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PENGENALAN

UNTUK

PERAKAUNAN PENGURUSAN

Pelajaran 1 PengenalankepadaPerakaunanPengurusan
Apakahperakaunan?

Perakaunanmerupakansatusistemmaklumat.
Iawujuduntukmenyediakanmaklumatkepadapenggunaak
hir .
Iaadalahmungkinuntukmembezakanantaraduacabangper
akaunan.

1 perakaunankewangan .

Tujuanperakaunankewanganadalahuntukmelaporkanpre
stasikewangansyarikat.
Fokusutamaadalahkepadalaporanluarankepadabeberapa
iaitukumpulan.

Pemilik ( pemegangsaham)

Pemiutangpinjaman ( bank)
Pemiutangperdagangan ( pembekal)

Pemiutang lain (pembekalperkhidmatan)

Agensi-agensiKerajaan (pihakberkuasacukai)

Pekerja ( kesatuansekerja)

Satu set penyatakewangan - akaununtungrugi, kuncikirakiradanpenyataalirantunaitelahdisediakandanditerbitkan.

2 Pengurusanperakaunan
Tujuanutamaperakaunanpengurusanadalahuntukmembe
rimaklumatkepadapihakpengurusan di
semuaperingkatdalamorganisasibagimaksud yang berikut
:

(a ) yang merumuskandasar - perancanganstrategik

(b) merancangaktiviti-aktivitiorganisasi perancangankorporat

(c) mengawalaktiviti-aktivitiorganisasi

(d) membuatkeputusan - jangkapanjangdantaktikal

(e) penilaianprestasi di peringkatstrategikdanoperasi

Definisi:
Pengurusanperakaunanadalahaplikasipengetahuanprofes
ionaldankemahirandalampenyediaandanpembentangan
maklumatperakaunandalamapaapacarauntukmembantupihakpengurusandalammenggu
baldasardanmerancangdanmengawaloperasiorganisasi.

Mari kitalihatsatupenyatakewangan yang mudah.

AkaunKewanganContoh

££
jualan 30,000
Kos jualan 24,000
-------Keuntungankasar 6,000
-------Tolak
Perbelanjaanpentadbiran 2,000
Perbelanjaanjualandanpengedaran 1,000
-------- 3,000
-------Keuntunganbersih 3,000
--------

Akaunkewanganmenunjukkanhasilperniagaandalamtemp
ohmasa. Merekaberurusandengankosbersejarahatau
yang laludanbimbangdenganperakaunanpengawasan.

A perakaunan /
kospengurusanpenyatamenyediakanmaklumatuntukme
mbenarkanpengurusuntukmerancang,
mengawaldanmengaturaktiviti-aktivitiperniagaan. Tujuan
/ maagementperakaunansistemmaklumatberhargaialah:

1 untukmemberimaklumattentangproduk yang
berhargauntukdigunakandalamkewangan
kenyataan.

2 untukmemberikanmaklumatuntukmerancang,
mengawaldanpenganjur.

Maklumat yang diberikanolehsistemberhargahendaklah:

berkaitan

dipercayai

tepatpadamasanya
ringkas

dibentangkandalam format yang dikehendaki.

Satusistemkosperlu

kosefektif

sesuaiuntukorganisasi

menggalakkantindakanpengurusan.

AkaunPengurusanContoh

produk
A B C Jumlah
Bahan £ 4800 £ 3700 £ 6500 £ 15000
Gaji 1,500 2,500 3,000 7,000
Prod . atas 500 600 900 2,000
---------------------------Prod . kos 6,800 6,800 10,400 24,000
Admin. kos 700 800 500 2,000
Kos jualan 300 400 300 1,000
---------------------------Jumlahkos 7,800 8,000 1,200 27,000
Jualan 10,240 10,800 8,960 30,000
Keuntungan 2,240 2,800 ---- 3,000
(Kerugian ) -------- ( 2,240 ) ---Margin keuntunganbersih 24 % 26 % ---- 10%
----------------------------

Kenyataanprestasiadalahperniagaan yang
samaseperticontohsebelumnya
akaunkewangan. Walaubagaimanapun,
iamemberikanmaklumatpengurusanbanyaklagi.
Iamenganalisiselemen-elemenkosbagibahan-bahan ,
kosburuhdanmembolehkanpihakpengurusanuntukmemb
eritumpuankepadakos yang
memerlukanpenyiasatandankawalan. Iamemudahkan
proses membuatkeputusan. Contohnyaperluproduk C
dihentikan ?

Berbandingdenganakaunkewanganmaklumatperakaunan
pengurusan yang
lebihmenyeluruhakanmembolehkanpengurusan yang
lebihbaikmenjalankanfungsimerekamerancang,
mengawalmenganjurkandanmembuatkeputusan.

klasifikasikos

Akauntanpengurusanakanmenggunakanmaklumatkosunt
ukduasebabutama.
1 untukmenentukankosproduk.
Maklumatinidigunakanuntuknilaisaham yang
diperlukanuntuklaporanluaran .

2 untukmembantupihakpengurusandalam proses
membuatkeputusan.

Bergantungkepadaobjektifkoskos yang
akandiklasifikasikankepadabeberapakategori.

(a) Dengansifatsumber
(i ) Bahan
(ii) Buruh
(iii) Lain-lain Perbelanjaan
(b ) Mengikutjeniskos

(i ) Kos langsung
(ii ) Kos tidaklangsung - Overhed

(c) Denganfungsi

Pengeluaran, Pentadbiran, JualandanPengedaran

(d) Dengantingkahlakukos

(i ) Kos tetapatauberkala
(ii ) Kos berubah-ubah
(iii) Semi- tetap, atau Kos Semi- ubah

Objektifkos
(a) Produkberharga

Iaadalahpentingbagisesebuahorganisasiuntukmenentuka
nkospembuatanproduk.
Maklumatinidigunakanuntukduatujuan:

1 untukmenentukannilaisahampenutup yang
diperlukanuntukpenyataiaitukewangan.
akaununtungrugidankuncikira-kira.

Bahanlangsung £ X
Buruhlangsung £ X
Perbelanjaanlangsung £ X
----Kos Perdana £ X
Kos pengeluaran £ X
----Kos pengeluaran £ X
-----

2
Jugabeberapaperniagaanmenggunakankoscampurstrateg
iharga. Kos
produkdikiradantandasehinggaperatusanditambahuntukt
ibapadahargajualan yang memberikankeuntungankasar
yang munasabah yang
seterusnyabolehmenampungperbelanjaanbukanpengelu
arandanmeninggalkankeuntunganbersih yang
memuaskan.

(b) Membuatkeputusan - tingkahlaku Kos

Klasifikasikoskeberubah-ubah,
tetapdanseparatetapadalahpentingdarisegimembuatkep
utusandankawalankos, aktiviti-aktiviti yang
terdiridaripadaasas-asasfungsiperakaunanpengurusan.
Kos berubahadalahkos-kos yang meningkat /
menurundengantahappengeluarandanpenjualan.
Dalamsyarikatpembuatankospengeluaranberubahmenuk
arsecaralangsungdengantahappengeluaran .

Kos
tetapbolehsamaadakostetapkomitedataukostetapbudibic
ara. Kos
tetapdipanggilkeranamerekatetaptidakberubahsebagaiti
ndakbalaskepadaperubahandalamtahapaktiviti.
Iaharusdiperhatikanbahawamerekatidaktetapkeranamer
ekatidakberubahkeranakosbarangansepertisewaseringte
rtaklukkepadasemakan.

Semi-fixed/semi-variable kosadalahkos yang
bergerakdalamarah yang samatetapitidakpadakadar yang
samasepertitahapaktiviti . Kos semi-fixed/semi-variable
mengandungitetapdanunsurberubah-ubah.
Sebagaicontoh,
bilelektrikmengandungicajtetapatauberdiridandanaspek
yang berubah-ubah yang bergantungkepadapenggunaan.
kospenentuan

Iaadalahpentingbahawaakauntanpengurusanbolehmene
ntukankosberubahdantetapdanterdapatbeberapatekniku
ntukmembantudalammemisahkanunsurunsurtetapdanberubahkosseparatetapatau semiberubah-ubah.

1 Kos
Analisismelaluipemerhatiansecaralangsungdaripadasumb
er-sumber yang diperlukanuntukmenukarkanbahanbahankedalamproduksiapdanmemohonkosuntukaktivitii
ni. Bahanlangsung,
buruhlangsungdanmasamesinbolehdiwujudkandenganm
udah.

2
Denganmemeriksaakaunakauntanbolehmengklasifikasika
nsebagaikosberubahatautetap .
3 kaedahtinggirendah.
Kaedahinimelibatkanmemilihtempohtahaptertinggidante
rendahaktivitidanmembandingkanperubahandalamkos
yang berpuncadaripadakedua-duaperingkat.

contoh
10000units Output £ 30000
15000units £ 40000

£ 40.000 - 30.000 £ = £ 10000 /
15000units - 10000 = 5000units = £ unit 2per .

Kos tetapituadalah £ 10000.
4 scattergraphataucartaregresi.

kos

output
Mengenaijumlahkosscattergraphdiplotterhadap output
di beberapatahapaktiviti yang berbeza. Kemudian '
garisluruspenyuaianterbaik'
diambilmelaluibeberapakoordinat.
Managarisinibertepatandenganpaksi Y
inimewakilitahapkostetap.
Apabilainiditubuhkaniaadalahmudahuntukmengirakoskos lain yang tidaktetapiaitu. kos yang berubah-ubah.
Andaianadalahbahawapada output
sifarperniagaanmasihmempunyaiuntukmemenuhikos kosberkalatetapberkaitandenganmasa.

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