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ADDICTION CYCLE SLIDES Pastoral Counseling.ppt
- 1. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Breaking the Cycle of Addiction •Addictions and Addictive Behavior: Threats to Wellness
- 2. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives •Define addiction. •Distinguish addictions from habits, and identify the signs of addiction. •Discuss the addictive process, the physiology of addiction, and the biopsychosocial model of addiction. •Describe types of addictions, including gambling, work, exercise, sexual, and Internet addictions, as well as codependence. •Evaluate treatment and recovery options for addicts, including individual therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and 12-step programs.
- 3. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Defining Addiction •Addiction is continued involvement with a substance or an activity despite ongoing negative consequences. •Four criteria as defined by the American Psychological Association • Physiological addiction • Withdrawal • Relapse • Tolerance
- 4. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Defining Addiction • Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Addiction affects neurotransmission and interactions within reward structures of the brain, including the nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate cortex, basal forebrain and amygdala, such that motivational hierarchies are altered and addictive behaviors, which may or may not include alcohol and other drug use, supplant healthy, self-care related behaviors. Addiction also affects neurotransmission and interactions between cortical and hippocampal circuits and brain reward structures, such that the memory of previous exposures to rewards (such as food, sex, alcohol and other drugs) leads to a biological and behavioral response to external cues, in turn triggering craving and/or engagement in addictive behaviors. -------The American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2019). Addiction Definition. Retrieved from https://www.asam.org/
- 5. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Habit versus Addiction •Habit is repeated behavior in which the repetition may be unconscious. •Compulsion is present if considerable discomfort is experienced if the behavior is not performed.
- 6. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Signs of Addiction •Four common symptoms • Obsession • Loss of control • Negative consequences • Denial
- 7. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. The Addictive Process •Nurturing through avoidance •The physiology of addiction • Neurotransmitters • Tolerance • Withdrawal
- 8. Cycle of PsychologicalAddiction Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 9. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Model of Addiction •Biopsychosocial model proposes that addiction is caused by a variety of factors operating together. •Biological or disease influences • Serotonins and GABA •Environmental influences • Cultural expectations, attitudes, and messaging • Social learning theory
- 10. Risk Factors forAddiction Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
- 11. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Addictive Behaviors Process addictions are behaviors known to be addictive because they are mood altering. • Compulsive gambling • Compulsive shopping and borrowing • Work addiction • Exercise addiction • Addictive exercisers • Muscle dysmorphia • Internet addiction • Sexual addiction • Multiple addictions
- 12. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Compulsive or Pathological Gambling •Over 2 million Americans are compulsive or pathological gamblers. •Experts believe that compulsive gambling is like a drug addiction. •More men than women have gambling problems. •Gambling is on the rise on college campuses. • Easier to access (online, more casinos, lotteries, etc.) • Increasing popularity of poker
- 13. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc.
- 14. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Compulsive Shopping and Borrowing •Compulsive spenders are on average $23,000 in debt. •Compulsive shopping can happen in cycles. •Compulsive shopping frequently leads to compulsive borrowing. • Compulsive debtors borrow money, often from family, friends, or institutions.
- 15. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Work Addiction Healthy work • provides a sense of identity. • develops our strengths. • is a means of satisfaction, accomplishment, and mastery of problems. Work addiction • is characterized by a compulsive use of work and work persona to fulfill needs of intimacy, power, and success. • is a major source of marital discord and breakup. • often affects those who come from alcoholic or dysfunctional homes
- 16. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Signs of Work Addiction
- 17. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Exercise Addiction Addictive exercisers • use exercise compulsively to meet needs of intimacy, nurturance, self-esteem, and self-competency. • are traditionally women, but men too are developing more unhealthy exercise patterns. • More men are abusing steroids and overexercising. Negative consequences include • alienation of family and friends. • injuries from overdoing it. • craving for more.
- 18. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Internet Addiction Internet addiction • Cybersex addiction • Cyber relationship addiction • Net compulsions • Information overload • Addiction to interactive games • As many as 15 percent of college students report that Internet use and computer games interfere with their academic performance.
- 19. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Sexual Addiction Sexual addiction is a confusion of the intensity of physical arousal with intimacy. •Sex addicts • are incapable of nurturing another because sex is the object of their affection. • frequently have episodes of depression and anxiety. • have high suicide rates. • often were in a dysfunctional family during childhood.
- 20. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Kick Your Habit—Soft Addictions Discussion Questions 1. What is the difference between a bad habit and an addiction? 2. In what way do soft addictions affect friends and family? Is it better or worse for friends and family than if the addict had a “hard” addiction? 3. How do you recognize a bad habit? How do you go about changing it?
- 21. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. How Addiction Affects Family and Friends •In codependence, a person is “addicted to the addict”; the person assumes responsibility for meeting the addict’s need and neglects his or her own needs. •Enablers are people who knowingly or unknowingly protect addicts from the natural consequences of their actions.
- 22. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Treatment for and Recovery from Addiction •Intervention • Planned process of confrontation by people who are important to the addict. Its purpose is to allow the addict to see the destructive nature of the addiction. •Treatment • Abstinence is refraining from the addictive behavior. • Detoxification is adjustment physically and cognitively to being free from the influence of addiction.
- 23. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Choosing a Treatment •The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)—Project MATCH •Three strategies for addiction treatment were studied • Cognitive-behavioral therapy • Motivational psychology • 12-step programs •Patients did equally well in each approach. The focus for treatment selection should be on choosing a program that was competently run.
- 24. Copyright © 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Relapse •Relapse is isolated or complete return to addictive behavior. •Relapse prevention requires the addict and significant others to recognize the signs of imminent relapse and to develop a plan for responding to the signs. •Relapse is not a failure to change or a lack of desire to stay well.
Editor's Notes
- #3 Drug addiction was traditionally defined as using a substance that induces physiological dependence, or the adaptive state that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal syndrome. to relieve withdrawal symptoms for which efforts to cut down or cease using it are unsuccessful whose use leads to tolerance, or an acquired reaction to a drug in which continued intake of the same dose has diminished effects.
- #4 Drug addiction was traditionally defined as using a substance that induces physiological dependence, or the adaptive state that occurs with regular addictive behavior and results in withdrawal syndrome. to relieve withdrawal symptoms for which efforts to cut down or cease using it are unsuccessful whose use leads to tolerance, or an acquired reaction to a drug in which continued intake of the same dose has diminished effects.
- #5 Many people believe addiction is no more than habit; they feel behaviors such as smoking, gambling, and biting your nails are self-selected.
- #6 (1) Compulsion is distinguished by obsession, or excessive preoccupation with the behavior and an overwhelming need to perform it. (2) Loss of control is the inability to reliably predict whether any isolated occurrence of the behavior will be healthy or damaging. (3) Negative consequences, such as physical damage, legal trouble, financial problems, academic failure, and family dissolution, do not occur with healthy involvement in any behavior. (4) Denial is the inability to perceive that the behavior is self-destructive.
- #7 Addiction begins when a person repeatedly seeks the illusion of relief to avoid unpleasant feelings or situations, known as “nurturing through avoidance.” Biochemical messengers, called neurotransmitters, exert their influence at specific receptor sites on nerve cells. Drug use and chronic stress can alter these receptor sites and cause the production and breakdown of neurotransmitters. Mood-altering substances and experiences produce tolerance, a phenomenon in which progressively larger doses of a drug or more intense involvement in an experience are needed to obtain the desired effects. Withdrawal symptoms of chemical dependencies are generally the opposite of the effects of the drugs.
- #9 Biological or disease influences: Research suggests that genes affecting the activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin and GABA (gammaaminobutyric acid) are likely involved in the risk for alcoholism. Environmental influences: Cultural expectations, societal attitudes, and societal messages influence addictive behavior. Social learning theory proposes that people learn behaviors by watching role models—parents, caregivers, and significant others. From early childhood on, the effects of modeling, imitation, and identification with behavior are well documented. If Dad drank when he was upset or we saw in the movies that the movie star drank when happy, we are subconsciously programmed to perform the same behaviors.
- #11 Multiple addictions: Though addicts tend to have a favorite drug or behavior—one that is most effective at meeting their needs—as many as 60 percent of people in treatment have problems with more than one addiction.
- #12 The American Psychological Association (APA) recognizes pathological gambling as a mental disorder and lists ten characteristic behaviors, including preoccupation with gambling, unsuccessful efforts to cut back or quit, using gambling to escape problems, and lying to family members to conceal the extent of involvement.
- #14 Compulsive shopping or spending can be seasonal, such as shopping during the winter months, to alleviate feelings of anxiety and depression. It can also occur when people feel depressed, lonely, or angry.
- #15 A work persona is the image that work addicts wish to project to others.
- #17 Muscle dysmorphia, sometimes referred to as “bigarexia,” is a pathological preoccupation with being larger and more muscular.
- #18 An estimated 5 to 10 percent of Internet users will likely experience Internet addiction. Internet addicts have a general disregard for health, are sleep deprived, neglect family and friends, are physically inactive, show euphoria when online, have lower grades in school, and show poor job performance.
- #19 Sexual addictions affect men and women of all ages, whether married, single, or homosexual.