelallola inki gaanta, amolludi, rasi caddol takkem xiqtah.
Kulli num amolluddi caddol mangoh yan afetat baxsa lennal/caddol yaabahaw kulli num afeyta
leh/yaabah, mango afeytitte baxsa le caddol.
1.4.2. Afeytisiyya: a qangara afti addat mango maqna le.
- Qangarak qido/afeytisiino wagitah taniimi.
- Oksforx Ingiliiz xikshineeri (Oxford English Dictionary) elle
qaddosennal, afeytisiyya yaanam amolluddah, daqaarah, kalah
mablah qusbah tan qangarak afeytisiino/qido/ oyta kak alle wan
qangarak qusba qido.
Ceelallo, bura/buxa, caxa/cara, kawaka/keeawka. Better- British, better/berrer-qado ameerika kee
data ameerika,
1.4.3. Gurra (Style): atiya tonnah afti baxaabaxsak tiyak teena kinni. Is yaabak
gurra taysubulle. Takkay immay a tiya manggi/maggih qunxaaneyti yaab
tascasse aw qusba yaabih gurray xeyi udduurut baya kee teexege fiqma edde
tantifiqqime yaabti caalat.
Ossotinah, gurra/caalat yaanam afti baxsay yabti caaloota wagsissa: gita li kee gita mali.
Ayyunti addat ayyuntiino Sali (salu) hinnammaydinttoy mannal afat yanttifiqqeenim baxissa
tan.Afak wuli mantafaqqa bica lem kinnim hinnammay bica allewaytam yaaxagoonuh ayyunti
salul meexima.
Masalan, 1hatto caalat 2hatto caalat
Commentator Parliament meeting
Ceelallo, qunxaaneyti udduuru uddur baaha yan yabti gurra.

4. ~ 4 ~
Labnumuh atta iyyanam (anchi), እንንካው (genneh/foorreh iyyanam faxeenik), ጊቢልኝ (tu koo
esseran wak keenih taceegidih iyyan angara, yaccuy), ወላ በል(kat wonnah,kell, wonnah gah), ሳብ
(foor/hiri/kaqit/warray,kex), ቅበረኝ (yoo cat/wad).
Tannah tan yabittey sinam edde tantifiqennak akinnal edde yantifiqqimen.
1.4.4. Nintin amo afeyta (Idiolect): yaanam kullinum sinni afeytay aki marak edde
baxsima le. Qangooruk qedo kak kay buxah marak, kataysoosuk dagoo baxsa
le.
1.4.5. Yabti gaanta (Speech community): yaanam ummatah ittaliinoy umman
afeyta yabta. Gaanata innah nanwaqdi afti missok ussutina duyye
(Extralinguistics factors) takkem xiqtah/maqnissah. Ceelallo, karma,
rakaakay, ayyunti maddur caddo, horta mamaxxaga, w.w…
Karma waginnek qunxa num kee kaxxa num inki yab mali hinnammay baxsa le
qangoorut yantifiqqen. Rakaakayah tugactek, sinam elle aninan ikkel ken aki
rakaakayih marak baxsa yab loon.Ayyunti maddur/qidaddo caddo ittah tan tiyaay
qayxixxu kee gaddali edde tantifiqime qangoor kee yabti gurra tascasse.Horta
mamaxxaga tonnah inki egla elle tamixxigeh tan baxsa le yabti caalat/afeyta.
1.4.6. Register (Reejister): kak yaanam temeexege/baxsa le hora kee mihratwa
edde tantifeqqe qangor kee tascasse. Afti cubbih mihrat (caalat-baxsa le) afti
baxsa: baxsa le/yemeexege maralluk tangoorowuh edde tantifiqime hinnay
ayyuntiino caalat bica le afti qaynat kinni.
 Dialoctology: xiyaaloktoloojy yaanam rakaakay afeytih (afeyta) kussaaqa.

5. ~ 5 ~
1.5. Afti baxaabaxsitte yantifiqqime mara le katuk
1.5.1. Afak rakaakay baxaabaxsa
1.5.2. Afak ayyuntiino wadwaba baxaabaxsa
Af kee afeyta fan baxsa rorta weelissiyyi gidbaabina
Afeyta, xagissa, Reejister, gurra,tonnah af isih, lafa le asli/rakiibo mabla baxxaqisiyyi taqbi yan
afti addat.
 Af (Language) : wuli dudday afti cubbih xisne cogda le.
 Afeyta (dialect): nabam meqeh tahin tan namma paarameetirwaay afeyta sharcisa yan.
Tohimiiy: Ayyuntiino Wadba Xisne (Social Structure)kee rakaakay ittalluk
aaliyya/keefiyo (geographical distribution).
Sissinaane qaynootay af kee afeyta fanat tan:
Af (Language): baxsa le afitte :- Ingiliiz-af, Firansi-af, Amharih af, Qafar-af
 Sinni dudda leh taniimi
 Ittin geey/ittin afhimiyya allewaytaama
 Dubuk maxca taskcasseemi/xongolo taysubulleemi
Afeyta (Dialect): kilbatti-qafar-af, gabbi-qafar-af, gonxer, gojjam Amcarih af
 Sinni dudda mali
 Ittin geey lee
Afeyti yascassem afti qaynotah fanat yan baxaabaxsay qangoorul, rikkiisol, kee maxcal/ qngarak
qidol baxsitte leh taniimi.
Afti mihratwa/mixxiwa af kee afeyta fan baxissuh wuli maassayyooyi daffeysen:
1. Haugen mablal: Af kee Afeyta fanat tanim manginta kee dagna baxsa. Af afeytak
mangoh/xiyaalekti dagoh.
2. Hudson mablal: loonuh yanin caddo baxsa kinni.
- Af yimixxige caddo le (Standard)
- Afeyti saytunnane mali/kaxxa arac mali.
3. Wodros mablal: ittin geey baxsa loonum:
- Af ittin geey mali
- Afyti ittin geey leh
Namma baxsa le afeytat yaaba naama num itta yafhimeenimih xiqto yelleenik, ta mari inki af
loonum iyyana faxximta. Laakin ta mari yaab ittak geewwnik baxsa le af loonu iyyaana
faxximta.

6. ~ 6 ~
1. Afak rakaakay baxaabaxsa (Regional/geographical variation of language)
Afak rakaakay (geographical) baxsa iyyaanam cudud xalootuk tamaateemi.Afak rakaakay baxsi
(ARB) dadlam seehada/sinam rakaakayal hinnaay ayyuntiiono wadbal ittak baxsiman waqdi.
Umman aydafaale
B. dagar aydafaale (Physical barriers): sinam cudud baxsa yeelleenik hinnammay
mango/kaxxa qaleela fant keenik tenek hinnaay kadu bad fanat keenik yeenik afti baxaabaxsa
bahoonu xiqaana.
T. Ayyuntiino wadbah aydaffale (Social barriers): ah inna wak, aydafaaley
mango/baxaabaxsa le ayyuntiino gidbaabinak tamaateemi/uguttaama.
Ceelalloh: ayyuntiinoh addal sinam mangonnal baxsimta, siyaasa, mare (qado heemara kee qasa
heemara), exxa/afa/daala, diini, w.w:
Wuli/inkin-ki baxooxal rakaakakay baxaabaxsi ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsak kaxxam cayla
le/umannah gidbi.Masalan, Ityooppiya addal.
2. Afak ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsa (Social variation of language)
Sinam/seehada ayyuntiion wadbah baxaabaxsittett baxsa le gurral/gital yaabelon. Ayyuntiino
wadba baxaabaxsa{ xisne (structure)} biyaktah/meextah afti caalat:---- karma, nado, baritto,
w.w.
b. karma: (canxoowa/alaaqa, quxaaneyta, furrayna, illolti/idoola) ayyuntiino wadba baxaabaxsa
mexta fakterwak tiyakteena kinni. Is nek yaabak gurra baxissah.
t. Nado: iyyaanam aki afti baxsay ayyuntiino baxaabaxsi yamaate (ayyuntiino baxaabaxsih
xaloot).
A tiya tabbixeh tanim afeytisiino (Pronunciation), xisne rakiibo (Grammar), qngoor
(Vocabulary), kee antafaqiyyi gurra (Context of use).
Ceelallo, saynum kee labnum yaabak abaanah gide wagsissa (labnum saynumuk kaxxi/maggom
yaaba.
1.6.Afti baxaabaxsa manttafaqqa le katuk (variation of language according to use)
Ah yaanam simam afti baxaabaxsittet elle tantifiqqenna. Naharsi darsil elle wagitnennal,af
maggo gurra leeh maggonna/baxaabaxsa lenna yantifiqqenih (yoh yaanam,
afeyta,afeytisiino, afeytisiyya, w.w.). wooduyyeek ossotinah/qusbaamah edde qagisnaamah
tugactek ahaak gubal ablenno:
B. Register/REH gester (Reejister):

7. ~ 7 ~
T. Slang (Islang):
S. Jargon (Jargon):yaanam baxsa le marih adoytit fanat ux gabah inna, qangooruy
inki-nki context iroh maggih maqna acewaa/alle waa. Ahaak gubal tan ceelalloola teetik oyti
taysaballuh cattu waytam:
 Poolis Jargon: 10-4- radio jargo, meqeh hinnay kok ifhimeh yaanama.
Code Eigth- 100/bool abba sissik cato faxa yaanama.
Code Eleven- num umaaneh aracih addat yan yaanama.
Assumed room tempreture- num rabeh yaanama.
 Qaskar (Military) Jargon: TD- xiyi waktih tirki/temporary duty
AWOL- Absent without leave
 Siyaasa Jargon: Guri gali/Left wing- for liberal, progressive viewpoint.
Migdi gali/Right wing- conservative viewpoint.
Getting on a soapbox- ummattah addal yaabaanama.
 Interneet Jargon: FAQ- maggih essertimte essero
MOTD- ayro farmo/asaaki farmo
TTYL- sarra koo yaabiseyyo
C. Standard and Non-standard variety of language:

8. ~ 8 ~
2hatto
Mafdaga
2. Afti mantafaqqa
Afti mantafaqqa iyyaanam ayyunti afittet mangonnal yantifiqqeh yoo edde yaabah yan af
ayyuntak hinnay amoluddak inah afa, nammahattoh afa hinnay iroh afaay barittok gee ittah tan
tiyya tabixeh taniimi. Tonnah ayyunti hinnay amoluddi inah afat, nammahattoh afat, baad
angaarawih afat hinnay iroh afat edde yaabam/yantifiqqem mawiddiiriy, mannal, macah kee
miyyalluuk ittah tan esseroora katassah tanimi.
2.1.Itta elle geyan af (lingua franca)
Linguwa firanka innawaqdi, is afti ixxigah numma kee/hinnammay afti angaaraw xaloot kinni.
Linguwa firanka takku xiqtam inki num akki hinnay kedo takku kay/ken afat yaabam xiqe waa
maralluk walalam/yaabam faxek/faxeenik edde yantifiqqime/yaaba af. Num taa uddur linguwa
firankat yaaba.
Tonnaah kaadu, inki yimixxige (baxsa le) af inki baaxol hinnay sidiica baaxol takku ittaliino
addih angaaraw/walal af akkuk yanfiqe/yassiggilleh yan waka.
Ceelallo, Ityoppiya caalatal waginne nee tekkek, Amcarih af linguwa firankah raaqa.
2.2.Inki afih xiqto (Monolingualism)
Inki afih xiqto innawaqdi baad, rakaakay, aw amolutti caddol takku inki afih dudda/xiqto.
Uxuxuuk moonoliguwaliizim inki afih xiqto tascasse.
Ceelallo, ingilanx (England), Kuweet (Kuwait), Jappaan (Japan)
Masalan ta baaxooxa inki afih xiqto dubuk lem aw kaadu dubuk edde tantifiqqimem inki afa.
2.3.Namma afih xiqto (Bilingualism)
Baylinguwaliizimik kaxxam tamixxigeh tan namma baxxaaqesso/sharci kak yan. Namma
tutaaxago elle qaddosennal:
b. Bloofieldi sharci namma afih xiqtok (1935), namma afih dudda kak yaanam yaba
num (yaabeyni) inah afat leh yan xiqto nammay hatto afat leem wak.
t. Macnamara sharci namma afih xiqto (1969) akah iyyennah num affaraamak (maabal,
yaabal, feeraysol/kattil, kee kawsiyyal) tiyak teenal xiqto namma hattoh afal loonumu.
2.4. Maggo afih xiqto (Multilingualism)
Yaanam amolluddak hinnammay gaanatak nammaayaak daga yakke afih dudda.

9. ~ 9 ~
Ceelallo, Paakistaan, kaameroon
2.5.Inah af (Mother tongue)
Inah af kak yaanam num qemmol inak barteh yan af hinnay canxowti yab bartah yan waqdi
fiiruk af elle fakah yan af. Woo af elle fakeh yan af buxah addal giyam takkeh akkinal kaadu
cugganek tonnaah geyam aw bartam xiqah yan af. Inah af ittah tan muduqqa tascasseh tanim
sabiiti/alaqti yaab edde qemisa af aw kaadu alaqti inah anguuk bartah yan af (ina fexe af taallay
qemmoh issi baxa edde yaabissah tan yab kah inah af/sugeet af (native language of speaker)
2.6.Namma hatto af (Second language)
A tiya tascasseh tanim inah afak kala nammay hattoh barittah tan yaaba. A nammay hattoh af
fexeh gide yakkem xiqah (2………..100). Namma hottoh af barotto buxal hinnammay
caafatak/cuggaanek barittam tonnaah kaadu aki baaxo gexah tan waqdi kaafat yaaba mari elle
ane waa baarol sinaamalluk bictuh/walaltuh baritah tan af.
2.7.Iroh af (Foreign language)
Iroh af elle bartoonu xiqaanam iro agat gexxah tan waqdi. Tonnah inki baaxo nammay hatto af
elle barittam iro agat sinni gubat tet xiinisa/kaamol ayyo gubat xinta/gacta waqdi.
Afrikah addal Ityoppiyaak kalih baaxooxa mangih kaamol ayyo gubat sukte tohi sabbatah iro
agatih af bartaanamih dirki tetil bahte.
Masaln, Ingiliiz kee Firans xiinesseh tan Afrikah baaxooxak garab namma hattoh afah loonum
Ingiliiz akki Ferans af.

10. ~ 10 ~
3hatto
Mafdaga
3. Afti Ekraaro ke Afti Poolisi
Fiiruuk afti ekraaro kee poolisi baxxaqa kee tu-mabulu/afkan kak ablenno tohuuk gamadal
baxaabaxsa/mango tu-taaxago ken wagsiisak daffesseh tan sharcitteeta wagtinno. Ellacabol ken
qaynootat yaabenno.
3.5.Afti ekraaro
Afti ekraaro tascassem taqabi yafdagoonuh doorit gititte fanat aaxagih/makkook maqadaak aban
dooro.Tadeerisen doorit gittitteh xaloot ramlisoonuh makkook maqaadih gicloy rakiibo doorol
tekke.Ekraaro taqabih fan tufkuneemi/tascasseemi.
Maggo tu-taaxago afti ekraaroh baxaabaxsa le baxxaqqa/sharcitte daffesse/tece.
 Afti ekraaro sinni afih acquisition, xisne, hinnay faxxima daabisiyyah arac abak aki
afitte/akiimih caalat qeegisoonuh aban asmat le geclo tascasse (Cooper, 1989:45).
 Rubin kee Jernud (1971) elle baxxaqissennal, afti ekraaro aaxagih aban afti milaagih
angagoyya/taama yoo milaagi afti koox hinnay yaabiyyi hinnay nammaamih addat yan
gexsit.
 Afti ekraaro baaxoh addih afitte kee afitte baxaabaxsitte mannal xiqsiisimta iyyah yan
maktab poolisih masayyooyi/xiqsissoosa kee abnesso/tamal asisa tabixe.
3.6.Afti poolisi (gexsiis)
Afti poolisi af kee ayyuntiino wadba mano fanti axaw qallih moxxol tekke asmat le/cubbil aben
dooro. Afti poolisitte wagsissam afitte agat af, baax angaarawih af, maktab af, taamah af, baritto
buxal barsiyyi af, w.w innal edde nantifiqqimem faxximtanna intah tan tiya elle waanittam
poolisi doolat raaral.
Ityoppiya federal ximokraasi ummuuno doolat madqah maasayya 5 baax tannal kataya:
Inkih tan Ityoppiyah afitte inki gidel caddo mamaxaga geytamih dudda le.
Amcarih af tonnah Ityoppiayal/federal doolatak taamah af yakkemi.
Federaal hortah adoytiit sinni cagal afitte mexaanam takkeh.
A saaku ossetinah federal doolat amcarih afat 4 agatih rakaakay kee 2 xinisso magaalal maktab
afih innal/af akkuk yayfiqe. Usunuuy:
- Amcarih af
- SNNPR
- Benishangul-gumuz
- Gambella

11. ~ 11 ~
Raqqatta agat rakaakay sinni cagal maktab afte mango hadafah dooriten.
- Addis Ababa
- Dire Dawa
 Ityoppiyak afti poolisi kaadu baaxo baritto gexsoh addat reflect aben, golik 3.5 baritto
kee aydakaakan poolisi.
 Pexagojicaalakmuxxo fayda alaaqa sinni inah afat bartaanam kee agatiino sinni afih
mantafaqqa faysaanama. Naharsi/qedmo baritto agatiino afat antocowemele.
 Amcarih af baaxok baax angaaraw innal barselon.
 Ingiliiz af 1haytuk qemmisak baritto buxah subject innal barselon.
 Ingiliiz af 2hatto caddo kee fayya caddo barittol barsiyyi giti gurral antocowemele.
3.7.Afti ekraaroh qaynoota
Ekraaro sidiica qaynatah kurrumta:
1. Caddoh ekraaro (status planning):
ayyunti addal cadar/faxximta moxxooxah aban afti hinnay baxsi daabisiyya/daffeyseyya
hinnammay nammahah/qusubin daffeysiyya. Tohi sabbatah afti rakiibo hinnay ugtima affecti
abak.
Ossotinah caddoh ekraaro innah nan waqdi, ayyunti addal aakam hinnammay moxxo akah
yaceenim faxximtah taniimiy dabisaanah hinnay kaadu domaak sugteh/daabeseenih sugen af kee
baxsat qagitaak aban caddoh ekraaro.
1.1.Afti caddo (Language status):
af aki afitte luuk leh yan rakiibo ugtima hinnay qaaqa/caddo (position). Afti gaaboyso caddo
affara kennane kibsisoonuh inki sanatih (1968) addat baxsa lehtan namma orbisitte (Authors)
caaloota kaak daffeysseh.
Heinz Kloss kee William Stewart, nammaayak inkkih exxaaxil elle baxsen innal, afak caddo
baxissah tan affara mexxatitte baxsen. Faxximtah tan xisno makaadoyti keenik dagoo baxsa
yaallay immay affar kinnaanel itta gen/daffeysen. Too kennaaneey:
1.1.1. Afti qemmo (Language origin):
baaxoh addal yan af yabti gaantak baaxoh af/aslih af/yoobeke af kinnim kee hinnammay irok
yemeete/yemeeti kinnim baxsaanama.

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1.1.2. Raara/raawa caddoysiyya (degree of standardization):
gitat yan haysitto baxxaqissah tan dadalak wuli caddo le madab salitteh daffeyna.
1.1.3. Jurixikaal caddo (juridical status):a tiya gubat lica ximmooma tan:
 Inki maktab af (sole official language): inki af sinni baaxoh/ayyunti addal dubuk
maktab hinnay taamah af akkuk taamitah/yanfiqe waqdi sole official language
kaak innu xiqnam/yakkem.
Ceelallo, Qafar-af Qafar addal, Amcarih af Amcarih addal
 Yengele maktab af (joint official language): inki baaxoh addal namma af hinnay
wohuuk daga yakkeh yan af ayyunti/rakaakay addal maktab afah asa waqdi.
Ceelallo, Afrikaans kee ingiliiz af gabbi afrika addal, Qafar-af kee Amcarih af
Qafar addal, Firench, jermen, itaaliyaan kee roomaaniyaan Siwizerlanx addal
 Rakaakay maktab af (regional official language): fexe af takku sinni
baaxoh/rakaakay hinnay ayyunti addal taamahlmaktab af akkuk yayfeqe
waqdi/yanfiqe afa.
Ceelollo, igboh af Nayjeeriyah addal, Maraatih af Maharaastira, Inxiyah addal
 Promoted language: agatiino hinnay rakaakay raawal maktab caddo
sinni/kaakraqta laakin fayseeni inki-inki wak ummatah abseynit baxsa le hadafah
edde yanttifiqimen.
 Tolerated language: fayse wenih hinnammay waasewen/mamnuuq abe ween ;
mamaxxaga leh laakin deelin af. Ah iyyaanam inki afaay ayyunti addal geytimah
tonnah yamixxige takkay ayyunti addal kaa garciseenih.
Ceelallo, Ameerikak ubkah/baaxobbagih af United states addal
A ceelallo nee taysubullem iro mari hinnay iroh af Ameerikak baaxo xaylol
baaheh yan xokko af keenik akah deelimannah kee ambe waannah abeenimi.
 Mamnuuq aben af (Proscribed language): makta salul aydukumise ween hinnay
waddo leh yan af.
Ceelallo, Baskiwi kee kataloon firansisko firancoh xintol Ispeen addal.
1.1.4. Vitality (mano): yaanam afat yantifiqime marih booltah ixxima/ratio aki variable,
inkih tan ummatta innah.kloss kee stewart nammaayak inkih ‘statical’keefiyyol lica
exxal kuren/baxsen. Takkay immay, usun exxa fan badsa le rortal weelisen. Kloss le
katuk, naharsi exxaxxi, fayya le mano/quwwat raawa 90% hinnay mango yabeynitil
daffeysin. Raqqa itte koona exxaaxiy tuuywak tankuseh tan 70-89%, 40-69%, 20-
39%, 3-19% kee 3% addah. Stewart le gammuk/katuk, lica exxaxi ta boolta ixximal
baxsimta 75%, 50%, 25%, 10%, 5% kee 5% addah.
Ugtima (origin), caddosiyyi raawa (degree of standardization), Juridical caddo, kee
mano/qande (vitality) ittat afti caddo warsan.

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Stewart afti ekraaroh addat tabana taamita xoomenitte yeyyeqe:
1. Maktab (official)- maktab af baaxdoolat/baaxol siyaasa kee qaada fayxi/hada/caagidih
bica le duddi inna taamita/yayfiqe. Mangih/maggih afak maktab abnisso doolat madaqal
baxsimta.
2. Rakaak (Provencial): rakaakay af baaxok uqunxiyya itta rakaaka baaxah maktab af
akkuk/innah yayfiqe/taamita (French in Quebec)
3. Baax le angaaraw (Wider communication): baax le angaaraw af yaanam afay maktab
hinnay rakaakay (provincial) yakkem xiqa. Laakin mango fula le moxxol inki baaxoh afti
cududu ella afati cudud angaarawah yayfiqe (Hindi in India, Amharic in Ethiopia).
4. Baaxooxafanih quuko (International): baaxooxa fanih quukoh af baaxo cudud elaa baaxo
cudud angaaraw gita akkuk/innal yayfiqe (English).
5. Qaasima (Capital: Qaasimah af agat/baaxo qaasimah addal kee raakaakayal
moxxo/qaasimah afih innal yayfiqe (Dutch and French in Brussels)
6. Hotra (Group): horta af kedo horta hinnay inki qaadah adoytit fanat barten afih innal yay
fiqe (Hebrew among jews, Ge’ez among Cristain in Ethiopia).
7. Baritto (Educational): baritto af le af rakaakay hinnay agat/baaxo rakiibol 1hatto caddo
baritto kee 2hatto caddo baritto buxal barsiyyi gitih innal yayfiqe (Urdu in West Pakistan
and Begali in East Pakistan).
8. Baritto buxah baritto (School subject): baritto buxah baritto yaanam afay 2hatto caddo
baritto buxal hinnay fayya le caddo baritto buxal baritto gurral barsan (Latin and Ancient
Greeck in English School).
9. Weerita (Literary): weeranta af feerayso kee tu-taaxagoh adafitteh inna yayfiqe (Ancient
Greeck).
10. Diini (Religious): diini af yemeexeg diinih qibaadah hadafih iinal yayfiqe (Arabic for
reading Qur’an-ul- Kareem).

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