The document summarizes information about several countries and regions. It provides lists of countries ranked by English speaking populations. It also includes brief descriptions and histories of Antigua and Barbuda, Malta, and several other places. Sections cover topics like the British Commonwealth, the history of England from pre-feudal times to the 20th century, the structure of the British government and monarchy, universities in the UK, and an overview of the geography, indigenous peoples, founding, and diversity of the United States.

1. Clarity Sep. 9/10

2. + 1 India 2 United States
3 Pakistan 4 Nigeria
5 Philippines 6 United Kingdom
7 South Africa 8 Sudan
9 Kenya 10 Canada
11 Uganda 12 Ghana
13 Australia 14 Madagascar
15 Jamaica 16 Singapore
17 Republic of Ireland 18 New Zealand
19 Malta 20 Antigua and Barbuda

3. + Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda is a country in
the Leeward Islands in the Eastern Caribbean,
English as official language, also Creole;
+ Discovered in 1493 by Columbus and settled
in 1632. In 1981 it gained its independence
within the Commonwealth.

4. + Malta 马耳他 ( 地中海的岛国 ) ；
+ Barbados 巴巴多斯岛 ( 加勒比海最东面岛
国)；
+ Marshall Islands 马绍尔岛 [ 西太平洋 ] ； Fiji
斐济
+ Botswana 博茨瓦纳 ( 位于南非共和国内 )
Zimbabwe 津巴布韦； Zambia 赞比亚 ( 非洲
) Gambia 冈比亚 ( 非洲西部沿海一殖民地
) Namibia 纳米比亚；
+ More than fifty countries in general……

6. + The European Union is a supranational union
composed of 27 member states. The combined
total English speaking population is 229,850,000
(out of a total population of 500,000,000 - 46%)
including 61,850,000 native speakers and
168,000,000 non-native speakers, and would be
ranked 3rd if it were included.
+ 375,000,000 first language;375,000,000,second
language; 750,000,000 foreign language

9. + 英联邦（英语： Commonwealth of Nations ，原
名： British Commonwealth of Nations ）是一个以
英国为主导的国家联合体，由 54 个主权国家
（含属地）所组成，成员大多为前大英帝国的殖
民地或附属国。
+ 英联邦是英国对联邦其他成员国在政治、军事、
财政经济和文化上施加影响的组织。
+ 第一次世界大战后，英国势力遭到削弱，各殖民
地人民纷纷要求独立，便逐渐用英联邦代替英帝
国的称号。
+ 英联邦没有设立任何权力机构。主要组织机构有
：联邦政府首脑会议、亚太地区英联邦政府首脑
会议、联邦财政部长会议及其他部长级专业会议
。

11. + Pre-feudal Society
+ The Growth of Feudalism
+ The Decline of Feudalism in England
+ Growth of Capitalism and the Rule of the Tudors
+ The Bourgeois Revolution
+ The Industrial Revolution
+ Colonial Expansion and Parliamentary Reforms
+ The two World War: Commonwealths and
European Union

12. + Before the great Ice Age, Great Britain was
joined to Europe: cave men/stone men
+ 6000-5000 B.C., severing of land bridge:
English Channel
+ 3000 B.C., Iberians from Mediterranean lands
arrived and settled in the islands.
+ 750 B.C., the Celts called Britons arrived.

13. + In 1066, The Norman Conquest and William
the Conqueror from Normandy;
+ French’s influence of the English language
+ The consolidation of Monarchy
+ The beginning of Parliament

14. + The Hundred Year’s War
+ The War of the Roses
+ The House of Tudor
Henry Ⅷ
Bloody Mary
Elizabeth Ⅰ

15. + Economic development and the Enclosure
Movement
+ Foreign Trade and Commercial expansion:
Plantation, Slave trade, the EastIndiaCompany
+ War with Spain (invincible Armada) in 1588
+ The strengthening of the Centralized Monarch
+ Religious Reformation
+ Renaissance: Thomas More; Francis Bacon;
Shakespeare

17. + The bourgeois revolution
+ The Absolutist Rule of the Stuarts
+ The civil war : Charles Ⅰ
+ The Restoration: Charles Ⅱ
+ The House of Hanover
+ The Industrial Revolution
+ Colonial Expansion: Seven Year’s War
+ Victoria the queen (1837-1901)

18. + The Monarchy
+ Parliament
+ The Government
+ Parties and Elections
+ The Judiciary

19. + 牛津大学 Oxford Uni.
+ 剑桥大学 Cambridge
+ 圣 安德鲁斯大学 Uni. of St. Andrews
+ 格拉斯哥大学 Uni. of Glasgow
+ 亚伯丁大学 Uni. of Aberdeen
+ 爱丁堡大学 Uni. of Edinburg
+ 杜伦大学 Uni. of Durham
+ 伦敦大学 Uni. of London
+ 白金汉大学 Buckingham Uni.

21. + The United States of America is a federal constitutional
republic comprising fifty states and a federal district.
+ The country is situated mostly in central North
America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and
Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the
north and Mexico to the south.
+ The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent,
with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across
the Bering Strait.
+ The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific.
+ The country also possesses several territories in the
Caribbean and Pacific.

22. + Indigenous peoples of Asian origin have inhabited
what is now the mainland United States for many
thousands of years. This Native American
population was greatly reduced by disease and
warfare after European contact.
+ The United States was founded by thirteen British
colonies located along the Atlantic seaboard. On
July 4, 1776, they issued the Declaration of
Independence, which proclaimed their right to self-
determination and their establishment of a
cooperative union.

23. + The United States is a diverse country racially and
ethnically. Six races are recognized: White,
American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black
or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other
Pacific Islander, and people of Two or more
races;
+ Americans are also classified as "Hispanic or
Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino", which
identifies Hispanic and Latino Americans as a
racially diverse ethnicity that composes the
largest minority group in the nation.

24. + Color problems concerning with Asians,
Puerto Ricans( most of them are Spanish &
Portugal), the American Indians, and the
American negroes.
+ Policies and movements