2. �Rapid or gradual onset of symptoms and/or signs of
HF
�Leading cause of hospitalizations in subjects aged
>65 years and is associated with high mortality and
rehospitalization rates
�In-hospital mortality ranges from 4% to 10%
McDonagh et al. 2021. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal.
Acute heart failure
3. Manifestation of Acute Heart Failure
� First manifestation of HF [new onset]
� More frequently, acute decompensation of chronic
HF
� AHF in patients with pre-existing cardiac dysfunction
(i.e ACS, tachy or bradiarrhythmia, excessive rise in
BP, infection, etc)
McDonagh et al. 2021. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal.
4. Clinical Presentations of AHF
Ponikowski, et al. 2016. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal.
McDonagh et al. 2021. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. European Heart Journal.
Sign of congestion
(wet vs dry )
Peripheral hypoperfusion
(cold vs warm )
