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![Introduction
Glaucoma is a multifactorial disease consisting of characteristic damage to
the optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and visual field,
additionally involving numerous risk factors including race, age, family
history, and intraocular pressure at levels incompatible with ocular health
of the individual [1,2]. Glaucoma diagnosis has traditionally been
accomplished through patient risk factors assessment, optic disc clinical
and photographic analysis, as well as automated threshold perimetric
testing. There exist limitations with this traditional approach, though.
Many risk factors are currently unknown, and those that are known may
be improperly assessed and their impact is not universally agreed upon.
Clinical optic disc assessment is a challenging learned technique not
possessed equally among all clinicians, and there exists no normative
database for comparison. Threshold perimetry has an inherent limitation
in that it is a subjective psychophysical test that depends on patient
interaction and responses and the learned skills of the perimetrist. As an
adjunct to clinical examination, spectral domain optical coherence
tomography (SD-OCT) technology is increasingly being integrated into
glaucoma evaluation to provide a more objective method of assessment
that may lead to more accurate and earlier diagnosis [3].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/23090707-250601095058-2a5516e9/75/Advances-In-Ophthalmology-And-Optometry-Myron-Yanoff-53-2048.jpg)
![Optical coherence tomography retinal
nerve fiber layer analysis in glaucoma
diagnosis
Optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique based on
interferometry, comparing the coherence between near-infrared light
reflected off the retina and light reflected off a reference mirror. The
returning light is compared with the reference light and allows computer
reconstruction of the underlying tissue with quantitative measurements
that can be subsequently compared with a validated, normative database
[3].
Peripapillary RNFL analysis is the SD-OCT parameter most commonly
used for glaucoma diagnosis, drawing from measurements of retinal
ganglion cells (RGC) throughout the retina [4]. An inherent limitation of
this parameter is the high degree of physiologic variability between
individuals and the subsequent difficulty in universally applying a
normative database [4]. Macular thickness and ganglion cell complex
assessment is also used to overcome this limitation because there is less
anatomic variability of RGCs in this area and pathologic defects are more
easily differentiated from anatomic variants. In addition, OCT
angiography also has been investigated as another objective measure
because peripapillary loss of retinal capillaries is being recognized as an
early change in glaucoma [5].
There are several clinically available SD-OCT devices that can measure
RGC tissue and assess this information in a variety of parameters that are
subsequently measured against individual proprietary normative
databases. Most devices will assess anatomic quadrants of superior retina,
inferior retina, nasal retina, and temporal retina (in some form) as well as
look at overall average RNFL thickness. There may also be subgroup
assessment of individual clock hours or more defined anatomic areas such
as inferior temporal or superior temporal. The parameters assessed are
reflections of the branded technology and vary by device (any
informational inclusion or exclusion of branded technology throughout
this article neither implies superiority nor inferiority of any device.)
In a pooled meta-analysis, Kansal and associates [2] noted that
information for average, superior, and inferior RNFL parameters were](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/23090707-250601095058-2a5516e9/75/Advances-In-Ophthalmology-And-Optometry-Myron-Yanoff-54-2048.jpg)
Advances In Ophthalmology And Optometry Myron Yanoff
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- 6. Advances in Ophthalmologyand Optometry Editor-in-Chief Myron Yanoff Section Editors Bhavna Chawla David A. Crandall Paul B. Freeman Morris E. Hartstein Rustum Karanjia
- 7. Ronni M. Lieberman Ann-MarieLobo Stephen Orlin Joseph M. Ortiz Leonard J. Press Aparna Ramasubramanian
- 9. Table of Contents Coverimage Title page Copyright Editor-in-Chief Contributors Preface In Memoriam Optometry Optical Coherence Technology in Glaucoma Diagnosis Key points Introduction Optical coherence tomography retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in glaucoma diagnosis
- 10. Optical coherence tomographyangiography in glaucoma diagnosis Clinics care points An Update on Neurodegenerative Disease for Eye Care Providers Key points Introduction: neurodegenerative disease and the eye Visual and ocular associations of neurodegenerative disease Visual and ocular side effects of neurodegenerative disease treatments Future avenues: neurodegenerative disease, the eye, and the visual system Summary: neurodegenerative disease, the eye, and the visual system Clinics care points Neuroanatomical Structures in Extraocular Muscles and Their Potential Implication in the Management of Strabismus Key points Introduction Structure and function of human extraocular muscles Sensory receptors in human extraocular muscles The role of proprioception in oculomotor control
- 11. The neural pathwayfor proprioception The neural substrate for the control of eye movements Binocular vision anomalies Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of strabismus Nonsurgical management of strabismus Surgical management of strabismus Summary and discussion Summary Disclosure Clinics care points Pediatric Prenatal Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma Key points Introduction Prenatal diagnosis Summary Current Management of Pediatric Glaucoma Key points
- 12. Introduction Diagnosis Classification Diagnostic techniques Anesthesia Treatment Clinics carepoints Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Pediatric Uveitis Key points Introduction Significance Clinics care points Update on Intravitreal Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma Key points Introduction Challenges of endophytic retinoblastoma Treatment of intraocular seeding Safety of intravitreal injections in eyes with retinoblastoma Classification of seeding
- 13. Impact of intravitrealinjections on patient management Uses of intravitreal chemotherapy other than for vitreous seeds Dosage Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal melphalan Use of intravitreal topotecan Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal topotecan Stability of melphalan and topotecan Future avenues Summary Clinics care points Ophthalmic Pathology & Ocular Oncology Applications of Plaque Brachytherapy in Posterior Segment Tumors: A Clinical Review Key points Introduction Historical perspective Choroidal hemangioma Retinal capillary hemangioma Vasoproliferative retinal tumors Retinoblastoma
- 14. Choroidal melanoma Limitations ofplaque brachytherapy Future avenues Clinics care points Intraocular Tumors—Advances in Ophthalmic Pathology Key points Retinoblastoma Uveal melanoma Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma Summary Clinics care points Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland Key points Introduction Significance (in-depth analysis) Future avenues Summary Clinics care points Cataract & Refractive Surgery
- 15. Micro-Invasive Glaucoma Surgery Keypoints Introduction Significance and current relevance IStent trabecular micro-bypass stent Hydrus microstent Goniotomy-assisted trabeculotomy Trab360 trabeculotomy Trabectome Kahook dual blade Ab interno canaloplasty Visco360 and OMNI XEN gel stent Preserflo Summary Clinics care points Vitreoretinal Disease Artificial Intelligence in Retina Key points
- 16. Background and introduction Overviewof artificial intelligence Evaluating deep learning algorithms Diabetic retinopathy Age-related macular degeneration Future Summary Clinics care points Retina in the Age of COVID-19 Key points Background Introduction General cleaning and hygiene Personal protective equipment Pandemic restrictions Care in an active pandemic Care after immediate pandemic restrictions are lifted Summary Clinics care points
- 17. Diagnostic and TreatmentUpdate on Sickle Cell Retinopathy Key points Introduction Pathophysiology Epidemiology Ocular manifestations Classification system Diagnosis Management Summary Clinics care points Glaucoma Glaucoma Surgery: Which Surgery to Pick for Your Patient? Key points Introduction Significance Subconjunctival surgery Cyclodestructive procedures Schlemm canal–based procedures
- 18. Suprachoroidal CyPass (Alcon, FortWorth, TX, USA) Special considerations Current relevance and future avenues Summary Clinics care points Ocular Blood Flow as It Relates to Race and Disease on Glaucoma Key points Introduction Significance Summary Clinical care points Funding Neuro-ophthalmology Glaucoma as a Neurodegenerative Disease: A Clinician Perspective Key points Introduction Is glaucoma a neurodegenerative disease? Sick eye comes with a sick brain
- 19. Common clinical characteristicsbetween glaucoma and neurodegenerative disease Overlapping pathophysiology between glaucoma and other neurodegenerative disease Glaucoma and cerebrospinal fluid Looking into the future Summary Clinics care points Neuro-Ophthalmologic Manifestations of Novel Coronavirus Key points Introduction Article body Relevance Summary Clinics care points Cornea and External Diseases Advances in Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery Key points Introduction Significance
- 20. Relevance and futureavenues Summary Clinics care points Update in the Management of Keratoconus Key points Introduction Corneal cross-linking Spectacles and contact lenses Penetrating keratoplasty Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty Summary Clinics care points Update on Refractive Surgery Key points Introduction Significance and in-depth analysis of the topic Current relevance and future avenues to investigate the topic Summary Clinics care points
- 21. Oculoplastics Xanthelasma Palpebrarum: AnOculoplastic Viewpoint of Optimal Treatment Key points Introduction Significance (in-depth analysis) Discussion Nasal bridge Giant xanthelasmas Clinics care points Refractive Error Changes Associated with Eyelid Weight Placement Key points Introduction Significance Relevance and future avenues Summary Clinics care points Refractive Change after Upper Eyelid Surgery Key points
- 22. Introduction Preoperative changes Postoperative changes Clinicalrelevance Clinics care points Canalicular Stenosis Secondary to Chemotherapeutic Agents Key points Introduction Chemotherapeutic agents known to cause canalicular stenosis Significance of epiphora secondary to canalicular abnormality Management of canalicular stenosis Summary Clinics care points Uveitis Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in White Dot Syndromes Key points Introduction Overview
- 23. Cross-sectional and enface visualizations of the posterior circulation Birdshot chorioretinopathy Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome Punctate inner choroiditis Serpiginous choroiditis Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy Acute zonal occult outer retinopathy Multifocal choroiditis Relevance and future avenues Summary Clinics care points
- 25. Copyright Director, Continuity Publishing:Dolores Meloni Editor: Lauren Boyle Developmental Editor: Jessica Cañaberal © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This periodical and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by Elsevier and the following terms and conditions apply to their use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. For information on how to seek permission visit www.elsevier.com/permissions or call: (+44) 1865 843830 (UK)/(+1) 215 239 3804 (USA). Derivative Works Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult www.elsevier.com/permissions). Electronic Storage or Usage
- 26. Permission of thePublisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this periodical, including any article or part of an article (please consult www.elsevier.com/permissions). Except as outlined above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmi ed in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior wri en permission of the Publisher. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a ma er of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical (medical) standards, inclusion in this publication does not constitute a guarantee or endorsement of the quality or value of such product or of the claims made of it by its manufacturer. Reprints: For copies of 100 or more of articles in this publication, please contact the Commercial Reprints Department, Elsevier Inc., 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710. Tel: 212-633- 3874; Fax: 212-633-3820; E-mail: reprints@elsevier.com. Printed in the United States of America. Editorial Office: Elsevier 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd, Suite 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 International Standard Serial Number: 2452-1760 International Standard Book Number: 13: 978-0-323-81377-8
- 28. Editor-in-Chief Myron Yanoff, MD,Chair Emeritus, Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University, Adjunct Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- 29. Section Editors BHAVNA CHAWLA,MD – Ophthalmic Pathology & Ocular Oncology RP Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India DAVID A. CRANDALL, MD – Cataract & Refractive Surgery Glaucoma Fellowship Director, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Wayne State University, Salt Lake City, Utah Paul B. Freeman, OD, FAAO, FCOVD – Optometry Diplomate, Low Vision, Pi sburgh, Pennsylvania, Clinical Professor, Rosenberg School of Optometry, University of the Incarnate, Word, San Antonio, Texas Morris E. Hartstein, MD, FACS – Oculoplastics Director, Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ophthalmology, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel; Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel Rustum Karanjia, MD, PhD, FRCSC, DABO – Neuro- ophthalmology Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, Department of Ophthalmology, University of O awa, O awa, Ontario, Canada, O awa Hospital Research Institute, The O awa Hospital, O awa, Ontario, Canada Ronni M. Lieberman, MD – Vitreoretinal Disease Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Queens Hospital Center, Jamaica, New York Ann-Marie Lobo, MD – Uveitis Co-Director, Uveitis Service, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Ilinois STEPHEN ORLIN, MD – Cornea and External DiseasesAssociate Professor, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman
- 30. School of Medicine,Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Joseph M. Ortiz, MD, FRCOphth – Glaucoma Consultant in Ophthalmology, Sacred Heart Hospital, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Consultant in Ophthalmology, Abington Memorial Hospital, Abington, Pennsylvania; Formerly Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Hahnemann University Hospital, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Leonard J. Press, OD, FAAO, FCOVD – Optometry Optometric Director, The Vision & Learning Center, Fair Lawn, New Jersey; Adjunct Professor, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee Aparna Ramasubramanian, MD – Pediatric Ophthalmology Director of Retinoblasma and Ocular Oncology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
- 32. Contributors MARIB AKANDA, MD,Resident, Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA CESAR ALFARO, MD, The Retina Service, Mount Sinai Hospital, Manha an, New York, USA KARL N. BECKER, MD, Uveitis and Medical Retina Fellow, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, Illinois, USA DEVIN BETSCH, MD, Resident, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada POOJA V. BHAT, MD, Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology, Co- director of Uveitis Service, Associate Program Director, Director of Medical Student Education, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA JYOTIRMAY BISWAS, MS, FMRF, FNAMS, FAICO, FRCS, Uvea Department, Medical Research Foundation, Senior Consultant, Director of Uveitis and Ocular Pathology Department, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India DANIEL BRISCOE, MD, Ophthalmology Department, HaEmek Medical Center, Afula, Israel JAN RICHARD BRUENECH, PhD, Professor, Biomedical Research Unit, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South- Eastern Norway, Campus Kongsberg, Norway CAT N. BURKAT, MD, FACS, Professor, Oculoplastic, Orbital, and Facial Cosmetic Surgery, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual
- 33. Sciences, University ofWisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA GREG CALDWELL, OD, FAAO, Optometric Education Consultants, Lilly, Pennsylvania, USA JANE W. CHAN, MD, Doheny Eye Institute, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA NOEL C.Y. CHAN, MBChB, FRCSEd, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital & Alice Ho Miu Ling Nethersole Hospital, Shatin, HKSAR, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China BHAVNA CHAWLA, MD, Professor of Ophthalmology, Ocular Oncology Service, RP Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India ARIEL CHEN, MD, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA KELSEY CHEN, MABS, Medical Student, Midwestern University Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glendale, Arizona, USA DANIEL CHOI, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA DAVID A. CRANDALL, MD, Glaucoma and Advanced Anterior Segment Fellowship Director, Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA; John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA DIPANKAR DAS, MS, Department of Pathology, Uveitis and Neurophthalmology, Sri Sankaradeva Nethralaya, Guwahati,
- 34. Assam, India DEEPIKA DHINGRA,MS, DNB, FICO, Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India ERIN M. DRAPER, OD, FAAO, A ending Optometrist, Neuro- Ophthalmic Disease Service, Co-Director, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Residency Program, The Eye Institute, Assistant Professor, Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA PAUL T. FINGER, MD, Director, New York Eye Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA PAUL R. FREUND, MD, MSc, FRCSC, Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada SAMUEL GELNICK, MD, Resident, Department of Ophthalmology, Northwell Health, Great Neck, New York, USA MARK GHASSIBI, MD, Northwell Health Eye Institute, Great Neck, New York, USA ROBIN GINSBURG, MD, The Retina Service, Mount Sinai Hospital, Manha an, New York, USA SNEHA GIRIDHAR, MD, Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India LUIS F. GONCALVES, MD, Director of Fetal Imaging, Department of Radiology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Departments of Child Health and Radiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- 35. GIOVANNA GUIDOBONI, PhD,Departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Mathematics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA PAUL HARASYMOWYCZ, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal Glaucoma Institute and Bellevue Ophthalmology Clinics, Montreal, Canada ALON HARRIS, MS, PhD, FARVO, Professor of Ophthalmology, Vice Chair of International Research and Academic Affairs, Director of the Ophthalmic Vascular Diagnostic and Research Program at Mount Sinai Hospital, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA IOANA CATALINA IONESCU, MD, PhD, Orbital Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands PUNEET JAIN, MD, Consultant, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology Department, Eye-Q Super-Specialty Eye Hospitals, New Delhi, India RABEA KASSEM, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada SUSHMITA KAUSHIK, MS, Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India NUR KHATIB, MD, Orbital Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands HAYYAM KIRATLI, MD, Ocular Oncology Service, Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Hace epe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey IREM KOÇ, MD, Ocular Oncology Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Hace epe University School of Medicine, Ankara,
- 36. Turkey RONNI LIEBERMAN, MD,Assistant Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA TIANYU LIU, MD, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA SUSAN LUO, BS, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA ILARIA MACCORA, MD, Rheumatology Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy NENITA MAGANTI, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA ASHLEY KAY MAGLIONE, OD, FAAO, A ending Optometrist, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Service, The Eye Institute, Assistant Professor, Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA KELLY A. MALLOY, OD, FAAO, Diplomate in Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders; Chief Optometrist, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Service, Co-Director, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Residency Program, The Eye Institute, Professor, Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ELIZABETH MARUNDE, OD, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Resident, The Eye Institute, Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA ARIE Y. NEMET, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel
- 37. Aviv University, TelAviv, Israel ENNY OYENIRAN, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA SURINDER S. PANDAV, MS, Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India CHINTAN A. PATHAK, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA LIRON PE’ER, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ATHIMALAIPET V. RAMANAN, FRCP, Professor, Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom APARNA RAMASUBRAMANIAN, MD, Department of Ophthalmology, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Department of Radiology, Creighton University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA ANGELINE C. RIVKIN, BS, Medical Student, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA PEEROOZ SAEED, MD, PhD, Orbital Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands ETHAN S. SEN, MD, PhD, Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Great North Children’s Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle on Tyne, United Kingdom
- 38. BRIAN M. SHAFER,MD, Vance Thompson Vision, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA BRENT SIESKY, PhD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA ETHAN K. SOBOL, MD, The Retina Service, Mount Sinai Hospital, Manha an, New York, USA JOSEPH SOWKA, OD, FAAO, Diplomate, Center for Sight, Sarasota, Florida, USA JESSICA STEEN, OD, FAAO, Assistant Professor, Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA MICHAEL E. SULEWSKI Jr, MD, The Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ZUJAJA TAUQEER, MD, DPhil, Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA VANCE THOMPSON, MD, Director of Refractive Surgery, Vance Thompson Vision, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA MINH TRINH, MD, Northwell Health Eye Institute, Great Neck, New York, USA JAMES C. TSAI, MD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA ALICE C. VERTICCHIO VERCELLIN, MD, PhD, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA MYRON YANOFF, MD, Chair Emeritus, Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University, Adjunct Professor, Department
- 39. of Ophthalmology, Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA CANDICE YOUSIF, MD, Glaucoma Fellow, Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA TINA ZENG, OD, Neuro-Ophthalmic Disease Resident, The Eye Institute, Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- 41.
- 42. In Volume 6of Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry, we again have asked experts in each of the pertinent fields to sift through the current literature to give us insights on the latest developments, such as: Optical Coherence Technology in Glaucoma Diagnosis; Prenatal Diagnosis of Retinoblastoma; Systemic Immunomodulatory Therapy in Pediatric Uveitis; Update on Intravitreal Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma; Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery; Artificial Intelligence in Retina; Artificial Intelligence in Neuroophthalmology Review; Retina in the Age of COVID-19; Neuroophthalmologic Manifestations of Novel Coronavirus; Advances in Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgery; Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Lacrimal Gland; Refractive Error Changes Associated with Eyelid Weight Placement; Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in White Dot Syndromes; and much more. We continue to explore the new ideas, new treatments, and new ways of doing things to give us a fresh frame of reference to sort through the crush of data and to make sense in a real way of how to proceed. Myron Yanoff, MD 1915 Foulkeways Gwynedd, PA 19436, USA E-mail address: myanoff4@gmail.com
- 44. In Memoriam David A.Crandall, MD Glaucoma Fellowship Director, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah Wayne State University, Salt Lake City, Utah
- 45. In Memory ofDr Alan Crandall We were extremely saddened to hear about the passing of Dr Alan Crandall, renown ophthalmologist and internationally known humanitarian, this past October. Dr Crandall was a founding
- 46. member of Advancesin Ophthalmology and Optometry and has served as our Cataracts Section Editor for the last five consecutive issues of publication. Dr Crandall’s boundless expertise and commitment to the publication have, without a doubt, helped us grow the series into a true and trusted resource for our readers, clinicians around the world. We wanted to acknowledge his passing with some words of tribute from our Editor-in-Chief, Dr Myron Yanoff, as well as from Dr Crandall’s son, Dr David A. Crandall. Even as a resident, Alan stood out as being a very special person. So special that at the end of his residency, I asked him to stay on staff. He accepted. Whatever he did, he did it well with a sparkle in his eyes. Whether patient care, surgical prowess, or my tennis partner, he was a joy to be with. After a few years on staff, we decided that it was time to perform intraocular lens implantation at the Scheie Eye Institute (only intracapsular cataract extraction was done by the full-time staff). We operated together and taught ourselves first to do extracapsular surgery and then entered into the world of lens implants (all under an air bubble, as Healon had not yet been invented). Alan was a brilliant surgeon, a gifted clinician, and a personality that made one wish to work with him. One of my saddest days was when Alan decided that it would be best for his family for him to leave and go back to where he grew up in Salt Lake City. We remained fast friends until the end. In fact, a year before he left us, he removed my cataracts (I would have no other cataract surgeon anywhere do the surgery), of course, with perfect results. Each year at the American Academy of Ophthalmology meeting, we would have dinner together the night before the meeting started. I cherished our friendship. I also marveled at his other endeavors. He trained hundreds of surgeons around the world and performed countless free surgeries to restore sight in Utah, on the Navajo Nation, and in more than 20 countries, including Ghana, Nepal, and South Sudan. Among many awards, he received the AAO
- 47. Humanitarian Award, theAmerican Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery (ASCRS) Humanitarian Award, and the inaugural ASCRS Foundation Chang Humanitarian Award. Alan has left a legacy that few other ophthalmologists even come close to. He left this world a be er place than he found it. He certainly is missed, but his teaching and training live on. He still lives on in my mind, and always will. Myron Yanoff, MD Chair Emeritus Department of Ophthalmology Drexel University Adjunct Professor Department of Ophthalmology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania E-mail address: myanoff4@gmail.com Like most children growing up, I did not have a strong sense of my father’s day-to-day life. I knew that he worked long hours. I knew that he often went in on weekends to see patients. I knew that he often brought home charts for dictations, slides to review, and surgical videos. He would have the videos playing while we worked out in the evening (my siblings and I all knew the steps of cataract surgery before we had finished high school). As I got older, I came to appreciate that he did this because he loved what he was doing. Dad always wanted everyone around him to be happy. For myself and my siblings, he wanted us to find something we enjoyed doing, something that we would want to do every day, and then strive to be the best at it that we could. He never made any effort to push me into ophthalmology, or even medicine, except by the example he provided. The joy he had in his work helped me decide my path. I’m so thankful this gave me the opportunity to work with him at meetings and on outreach surgical trips. He always encouraged me to push myself surgically, always saying, “oh yeah, you have the skills to do that,” when I would
- 48. y g yy discuss tough cases or new techniques with him. In him, I had the ultimate phone support for these hard cases and hard decisions. I knew he would answer any time I called with questions. Many know that this was not a special benefit I had by being family. He would do that for anyone who called him at any time. He cast an enormous shadow in ophthalmology, one that I long ago accepted I would never get out of, but I can continue to do what he wanted, which is to try to make the world around me be er and to be the best I can be. The world (and my personal world) is poorer for his loss, but rich in the legacy he has left for us.
- 49.
- 51. Optical Coherence Technologyin Glaucoma Diagnosis Joseph Sowka, ODa,∗, Jessica Steen, ODb and Greg Caldwell, ODc a Center for Sight, 1236 Jacaranda Boulevard, Venice, FL 34292, USA b Nova Southeastern University College of Optometry, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA c Optometric Education Consultants, 225 Terrace Drive, Lilly, PA 15938, USA ∗ Corresponding author. email address: jwsowka@gmail.com Keywords Optical coherence tomography; Optical coherence tomography angiography; Glaucoma; Optic disc; Ganglion cell layer; Retinal nerve fiber layer; Parapapillary vasculature
- 52. Key points • Opticalcoherence tomography is a common technology in ophthalmologic and optometric practice. • Optical coherence tomography can objectively image the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, ganglion cell and inner plexiform layers, and the peripapillary retinal vasculature. • Abnormalities in the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer, macular region, and peripapillary vasculature have been shown to occur in glaucoma. • Optical coherence tomography provides an objective, quantifiable assessment of ocular structure that can be used to assist and enhance glaucoma diagnosis.
- 53. Introduction Glaucoma is amultifactorial disease consisting of characteristic damage to the optic disc, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and visual field, additionally involving numerous risk factors including race, age, family history, and intraocular pressure at levels incompatible with ocular health of the individual [1,2]. Glaucoma diagnosis has traditionally been accomplished through patient risk factors assessment, optic disc clinical and photographic analysis, as well as automated threshold perimetric testing. There exist limitations with this traditional approach, though. Many risk factors are currently unknown, and those that are known may be improperly assessed and their impact is not universally agreed upon. Clinical optic disc assessment is a challenging learned technique not possessed equally among all clinicians, and there exists no normative database for comparison. Threshold perimetry has an inherent limitation in that it is a subjective psychophysical test that depends on patient interaction and responses and the learned skills of the perimetrist. As an adjunct to clinical examination, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) technology is increasingly being integrated into glaucoma evaluation to provide a more objective method of assessment that may lead to more accurate and earlier diagnosis [3].
- 54. Optical coherence tomographyretinal nerve fiber layer analysis in glaucoma diagnosis Optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique based on interferometry, comparing the coherence between near-infrared light reflected off the retina and light reflected off a reference mirror. The returning light is compared with the reference light and allows computer reconstruction of the underlying tissue with quantitative measurements that can be subsequently compared with a validated, normative database [3]. Peripapillary RNFL analysis is the SD-OCT parameter most commonly used for glaucoma diagnosis, drawing from measurements of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) throughout the retina [4]. An inherent limitation of this parameter is the high degree of physiologic variability between individuals and the subsequent difficulty in universally applying a normative database [4]. Macular thickness and ganglion cell complex assessment is also used to overcome this limitation because there is less anatomic variability of RGCs in this area and pathologic defects are more easily differentiated from anatomic variants. In addition, OCT angiography also has been investigated as another objective measure because peripapillary loss of retinal capillaries is being recognized as an early change in glaucoma [5]. There are several clinically available SD-OCT devices that can measure RGC tissue and assess this information in a variety of parameters that are subsequently measured against individual proprietary normative databases. Most devices will assess anatomic quadrants of superior retina, inferior retina, nasal retina, and temporal retina (in some form) as well as look at overall average RNFL thickness. There may also be subgroup assessment of individual clock hours or more defined anatomic areas such as inferior temporal or superior temporal. The parameters assessed are reflections of the branded technology and vary by device (any informational inclusion or exclusion of branded technology throughout this article neither implies superiority nor inferiority of any device.) In a pooled meta-analysis, Kansal and associates [2] noted that information for average, superior, and inferior RNFL parameters were
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- 67. Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net cloth Net Net Net ENCH BUSINESS LETTERS.By A. H. Bernaardt. Second Series. In crown 8vo, 48 pp. 8d. MMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN FRENCH. In crown 8vo, cloth, 240 pp. 3/6 ERCANTILE CORRESPONDENCE. English-French. In crown 8vo, cloth, 250 pp. 3/6 ODELS AND EXERCISES IN COMMERCIAL FRENCH. By E. T. Griffiths, M.A. In crown 8vo, cloth, 180 pp. 2/6 ENCH COMMERCIAL PHRASES AND ABBREVIATIONS WITH TRANSLATION. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d. ENCH BUSINESS CONVERSATIONS AND INTERVIEWS. In crown 8vo, 80 pp., limp cloth 2/- ADINGS IN COMMERCIAL FRENCH. With Notes and Translations in English. In crown 8vo, cloth, 90 pp. 1/- ENCH COMMERCIAL READER. In crown 8vo, cloth, 208 pp. 2/6 GLISH-FRENCH AND FRENCH-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS WORDS AND TERMS. Size 2 in. by 6 in., cloth, rounded corners, 540 pp. 4/6 ENCH FOUNDATION BOOK OF VERBS, ACCIDENCE, AND SYNTAX. By F. A. Hedgcock, M.A. In crown 8vo, 90 pp. 1/- ST POCKET LIST OF ENDINGS OF FRENCH REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS. With Notes on the Participles and the Infinitive. Size 2-1/4 in. by 1-1/4 in. 48 pp. 2d. GERMAN RMAN COURSE. Part I. 9d. net. Cloth 1/- Y TO GERMAN COURSE. In crown 8vo 1/6 ACTICAL GERMAN GRAMMAR. In crown 8vo, 102 pp. 2/6 SY LESSONS IN GERMAN. By J. Bithell, M.A. In crown 8vo, cloth, 116 pp. 1/3 SY GERMAN CONVERSATIONAL SENTENCES. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 8d. VANCED GERMAN CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d.
- 68. Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net URISTS' VADE MECUMOF GERMAN COLLOQUIAL CONVERSATION. In crown 8vo, cloth 1/3 AMINATION NOTES ON GERMAN. By A. Hargreaves, M.A., Ph.D. Cloth, 6-1/2 in by 3-1/2 in., 56 pp. 1/- RMAN EXAMINATION PAPERS WITH MODEL ANSWERS. In crown 8vo, 48 pp. 6d. MMERCIAL GERMAN GRAMMAR. By J. Bithell, M.A. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 182 pp. 2/6 RMAN BUSINESS INTERVIEWS, Nos. 1 and 2. Each in crown 8vo, limp cloth. No. 1, 100 pp.; No. 2, 74 pp. 1/6 EMENTARY GERMAN CORRESPONDENCE. By Lewis Marsh, M.A. In crown 8vo, cloth, 143 pp. 2/- MMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN GERMAN. In crown 8vo, cloth, 240 pp. 3/6 ERCANTILE CORRESPONDENCE. English-German. In crown 8vo, cloth, 250 pp. 3/6 RMAN BUSINESS LETTERS. First Series. In crown 8vo, 48 pp. 6d. RMAN BUSINESS LETTERS. By G. Albers. Second Series. In crown 8vo, 48 pp. 6d. RADUATED GERMAN-ENGLISH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. In crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 RMAN COMMERCIAL PHRASES. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d. RMAN COMMERCIAL READER. In crown 8vo, cloth, 208 pp. 3/6 ADINGS IN COMMERCIAL GERMAN. With Notes and Translations in English. In crown 8vo, cloth, 90 pp. 1/- GLISH-GERMAN AND GERMAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF BUSINESS WORDS AND TERMS. Size 2 in. by 6 in., rounded corners, cloth, 440 pp. 4/6 SPANISH SY SPANISH CONVERSATIONAL SENTENCES. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d. VANCED SPANISH CONVERSATIONAL EXERCISES. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d.
- 69. Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net URISTS' VADE MECUMOF SPANISH COLLOQUIAL CONVERSATION. Cloth 1/3 AMINATION NOTES ON SPANISH. By Alfred Calvert. Cloth, 6- 1/2 in. by 3-1/2 in., 56 pp. 1/- MMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR. By C. A. Toledano. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 250 pp. 4/6 Key Net2/- ANISH VERBS, Regular and Irregular. By G. R. Macdonald. In crown 8vo, cloth, 180 pp. 2/6 MMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE in SPANISH. In crown 8vo, cloth, 240 pp. 3/6 ANUAL OF SPANISH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. By G. R. Macdonald. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 328 pp. 4/6 SSONS IN SPANISH COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. By the same Author. In crown 8vo, cloth, 107 pp. 2/- ANISH COMMERCIAL READER. By G. R. Macdonald. In crown 8vo, cloth, 178 pp. 3/6 ADINGS IN COMMERCIAL SPANISH. With Notes and Translations in English. In crown 8vo, cloth, 90 pp. 1/6 ANISH BUSINESS LETTERS. First Series. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d. ANISH BUSINESS LETTERS. By E. McConnell. Second Series. In crown 8vo, 48 pp. 6d. ANISH COMMERCIAL PHRASES. With Abbreviations and Translation. In crown 8vo, 32 pp. 6d. ANISH BUSINESS CONVERSATIONS AND INTERVIEWS. With Correspondence, Invoices, etc. In crown 8vo, 90 pp, limp cloth 2/- ANISH-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-SPANISH COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY. By G. R. Macdonald. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 652 pp. 7/6 MMERCIAL AND TECHNICAL TERMS IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH. By R. D. Monteverde, B.A. In crown 8vo, 2/6 ANISH IDIOMS, with their English Equivalents. By the same Author. In crown 8vo 3/- ITALIAN
- 70. Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net Net URISTS' VADE MECUMOF ITALIAN COLLOQUIAL CONVERSATION. Cloth 1/3 MMERCIAL ITALIAN GRAMMAR. By Luigi Ricci. In crown 8vo, cloth gilt, 154 pp. 2/6 ERCANTILE CORRESPONDENCE. English-Italian. In crown 8vo, cloth, 250 pp. 3/6 ALIAN BUSINESS LETTERS. By A. Valgimigli. In crown 8vo, 48 pp. 6d. RETTI'S DICTIONARY OF THE ITALIAN AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. By J. Davenport and G. Comelati. Two volumes. In demy 8vo, cloth gilt, about 1,500 pp. 25/- MISCELLANEOUS ACTICAL PORTUGUESE GRAMMAR. By C. A. and A. Toledano. In crown 8vo, cloth, 330 pp. 6/- ERCANTILE CORRESPONDENCE. English-Portuguese. In crown 8vo, cloth, 250 pp. 3/6 SSONS IN PORTUGUESE COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE. By G. R. Macdonald. In crown 8vo, cloth, 108 pp. 2/- CTIONARY OF COMMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN ENGLISH, FRENCH, GERMAN, SPANISH, ITALIAN, PORTUGUESE, AND RUSSIAN. Third Revised Edition. In demy 8vo, cloth, 718 pp. 12/6 E FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT. By Emil Davies. In crown 8vo, cloth, 80 pp. 1/6 MMERCIAL TERMS IN FIVE LANGUAGES. Being about 1,900 terms and phrases used in commerce, with their equivalents in French, German, Spanish, and Italian. Size 3 in. by 4-3/4 in., cloth, 118 pp. 1/6 NEW DICTIONARY OF THE PORTUGUESE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. Based on a manuscript of Julius Cornet, by H. Michaelis. In two parts, demy 8vo, cloth gilt, 1,478 pp. Each, 15/- ridged Edition, 783 pp. (two parts in one volume) 15/-
- 71. Net TERNATIONAL TECHNICAL DICTIONARYIN ENGLISH, ITALIAN, FRENCH, AND GERMAN. By E. Webber. In foolscap 16mo., 921 pp., cloth 14/-
- 72. Each, 8d. Keys,each Each Each Each Cloth Key PITMAN'S SHORTHAND All books are in foolscap 8vo size unless otherwise stated. INSTRUCTION BOOKS Centenary Editions. TMAN'S SHORTHAND TEACHER. An elementary work suited for self-instruction or class teaching 8d. Y TO "PITMAN'S SHORTHAND TEACHER" 8d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND PRIMERS. In three Books: Elementary, Intermediate, and Advanced 3d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND READING LESSONS. Nos. 1, 2 and 3 3d. YS TO "PITMAN'S SHORTHAND READING LESSONS." Nos, 1, 2, and 3 3d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND COPY BOOKS. Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. An entirely new series covering the theory of the system. Foolscap 4to (8-3/4 in. by 6-1/2 in.) 6d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND DRILL EXERCISES. Oblong 8d. MPEND OF PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. 2d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR. Complete Instruction in the System. 4/- Key, 2/-; cloth2/6 E CENTENARY CHANGES IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. In crown 8vo 1d. MMARIES FROM "PITMAN'S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR." Size, 2-7/8 in. by 4 in. 3d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND MANUAL. Contains instruction in the Intermediate Style, with 100 Exercises. 2/-. Cloth 2/6 8d. TMAN'S SHORTHAND GRADUS. Writing Exercises in ordinary print for Manual 3d.
- 73. Key 6d.; Key Key Key 2/6With Additional Exercises Key, 2/6; Additional Exercises TMAN'S SHORTHAND REPORTER. Containing instruction in the Advanced Style: with 52 Exercises. 2/6. Cloth 3/- 8d. PORTING EXERCISES. Exercises on all the rules and contracted words. In ordinary print, counted for dictation 1/- TMAN'S SHORTHAND CATECHISM. In crown 8vo 1/6 TMAN'S SHORTHAND WRITING EXERCISES AND EXAMINATION TESTS. In crown 8vo, paper boards. 2/- 3/6 AMINATION NOTES ON PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By H. W. B. Wilson. 8 in. by 3-3/4 in., cloth 1/6 RADED SHORTHAND READINGS. Elementary, with Key. In crown 8vo, oblong 6d. Intermediate, with Key. In crown 8vo, oblong 8d. Second Series 8d. Advanced, with Key. In crown 8vo, oblong 8d. RADUATED TESTS IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. Illustrating all the rules in the Intermediate Style. In note-book form, post 8vo (6-1/2 in. by 4-1/2 in.), with ruled paper 8d. OGRESSIVE STUDIES IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. 1/- LKS WITH SHORTHAND STUDENTS. By James Hynes 1/- ATS ABOUT PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By George Bletcher 1/- CTURETTES ON PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By J. Hynes 1/- TMAN'S SHORTHAND RAPID COURSE. A Series of Twenty Simple Lessons covering the whole of the system and specially adapted for business purposes. In crown 8vo. Cloth 2/6 4/- TMAN'S SHORTHAND RAPID COURSE, ADDITIONAL EXERCISES ON 8d. ADING EXERCISES ON THE RAPID COURSE (In Shorthand), crown 8vo, 62 pp. 1/- TMAN'S SHORTHAND COMMERCIAL COURSE. Specially adapted for commercial students. Cloth 4/- 1/- TMAN'S EXERCISES IN BUSINESS SHORTHAND. By A. Benjamin, I.P.S. (Hons.), F.C.Sp.T 1/9
- 74. 1/6; Cloth Net GRAMMALOGUES ANDCONTRACTIONS RAMMALOGUES and CONTRACTIONS. For use in classes 2d. ST POCKET LIST OF GRAMMALOGUES AND CONTRACTIONS OF PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. 2-1/4 in. by 1-3/4 in., limp cloth 2d. ERCISES ON THE GRAMMALOGUES AND CONTRACTIONS OF PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By J. F. C. Grow. In Shorthand, with Key. In crown 8vo, limp cloth 6d. OW TO PRACTISE AND MEMORIZE THE GRAMMALOGUES OF PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. Compiled by D. J. George. Size 7-3/4 in. by 5 in. 4d. SHORTHAND DICTIONARIES TMAN'S ENGLISH AND SHORTHAND DICTIONARY. In crown 8vo, cloth, 820 pp. 7/6 TMAN'S SHORTHAND DICTIONARY. Crown 8vo (7-1/4 in. by 5- 1/4 in.), 378 pp. Cloth 6/- TMAN'S POCKET SHORTHAND DICTIONARY. Royal 32mo (3- 1/8 in. by 4-3/4 in.). Cloth 2/- TMAN'S REPORTER'S ASSISTANT. In crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 SHORTHAND PHRASE BOOKS, ETC. ONOGRAPHIC PHRASE BOOK 2/- ORTHAND WRITERS' PHRASE BOOKS AND GUIDES. Each in foolscap 8vo, Cloth 2/- Electrical and Engineering, Railway, Estate Agents, etc. Printing and Publishing. Insurance, Banking, Stockbroking and Financial, Commercial, Legal, Municipal, Builders and Contractors, Shipping, Iron and Steel Trades, Civil Engineering, Naval and Military, Chemical and Drug, Provision Trades. EDICAL REPORTING IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By H. Dickinson. With an Introduction and Lists of Phraseograms, 3/-
- 75. Net Outlines, and Abbreviations.In crown 8vo, cloth ORTHAND CLERK'S GUIDE. By Vincent E. Collinge, A.C.I.S. In crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 DICTATION AND SPEED PRACTICE BOOKS
- 76. Each Each Each Each Net 1/-; Key 1/3; Key ECIALISEDCORRESPONDENCE BOOKS. (1) The Chemical Trade. (2) The Paper Trade. (3) The Building Trade. In ordinary print 6d. RADUATED DICTATION BOOKS. (1) Political Speeches. (2) Sermons. In ordinary print. In crown 8vo. 4d. UDENT'S PRACTICE BOOK. In cr. 8vo, 241 pp. 2/- RADUATED DICTATION BOOKS. (New Series) I and II. 6d. RADUATED COMMERCIAL LETTERS FOR DICTATION. 8-1/4 in. by 6 in. 8d. PORTING PRACTICE. In crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 OGRESSIVE DICTATOR. Third Edition. In crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 ORTHAND CANDIDATE'S DICTATION EXERCISES. In crown 8vo, cloth 1/6 MMERCIAL DICTATION AND TYPEWRITING 1/- EED TESTS AND GUIDE TO RAPID WRITING IN SHORTHAND. In crown 8vo 2/6 VE MINUTE SPEED TESTS. With Introduction on Acquisition of Speed by P. P. Jackson. In crown 8vo 2/- MULATIVE SPELLER AND SHORTHAND VOCABULARY. By Charles E. Smith. In crown 8vo, paper boards 2/- CKET DICTATION BOOKS, Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4. 2-7/8 in. by 3- 3/4 in. 2d. EED TRAINING IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By T. F. Marriner 6d. QUISITION OF SPEED IN SHORTHAND. By E. A. Cope. In ordinary print. In crown 8vo 9d. ROWN'S SHORT-CUTS IN SHORTHAND. By George Brown, F.I.P.S. In crown 8vo 1/- E STENOGRAPHIC EXPERT. By W. B. Bottome and W. F. Smart. In demy 8vo, cloth 7/6 ORTHAND COMMERCIAL LETTER-WRITER. Advanced Style 6d. FICE WORK IN SHORTHAND. Specimens of Legal and other Professional Work commonly dictated to Shorthand clerks, in the Advanced Style 6d.
- 77. 1/3; Key 1/3; Key Net Cloth 2/-;Cloth 1/6; Cloth Cloth No. 1, 6d. No. II MMERCIAL CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND. In crown 8vo, cloth 3/6 SINESS CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND. In the Advanced Style. 10d. ADE CORRESPONDENCE IN SHORTHAND. In the Advanced Style. 8d. SCELLANEOUS CORRESPONDENCE IN PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. First, Second, Third, and Fourth Series. Advanced Style, with Keys in ordinary print. Each in crown 8vo, oblong 1/3 SHORTHAND READING BOOKS In the Elementary Style. SOP'S FABLES 6d. SY READINGS. With Key 8d. ARNER'S SHORTHAND READER. Illustrated 8d. IRRING TALES 8d. RILS OF THE BUSH AND OTHER STORIES 8d. In the Intermediate Style. TMAN'S PHONOGRAPHIC READER, No. 1. With Key 6d. ULLIVER'S VOYAGE TO LILLIPUT. By Jonathan Swift. With Key. 2/- BMARINE X7 AND OTHER STORIES. Illustrated 1/3 E VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. By Oliver Goldsmith. Illustrated. 2/6 LES AND SKETCHES. By Washington Irving. With Key. 2/- LES OF ADVENTURE. By various Authors 1/- E RUNAWAY AIRSHIP AND OTHER STORIES. 1/3 E SILVER SHIP OF MEXICO. An abridgment of J. H. Ingraham's Story 2/- LECT READINGS 8d. E BOOK OF PSALMS. Bible Authorised Version. Cloth gilt, red edges 3/6
- 78. Each 1/3; Cloth Cloth Cloth Each, cloth 1/-;Cloth, 1/6; Key The Set MMERCIAL READERS IN SHORTHAND. (1) Commercial Institutions, 8d. (2) Commodities. (3) Leaders of Commerce. (4) Gateways of British Commerce. 6d. In the Advanced Style. ONOGRAPHIC READER II. With Key 6d. CHRISTMAS CAROL. By Charles Dickens. 1/9 LES FROM DICKENS 2/6 E SIGN OF FOUR. By Sir A. Conan Doyle 2/- E RETURN OF SHERLOCK HOLMES. Vols. I, II and III 2/- ROUND THE WORLD IN EIGHTY DAYS. By Jules Verne 2/- LF-CULTURE. By J. S. Blackie. 2/6 LECTIONS FROM AMERICAN AUTHORS. With Key 1/3 E LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW. By Washington Irving. With Key 8d. P VAN WINKLE. By Washington Irving. With Key 6d. COURSE IN BUSINESS TRAINING. By G. K. Bucknall, A.C.I.S. (Shorthand Edition), 288 pp. 3/- SHORTHAND TEACHERS' BOOKS TMAN'S SHORTHAND TEACHER'S HANDBOOK. In crown 8vo, cloth 1/6 OTES OF LESSONS ON PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. Size 8 in. by 3- 3/4 in., cloth 2/6 EPARATION FOR A SHORTHAND TEACHER'S EXAMINATION. Size 8 in. by 3-3/4 in., cloth 1/6 COMMENTARY ON PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. By J. W. Taylor. In foolscap 8vo, cloth gilt, 448 pp. 5/- E METHODS OF TEACHING SHORTHAND. By E. J. McNamara, M.A. In crown 8vo, cloth 2/6 ART OF THE PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET. 22 in. by 35 in. 2d. ARTS ON PITMAN'S SHORTHAND. Twenty large Charts (22 in. by 35 in.) 7/6
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