Abderraman III was the Emir and Caliph of al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) from 912 to 961. During his rule, he defeated rebel forces in various regions to gain control of all Muslim territories in Spain except for Zaragoza. By the mid-century, he had also made the Christian kingdoms in Spain tributary to the Caliphate of Córdoba. He is additionally known for founding the royal palace city of Madinat al-Zahra in 936.