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- 2. Acoustical Materials Sound AbsorbingMaterials All building surface treatments used in construction and used in creating spaces have the capacity to absorb sound to a certain degree. under special conditions many of the sound-absorptive materials are also being used in sound insulation. On any surface, sound is either absorbed or reflected by material. the sound energy absorbed is partially converted to heat but most energy transmitted to the other side of the material, unless such transmission is retained by a more impervious barrier. A good sound absorber is an efficient transmitter and an efficient sound insulator. An effective sound insulator enclosure, on the other hand will prevent the transmission of sound from one side to the other. Brick Is modular building block made from clay. It is used to build load bearing and non-load bearing walls, as a lacing (break veneer), and as paving material. Brick has mass approximately 130 lbs per cubic ft, brick attenuates sound very well. exceptionally high orders of attenuation can be achieved with two side-by-side but unconnected brick walls. Joints must be fully mortared or otherwise sealed. absorption is negligible since there is little or no porosity and the material is rigid. consequently, brick is a good all- frequency sound reflector Concrete A mixture of portland cement, stone and sand aggregates, and water, cured into a hard mass of superior compressive strength. It is often reinforced with steel and used for structural member. Normal weight concrete has a density of 144 pounds per cubic foot. Lightweight concrete is less effective, unless of equal mass per unit area. like any hard material, concrete provides virtually no absorption. there are, however, aerated concretes that are intentionally porous. These are, however, aerated concretes that are intentionally porous. These are fairly absorptive COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS
- 3. Concrete Masonry Units Aremodular building blocks made of concrete. They are usually manufactured with hollow cores. Normal-weight units can support considerable loads, lightweight units are generally used to build non- load bearing partitions Glass Glass is generally a light-transparent material made of a mixture of silicates, It is used principally to glaze windows and other openings that need to be closed, but without excluding light Despite its mass (approximately 156 pounds per cubic foot), glass is a marginal sound attenuator because it is thin and the mass per unit area is quite small. Superior performance is provided by well-separated double-glazing ard by certain types of laminated glass. Almost totally reflective in the higher frequencies, glass resonates and, through this mechanism, can absorb appreciable amounts of low-frequency sound. COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS Masonry Is any of a large variety of stone-like materials. Acoustical properties vary, but in the general are comparable to those of brick, concrete, and concrete masonry units. Laminated Glass Is a sandwich of two or more sheets of glass with viscoelastic interlayers that provide damping as the sandwich is flexed. Certain types of laminated glass offer substantially better sound attenuation than an equal than an equal thickness of monolithic glass. Wood Decking one of the several structural materials supported by beams or trusses to form floors and roofs. It is often exposed as finished ceiling. Owing to its relatively low mass (as compared to concrete), wood decking provides only nominal attenuation unless ballasted with heavier materials Wood decks are generally reflective, but unsealed cracks between the boards have been known to contribute a fair amount of absorption.
- 4. Plywood is a laminateof several layers of wood veneer. It is used in wood construction as an underlayment for floors, as sheathing on studs or rafters or as finished paneling on walls mainly because of its density (36 pounds per cubic foot). plywood is relatively ineffective as a sound attenuator. However, it is often adequate in combination with other materials or where high performance is not required. Thin plywood, if furred out from a solid wall, is a potent low- frequency absorber. At higher frequencies, plywood is quite reflective. Metal are any of the family of alloys, but especially steel, which is cornrnonly used to provide structural support. COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS Wood Paneling means a relatively thin finish made of wooden boards and panels. These are usually attached to furring and thus kept clear of the wall behind the paneling. Wood paneling on a wall generally results in negligible improvement over the attenuation provided by basic wall. Wood absorbs low-frequency sound by resonance and may lead to serious bass deficiency in music rooms unless it is thick and/or well restrained.
- 5. THREE BASIC CATEGORIESOF SOUND ABSORBERS All materiais have some absorbing properties. Incident sound energy which is not absorbed must be reflected, transmitted or dissipated. A material's sound absorbing properties can be described as sound absorption coefficient in a particular frequency range. The coefficient can be viewed as a percentage of sound being absorbed, where 1.0 is complete absorption (100%0 and 0.01 being minimal absorption (1%). SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION Porous Materials commonly formed of matted or spun fibers Panel (Membrane) absorbers having an impervious surface mounted over an air space Resonators created by holes connected to an enclosed volume of trapped air. The absorptance of each type of sound absorber is dramatically, in some cases, influenced by the mounting method employed.
- 6. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION The basic acoustical characteristic of all porous materials, such as fiberboards, soft plasters, mineral wools and isolation blankets, is a cellular network of interlocking pores. Sound absorption in porous materials is more efficient at high than at low frequencies but their acoustical efficiency improves in the low frequency range with increased thickness and with distance from their solid backing. Porous Materials Prefabricated Acoustical Units (wallboard and tile board) These include various types of perforated. unperforated, fissured or textured cellulose and mineral fiber tiles, lay-in panels and perforated metal pans with absorbent pads constitute typical units in this group. Acoustical Plaster and sprayed-on (fibrous material w/ binder) Acoustical plaster is a plaster-like product, distinguished by its porosity after it dries. It was originally intended to create jointless surfaces (like those of ordinary plaster) that absorb sound, which ordinary plaster does not. The performance of acoustical tile is highly dependent on the correct mix and application technique Noise reduction coefficient on the order of 0.60 have been obtained under controlled conditions, but field installations usually yield much less. Acoustical plaster is not a reliable sound absorber. These acoustical finishes are used mostly for noise in auditoriums where any other acoustical treatment would be impractical because of curved or irregular shape of the surface. They are applied in a semi-plastic consisiency, either by spray gun or by hand troweling.
- 7. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION is a widely used ceiling material made of mineral or cellulose fibers or of fiberglass. It is available in a variety of moduial sizes from approximately 300 x 300 men 12 in x 12 in.) lo 610 mm x 1220 mm (24 m. 48 in.) and larger. Acoustical tile is usually Suspended in a metal grid, but some types of tile can be glued or otherwise attached to salid surfaces. It is prone to darnage wher: contacted and is therefore not recommended for surfaces. especially walls that are within human reach Suspended tile provides more low frequency absorption than glued-on tile. Membrane-faced tiles provide less high- frequency absorption than those whose faces are porous. Acoustical Tile Acoustical Foam is one of a variety of cellular materiais, usually made of polyurethane. Foams are manufactured either with open cells (air can be blown in and through the material) or with closed cells (each cell is sealed, the material is airlight). Open-cell foams are excellent sound absorbers, provided they are sufficiently thick. Their uses include padding for upholstered theater seats to stabilize reverberation regardless of occupancy. Close-cell foams absorbs sound, but less efficiently and less predictably. They are more often applied to ringing surfaces, such as large metal plate to provide damping. Acoustical (Isolation (wool, glass fibber) are manufactured from rock wool, glass fibers, wood fibers, hair felt, etc generally installed on a wood or metal framing system. These blankets are used for acoustical purposes in varying thicknesses between 1 and 5 inches (25 and 125 mm). Their absorption increases with thickness, particularly at low frequencies. Acoustical blankets do not constitute an aesthetically satisfying finish, they are normally covered with suitable type of perforated boards, wood slats, flying screen, etc., placed and fastened to the framing system
- 8. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION which is available in the form of balls, blankets and boards, is an excellent Sound absorber. The manufacturing process ensures consistent porosity at a very fine scale. Applications include a great many sound-absorbing treatments, insulation as in stud walls and ducts, and various application in industrial noise control. Compressed blocks or sheets of fiberglass are also used to form resilent supports/ hangers or as joint filler where rigid ties are to be avoided Fiber Glass Fibrous Batts and Blankets Usually made of fiberglass or mineral fiber, librous balls and blankets are among the most common forms acoustical (also thermal) insulation in use today. They serve two distinct acoustical purposes. If exposed to the room, as a wall finish (behind fabric or an open grillage) or as a ceiling finish (behind perforated open pans or spaced slats), they absorb sound and thus reduce noise and reverberation in the room Performance depends on thickness and on the properties of the facing. Fibrous Boards works much like batts and blankets but is of higher density- up to approximately 20 pounds per square foot but more usually near 6 pounds per square foot. Such rigid or semi-rigid 'boards, especially those made of fiberglass, are excellent sound absorbers. They are available with a variety of sound-transparent (usually fabric) facings, lor use as walls or ceiling panels. Less porous or thinner boards, such as those made of mineral fiber, are somewhat less absorptive.
- 9. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION is 2 rigid (often structural) material, usually made of coarse fibers, such as wood fibers, embedded in a cementitious mix. The fibrous surface absorbs sound. It exposed to the room, fibrous planks reduces noise and reverberation in the room. Fiber Plank Fibrous Spray is any of a variety of sprayed-on insulating material, often specified fur fireproofing application. Previously made of ashestos fibers, which are known to be health hazard, most contemporary sprays contain cellulose or mineral fibers of various descriptions. Fibrous spray is inherently porous and therefore absorptive. However, performance is highly dependent on thickness and application technique. Insulation (Loose) Loose insulation is similar to fibrous batts and blankets, except that it can be' blown or dumped in place. It serves much the same purpose as batts within a partition; that is, it improves attenuation through the partition.
- 10. Curtains and Fabrics includea range of textiles that are used on their own (as curtains; or as covering for other materials that may or may not be sound absorbing. Curtains absorb sound if they are reasonably heavy (at least 500 grams per square meter) and, more importantly, if their flow resistance is sufficiently high- to the point of severely impeding, but not stopping, airflow through the material. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION carpet is any of a variety of soft floor finishes made of synthetic materials such as nylon or natural materials such as wool. It is either glued directly to the floor or installed over an underlayinent of hairfelt or foam rubber. In addition to their application as flooring. carpets are being used as versatile acoustical material because airborne sound and noise within a room, it reduces in some cases almost completely eliminate impact noises from above, and they eliminate surface noises (shuffling of feet, clicking of heels, moving of furniture). The use of carpet as sound- absorbing material contributes to the following: 1. The fiber type has practically no effect on sound absorption. 2. Cut piles provide more absorption than loop pires under otherwise identical conditions 3 Will increased pile height and weight, in cut-pile fabrics, the sound absorption increases 4. In loop pile fabrics when pile weight increases, with the density held constant, sound absorption improves; when pile weight increases, with the pile constant, sound absorption increases to a certain level 5. The more permeable backing. the higher the sound absorption 6. Hair, hair jute ad foam rubber pads contribute to higher sound absorption than the less perineable rubber and urethane-foam pads.
- 11. Panel Resonators are builtwith a membrane such as thin plywood or linoleum in front of a sealed air space generally containing absorbent material. The panel is set in motion by the alternating pressure of the impinging sound wave. Wood and Hardwood Panels, gypsum boards suspended plaster ceiling, furred-out plasters, rigid plastic boards, windows, glazing, wood floors and platforms and metal plates are of this type of sound absorption materials. Porous materials spaced away from their solid backing also act as vibrating panel absorbers, favorably contributing to absorption at low frequencies. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION Panel or Membrane Absorbers The non-perforated panel, or membrane absorbers represent the second group of sound absorbing materials. impervious material installed on a solid backing but separated from it by airspace will act as panel absorber and wil! vibrate when struck by sound waves. The incident sound energy is then converted to heal. Panels of this son are efficient low frequency absorbers. When selected properly, panel absorbers balance the somewhat excessive medium and high frequency absorption of porous absorbers and room contents.
- 12. SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION Volume or Cavity Resonator (hemholtz Resonators) The cavity (or Hemholiz) resonators, the third and the last group of sound absorbers, consists of an enclosed body of air confined walls and connected by a narrow opening (called the neck) to the surrounding space, in which sound travels. The impinging sound causes the air in the neck to vibrate, and the air mass causes the entire construction to resonate at a particular frequency. By adjusting neck opening and cavity dimensions, the unit can be tuned to resonate at a desired frequency. A cavity resonator absorbs the maximum energy in a narrow region of low frequency band. An empty jar or bottle, also act as a cavity resonator, however, it maximum absorption is confined to a narrow frequency band; that is extremely selective in its absorption.
- 13. A. TYPES OFVOLUME OR CAVITY RESONATORS INDIVIDUAL CAVITY REOSNATORS ARE MADE OF EMPTY CLAY VESSELS OF DIFFERENT SIZES. THEIR EFFECTIVE ABSORPTION SPREAD BETWEEN 100 AND 400 HERTZ. STANDARD CONRETE BLOCK USING A REGULAR CONCRETE MIXTURE BUT WITH SLOTTED CAVITIES CALLED SCOUNDBOX UNITS CONSTITUTE A CONTEMPORARY DESIGN OF THE CAVITY RESONATOR. PERFORATED PANELS, SPACED AWAY FROM A SOLID BACKING, PROVIDE A WIDELY USED PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE CAVITY RESONATOR PRINCIPLE, THEY CONTAIN A LARGE NUMBER OF NECKS CONSTITUTING THE PERFORATIONS OF THE PANEL THUS FUNCTIONING AS AN ARRAY OF THE CAVITY RESONATORS. THE PERFORATIONNS ARE CIRCULAR (SOMETIMES SLOTTED). INDIVIDUAL RESONATORS SLIT RESONATORS PERFORATED RESONATOR IN AUDITORIOM DESIGN, ACOUSTICAL EFFECT CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY USING RELATIVELY INEXPENSIVE BLANKETS ALONG THE ROOM SURFACES. HOWEVER, DUE TO THEIR POROSITY, ISOLATION BLANKETS NEED PROTECTION AGAINST ABRASION. THE PROTECTIVE SCREEN CONSISTS OF A SYSTEM OF WOOD, METAL OR RIGID PLASTIC SLATS WITH A SERIES OF OPENINGS, GAPS OR EXPOSED SLOTS.
- 14. B. PREFABRICATED SOUNDABSORBING MATERIALS MOST SOUND - ABSORBING TILES AND PANELS ARE NOT SUFFICIENTLY DURSBLE FOR WALL APPLICATION . FOW WALLS, USE FIBROUS MATERIAALS WITH PROTECTIVE OPEN FACINGS , PERFORATED OR EXPANDED METAL, PERFORATED HARDBOARD, METAL , SLATS, FSBRIC COVERED PANELS, OR SHREDDED-WOOD FORM BOARD. PREFABRICATED ACOUSTICAL UNITS • REGULAR PERFORATED TILE • FISSURED TILE OR PANEL • RANDOM PERFORATED TILE • SHREDDED WOOD FORMBOARD • GLASS-FIBER BLANKETS AND BOARDS • TEXTURED AND/OR PATTERNED TILE OR PANEL • SLOTTED TILE OR PANEL • MEMBRANE - FACED OR CERAMIC TILE MATERIALS • ROUGH SPRAY-ON MATERIALS • SMOOTH SPRAY-ON MATERIALS (MINERALS OR CELLULOSE FIBERS
- 15. TYPES OF SUSPENDEDSOUND-ABSORBING PANELS ABSORBING PANELS AND UNITS, THESE UNITS ARE INTALLED WITH ALL EDGES AND SIDES EXPOSED, THEY CAN PROVIDE EXTREMELY HIGH ABSORPTIONPER FT, OF MATERIAL BECAUSE AT SIX SURFACE WILL BE EXPOSED TO SOUND WAVES. C. SUSPENDED SOUND • PARALLEL 1/4 STAGGERED HOLES AT 3/8 o.c.(40 % OPEN ) • HONEYCOMB • EGG CRATE D. TRANSONDENT FACING S SOUND TRANSPARENT FACINGS ( CALLED TRANSONDENT ) MAY RANGE FROM 5 TO 50 PERCENT OR MORE OPEN AREA. FACINGS TEND TO RESUCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SOUND -ABSORBING MATERIALS BY REFLECTING HIGH - FREQUENCY SOUND WAVES. IN GENERAL, THE LOWER % OF OPEN AREA IN THE FACING ,THE LESS ABSORPTION OF HIGH FREQUENCY SOUND ENERGY. 1/4 STAGGERED HOLES AT 3/8 o.c.(40 % OPEN ) 1/4 STAGGERED HOLES AT 3/8 o.c.(40 % OPEN ) RELATIVE EFFIENCY OF SOUND ABSORBERS • THIN POROUS MATERIALS ( CONVERT SOUND ENERGY INTO HEAT BY FRICTION ) • VIBRATING PANELS ( RESONANT PANELS ) (CONVERT SOUND ENERGY INTO VIBRATIONAL ENERGY WHICH IS DISSIPATED BY INTERNAL DAMPING AND RADIATION ) • VOLUME RESONATORS ( ALSO CALLED HEMBOLTZ REDUCE SOUND ENERGY BY FRICTION AT OPENING AND BY INTER REFLECTIONS WITHIN CAVITY.)
- 16. COMMERCIAL! TYPE ACOUSTICALMATERIALS FOR VARIOUS BUILDING APPLICATIONS TABLE 6 • ACOUSTICAL BAFFLES • MELAMINE FOAM LINEAR WEDGES • MELAMINE FOAM SOUND ABSORBER MATERIAL: OPEN CELL POLYRETHANE ACOUSTICAL FOAM PATTERN: SCIENTIFICALLY ENGINEERED PATTERN DESIGNED TO ABSORB THE WIDEST RANGE OF FREQUENCIES FEATURES: EFFICTIVELY REDUCES REFLECTED NOISE REVERBERATION TIME TO PRODUCE SAFE ENJOYABLE SURROUNDINGS APPLICATION: INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AUDIO ROOM, RESIDENTIAL, SOUND RECORDING STUDIOUS, RADIO STATIONS, BAND ROOMS, SWIMMING POOLS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, GUN RANGES, EQUIPMENT ENCLOSURES. MATERIAL: PATTERN: APPLICATION: OPEN CELL MELAMINE OR POLYURETHANE. THE LINEAR WEDGE PATTERN OFFERS EXCELLENT ABSORPTION AND ALLOWS YOU TO CREATE MANY DIFFERENT DESIGNS, INSTALL VERTICALLY, HORIZONTALLY, DIAGONALLY, CHECKBOARD AS WELL AS CREATE YOUR DESIGN FOR USE IN INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AUDIO, ROOMS AND RESIDENTIAL MARKETS, CEILINGS, WALLS, PARTITIONS, SOUND, STUDIO, RADIO ROOMS, BAND ROOMS, GYMS SWIMMING POOLS, MECHANICAL ROOMS AND ENCLOSUREs. THICKER WEDGES ARE DESIGNED FOR USE IN ANECHOIC CHAMBERS AND TEST CELLS. MATERIAL: OPEN CELL POLYRETHANE ACOUSTICAL FOAM PATTERN: CONVOLUTED DOUBLE HUMP ANECHOIC WEDGES. FEATURES: DESIGNED FOR SOUND ABSORPTION IN A WIDE RANGE OF FREQUENCIES. INCREASED SURFACE ABSORPTION AREA. APPLICATION: INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL, AUDIO, RESIDENTIAL, CEILINGS, WALS, POSITIONS. SOPOUND/ RECORDING, STUDIOS, RADIO STATIONS, BOARD ROOMS, SWIMMING POOLS, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, GUN RANGES, ENCLOSURES.
- 17. TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL! TYPEACOUSTICAL MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS BUILDING APPLICATIONS • POLYURETHANE FOAM SOUND ABSORBER • ABSORPTIVE/ NOISE BARRIER QUILTED CURTAINS • MELAMINE FOAM COMPOSITE SOUND CONTAINMENT SYSTREM MATERIAL: PATTERN: FEATURES: APPLICATION: POROUS EXPANDED POLYPROPYENE (PEPP), FIBERGLASS-TREE. SOFT - TEXTURED BEADED SURFACE GYMNASIUMS, AUDITORIA, CLASSROOMS, MUSIC ROOMS, ARENAS AND ATADIA, CHURCHES, OFFICES, COMPUTER ROOMS, RESTAURANTS/ CAFETERIA, CONCERT HAILS AND THEATERS, GUN RANGES, MANUFACTURING PLANTS, MACHINE ENCLOSURES AND ANIMAL HOSPITALS. ECONOMICAL, MULTI - PURPOSE, MOISTURE RESISTANT, DURABLE, LIGHTWEIGHT AND CLEANABLE. MATERIAL: PATTERN: ACOUSTICAL FOAM OR FIBERGLASS CORE, FACED WITH QUILTED ALUMINIZED FABRIC. QUILTED PATTERN FEATURES: EFFECTIVE DURABLE ABSORBER WITH MASS LOADED VINYL BARRIER OPTION. APPLICATION: EFFECTIVE SOLUTION TO A WIDE, RANGE OF NOISE CONTROL PROBLEMS. MACHINERY AND WORK AREA ENCLOSURES, MOISTURE OR HUMID CONDITIONS AND OUTDOOR NOISE CONTROL. SILICONE FABRIC AVAILABLE FOR OUTDOORS. MATERIAL: PATTERN: 1" MELAMINE ACOUSTICAL FOAM, BONDED TO 1/8 “THK, 1 LB/SQ. FT MASS LOADED NOISE BARRIER WITH 1/4” MELAMINE FOAM VIBRATION DECOUPLER CONVOLUTED OR FLAT SURFACE PAATTERN APPLICATION: IDEALLY SUITED TO LINE EQUIPMENT ENCIOSURES,. COMMONLY USED TO LINE WALLS AND CEILINGS O”. UTILITY OR MECHANICAL ROOMS TO ABSORB AND CONTAIN THE NOISE SOURCE. USE WHERE SOUND ABSORPTION, NOISE REDUCTION AND VIBRATION CONTROL ARE NEEDED.
- 18. TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL! TYPEACOUSTICAL MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS BUILDING APPLICATIONS • HANGING ACOUSTICAL BALFLES • LOW FREQUENCY SOUND ABSORBER/ INSULATOR MATERIAL: BONDED ACOUSTICAL PAD (BAP). RECYCLABLE, FIBERGLASS- FREE. PATTERN: FEATURES: APPLICATION: SOLL- TEXTURER SURFACE ECONOMICAL, MULTI- PURPOSE, HIGH PERFORMANCE. DURABLE, LIGHTWEIGHT. GYMNASIUMS,,,AUDITORIA, CLASSROOMS, MUSIC ROOMS, ARENAS AND STADIA, CHURCHES, OTTICES, COMPUTER ROOMS, RESTAURANTS/ CAFETERIA, CONCERT HALLS AND THEATERS, GUN RANGES, MANULACTURING PLANTS, MACHINE ENCLOSURES. WATER TREATMENT PLANTS. MATERIAL: PATTERN: FEATURES: APPLICATION: 1.2 LB. DENSITY, RECYCLED BONDED ACOUSTICAL COTTON FIBER. • SOUND DEADENING, SOUND ABSORBING, INSULATING, LOW COST MATERIAL: SOFT GRAY. IDEAL BEHIND ACOUSTICAL FABRIC, PERFORATED OR SIOTTED PANEL SURFACES. EXCEPTIONALLY GOOD LOW FREQUENCY ABSORPTION. INDUSTRIAL, ARCHITECTURAL OR AUDIO APPLICATIONS, MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL ROOMS. FOR HARSH NOISY ENVIRONMENT THAT REQUIRE HIGH PERTORMANCE LOW FREQUENCY REDUCTION. ABOVE ACOUSTICAL CEILING GRID SYSTEMS. USER- FRIENDLY ALTERNATIVE TO GLASS FIBER INSULATION. APPLICATION: RECYCLED WOOD FIBER RESIDUO ACOUSTICAL BOARD CAN BE USED AS FLUORING UNDERLAYMENT OR AS DAMPING LAYER BETWEEN STUDS AND GYPSUM BOARDS TO IMPROVE SOUND TRANSMISSION CLASS (STC)
- 19. TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL! TYPEACOUSTICAL MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS BUILDING APPLICATIONS • POROUS EXPANDED POLYPROPYLENE (PEPP) ACOUSTICAL WALL PANELS • SAILCLOTH AND VINYL ENCAPSULATED ACOUSTICAL BAFFLES • POLYURETHANE FOAM COMPOSITE SOUND CONTAINMENT SYSTEM MATERIAL: PATTERN: FEATURES: APPLICATION: SEMI- RIGID POROUS EXPANDED POLYPROPYIENE ACOUSTICAL BEAD FOAM (PEPP) NON- ABRASIVE, SLIGHTLY TEXTURED, POROUS. LIGHTWEIGHT, IMPACT- RESISTANT, MOISTURE, BACTERIA AND FUNGI- RESISTANT. TACKABLE SURLACE, UV STABLE. GYMNASIUMS, AUDITORIA, SWIMMING POOLS, ARENAS, FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS, FOOD PREPARATION AREAS, CAFETERIAS AND RESTAURANTS, MANUFACTURING PLANTS, CAR WASHES, ROOFTOP AND MACHINE ENCLOSURES, GUN RANGES, DOG KENNELS. LOCKER ROOMS MATERIAL: FIBERGLASS CORE ENCAPSULATED IN POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FILM OR SAILCLOTH PATTERN:PLAIN- TYPE A OR TYPE B MOUNTING FEATURES: COST EFFECTIVE, LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGH ACOUSTICAL PERFORMANCE, MOISTURE AND CHEMICAL RESISTANT. APPLICATION: ANY LARGE AREA WHERE NOISE AND REVERBERATION NEEDS TO BE REDUCED. GYMNASIUMS, COMMUNITY CENTERS, SPORTS ARENA, SWIMMING POOLS, FACTORIES, ANIMAL HOSPITALS, FOOD PROCESSING PLANTS, LARGE OPEN AREAS. MATERIAL: POLYURETHANE ACOUSTICAL FOAM BONDED TO 1 LB. SQ. FT. MASS LOADDED VINYL NOISE BARRIER WITH POLYURETHANE FOAM VIBRATION DECOUPLER. PATTERN: FLAT SURFACE APPLICATION: Ideally suited to line ceuipent enclosures Commonly used to line walls and ceilings of utility or mechanical rooms to absorption contain the noise source. Use where sound absorption, noise reduction and vibration control are needed.
- 20. TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL! TYPEACOUSTICAL MATERIALS FOR VARIOUS BUILDING APPLICATIONS • BONDED ACOUSTICAL PAD (BAP) APPLICATION: 3ONDED ACOUSLICAL PAD PANELS ARE IDEAILY SUITED TO SCHOOLS, GYMNASIUMS, CAFETERIAS, CLASSROOMS, CHURCHES, MULTI- PURPOSE ROOMS, COMMUNITY CENTERS AND MORE. • ACOUSTICAL COTTON FIBER COMPOSITE PANEL- SOUND ABSORBER MATERIAL: BONDED ACOUSTICAL PAD (BAP). RECYCLABLE, FIBERGLASS- FREE, HIGH DENSITY FIBER. PATTERN: SOFT TEXTURED SURFACE, FOIL ON ONE SIDE. FEATURES: ECONOMICAL, MULTI- PURPOSE, HIGH PERFORMANCE ABSORPTION COMBINED WITH STC VALUE. APPLICATION: GYMNASIUMS, AUDITORIA, CLASSROOMS, MUSIC ROOMS, ARENAS AND STADIA, CHURCHES, OFFICES, COMPUTER ROOMS, RESTAURANTS/ CAFETERIA, CONCERT HALLS AND THEATERS, GUN RANGES, MANUFACTURING PLANTS, MACHINE ENCLOSURES, WATER TREATMENT PLANTS. • CEILING TILES MELAMINE FOAM CEILING TILES ARE EXCEILENTCHOICE FOR CONTROLLING SOUND REVERBERATION WITHIN A VARIETY OF ROOMS. THESE ARE AVAILABLE PLAIN FACE OR WIDTH 'A NURNBER OF BEVELS CUT INTO THE PANEL. IT CAN BE USED TO LORM UNIQUE VISUAL PATTERNS IN THE COILING. THEIR SOUND ABOORPTION IS MUCH GREATER THAN STANDARD CEILING TILCS
- 21. GYPSUM BOARD ISTHE GENERIC NAME FOR THE FAMILY OF PRODUCTS COMPRISED MAINLY N! NON- COMBUSTIBLE GYPSUM CORE AND PAPER LACINGS. GYPSUM BOARD IS COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS DRYWALL, WALLBOARD, PLASTERBOARD AND SHEETROCK. GYPSUM IS A MINERAL FOUND IN SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATIONS. THIS PRODUCT IS PERFECTLY SUITED FOR FIRE RESISTANCE. GYPSUM CONTAINS CHEMICALLY COMBINED WATER THAT IS DRIVEN OFF AS STEAM WHEN SUBJECTED TO HIGH HEAT, EFFECTIVELY FIGHTING FIRE. NEW PRODUCTS USING GYPSUM ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO SUIT DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS. GYPSUM BOARD TYPES OF GYPSUM BOARDS • REGULAR : THIS IS USED AS A SURTACE LAYER TOR WALLS AND CEILINGS, AVAILABLE IN TAPERED AND SQUARE EDGES • TYPE X: THIS IS AVAILABLE IN 1 1/2 INCH OR 5/8 INCH THICKNESS AND HAS IMOROVED FIRE- RESISTANCE THROUGH THE USE OF FIBERS MIXED WITH GYPSUM CORE • TYPE C OR IMPROVED X ADDITIONAL ADDITIVES GIVE THIS PRODUCT IMPROVED FIRE- RESISTANCE, REQUIRED IN SOME FIRE- TESTED ASSEMBLIES. • WATER RESISTANT BOARD MADE WITH WATER- RESISTANT CORE AND WATER- RESISTANT FACE PAPE:, ALSO KNOWN AS "GREEN" BOARD. THIS IS DESIGNED AS A CERAMIC TILE BACKING BOARD. • GYPSUM CORE BOARD THIS IS A 1 INCH THICK PANEL USED IN PROPRIETARY SHAFT WALL ASSEMBLIES AND LAMINATED GYPSUM ASSEMBLIES. • GYPSUM LINER BOARD IT IS AVAILABLE IN 3/4 INCH OR 1 INCH THICK BOARD USED PRIMARILY IN AREA SEPARATION WALL SYSTEMS. • SOFFIT BOARD THIS IS DESIGNED FOR USE UNDER PROTECTED OVERHANGS AND WALKWAYS. • GYPSUM SHEATHING THIS IS USED AS AN UNDERLAYMENT IN EXTERIOR WALLS FOR STRUCTURAL STABILITY AND FIRE- PROTECTION. AVAIIABLE IN TREATED AND NON- TREATED CORE FOR WATER RESISTANCE. • FOAM BAFFLE THIS 2 X 4' X 3" (600 X 1200 X 75 MM THICK) POLYURETHANE LOAM BAFLLES ARE SUSPENDED VERTICALLY FROM THEIR OWN INTERNAL WIRE FRAME WITH CORER EYELETS. BY HANGING THEM IN ROWS AND COLUMNS IT ABSORBS UNWANTED ECHO. IT CAN BE USED TO DISSIPATE SOUND ENERGY IF USED WITHIN A SUSPENDED CURTAIN SYSTEM SURROUNDING A NOISE SOURCE OPEN CELL POLYURETHANE ACOUSTIC FOAM 3 INCHUS (75 MM) THICK AND CONVOLUTED ON BOTH SIDES FOR MAXIMUM ABSORPTION OF AIRBORNE SOUND ENERGY. EACH BALTLE MEASURES 24 X 48 INCHES (600 X 1200 MM) IN SIZE.
- 22. • PYRAMID S THESE ARE2' X 2' (600 X 600 MM) SQUARE, OPEN CELT POLYURETHANE ACOUSTIC FOAM PANELS HAVING SYMMETRICALLY IDENTICAL FACES THAT DISGUISE THEIR SEAMS FROM PIECE TO PIECE. AVAILABLE IN STANDARD 2, 3, AND 4 INCHES (50, 75, 100 MM) THICKNESS. IDEAL FOR STUDIO APPLICATION WHERE. ACOUSTICS AND AESTHETICS ARE UTMOST CONSIDERATIONS. • FOAM PANEL THESE ARE 2°X 4' (600 × 1200 MM) RECTANGULAR POLYURETHANE FOAM PANELS CUT WITH STANDARD EGG SHELL FACE. AVAILABLE IN 2, 3 OR 4 INCHES (50,75, 100 MM) THICKNESS, THEY ARE POPULAR CHOICE FOR SOUND ESTABLISHMENTS. A CONVCLUTED SURFACE PATTERN CUT INTO THE FACE OF THE MATERIAL, IS DESIGNED TO MAXIMIZE THE ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION QUALITIES OF THE FOAM. THE OPEN CELL STRUCTURE DISSIPATES NOISE ENERGY TO CONTROL HARSH RELLECTED NOISE AND REVERBERATES IN A VARICTY OF APPIICATIONS. OPEN CELL POLYURETHANE FOAM PANELS ARE TYPICALLY NOT RECOMMENDED FOR USE IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS WHERE CLASS A FIRE RATING IS REQUIRED. • FIREFLE X A LIGHTWEIGHT, POROUS, OPEN CELL, ACOUSTIC MELAMINE FOAM MATERIAL DEIGNED FOR MAXIMUM SOUND ABSORPTION WHERE CLASS A FIRE RATING IS A MUST. THIS MATERIAL IS RESISTANT TO MOST ORGANIC SOLVENTS, ALKALIS AND DILUTED ACIDS. HEAT RESISTANT TO 482 DEGREES F. IT IS AVAILABLE IN 2' X 4' (600 X 1200 MM) SIZE PANELS WHICH CAN BE INSTALLED WITH STANDARD ADHESIVE. ALSO AVAILABLE IN CEILING TILE DESIGN AND SUSPENDED VERTICAL BAFFLES. THE FACING IS CONVOLUTED WITH EGGSHELL PATTERN. STANDARD THỊCKNESS IS 2ª (50 MM) IT CAN HE INSIALLED USING VELCRO OR GLUE TO MOST WALL SURFACES.
- 23. • BASS TRAP THESEARE THICK, SELF- STANDING, PORTABLE FLUTES OF FOAM THAT STACK ON EACH OTHER IN THE CORNERS OF A ROOM. IT HELPS TO COMBAT LOW IMPACT NOISE THESE ARE 12 X 12 INCHES (300 X 300 MM) TRIANGULAR CUT PIECES, MEASURING 4 FT. (1200 MM) TALL. • ACOUSTICAL NOISE REDUCTION BLANKET ACOUSTICAL BLANKETS ARE EFFECTIVE, ECONOMICAL METHOD OF NOISE REDUCTION IN A WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL, COMMERCIAL STUDIO AND OTHER APPLICATIONS. THESE ARE BLANKETS WITH MODULAR PANELS USED FOR EFFECTIVE SOUND ABSORPTION AND NOISE REDUCTION PROPERTIES THAT JOIN TOGETHER TO FOR ANY CONFIGURATION REQUIRED. A VARIETY OF FRAMING SYSTEMS MAY BE USED IN THE INSTALLATION OF THIS MATERIAL. THE VINYL- COATED FACINGS ON THE NOISE REDUCTION BLANKETS ARE DIRT AND OIL- RESISTANT, CLEANABLE AND DESIGNED TOR INDUSTRIAL USE. • ACOUSTICAL FOAM ACOUSTICAL FOAM IS MOST COMMONLY USED IN AREAS THAT DO NOT HAVE AESTHETIC CONSIDERATION, I.E. WALL ENCLOSURES, ENTERTAINMENT UNITS, BEHIND THE THEATER SCREENS, ETC. THE UNIQUE- SHAPED DESIGNS ARE MANUFACTURED TO INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA AND DISTRIBUTE SOUND WAVES OVER A BROAD AMOUNT OF MATERIAL. ACOUSTICAL FOAMS ARE FOR TREATING THE INSIDE OF A ROOM TO HELP DEADEN OR DAMPEN ECHO AND REVERBERATION WITHIN THAT ROOM.
- 24. • LOOSE FILL INSULATION Loosefill insulation consists of loose libers granules and is made from cellulose, fiberglass, rock wool, cotton or other materials This loose insulation conforms to the space in which it is installed. Loose fill insulation comes in bags and is usually blown into cavities with special equipment. Insulation is sometimes blown at a relatively high density into wall ofceiling cavity to resist air infiltration. This technique is called dense- pack. The insulation dries within a tew days after application and is resistant to setting. This technique is often usedwith cellulose and is called wet spray. Some installer use dry machines. In this process insulation is blown into open wall cavities by attaching a barrier to the studs to hold it. Similar process involves the blowing of fiberglass into stud cavities behind a net. • HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR HERMAN VON HELMHOLTZ (1821- 1894) GAVE HIS NAME TO THE ARRANGEMENT OF TWO PARALLEL COILS OF WIRE WHICH IS USED TO PRODUCE A REGION OF UNIFORM MAGNETIC LIELD AND TO THE ACOUSTIC RESONATORS WHICH WERE USED IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY FOR FOURIER ANALYSIS THE HELMHOLTZ CONSISTS OF A KNOWN VOLUME (OFANY SHAPE) WITH RIGID WALLS AND A SMALL HOLE ON ONE SIDE OF THE WALL. RESONATORS SHOW SHARP RESONANCE, MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO DETECT INDIVIDUAL FREQUENCY COMPONENTS OF A COMPLEX ACOUSTIC WAVE CONFIGURATION. • ACOUSTICAL INSTALLATION DETAILS • WALL PANEL INSTALLATION DETAIL