1. Examples
• Europeans and Americans don’t have the same attitude toward work and leisure.
• Unlike African Americans, Mexican Americans were not forced into segregated military units
during World War II.
• France and Germany were both against the 2003 war with Iraq, but they showed their
disagreement in very different ways.
• Scientists Enrico Fermi and Robert J. Oppenheimer had very different feelings about the
success of the Manhattan Project.
2. Taking Notes
The comparison & contrast pattern should clearly identify three essential elements:
1. The two topics being
compared and/or
contrasted
2. The similarities and/or
differences between the
two
3. The Main Idea they explain
or support
3. Pattern 4: Cause and Effect
• Passages that explain how one event –
the cause – leads to or produces
another event – the effect.
FEAR
CAUSE EFFE
CT
BLOOD VESSELS SHRINK
CAU
SE
FACE LOSES COLOR
EFFECT
Fear has a profound effect on the human
body.
4. Cause & Effect Transitions
• Cause and Effect Transitions:
As a result, as a side effect, consequently, due to, for this reason, in the aftermath of, in
consequence, therefore
(review chart on p. 535)
• Verbs Frequently Used to Link Cause and Effect
Affect, begin, cause, change, generate,
Decrease, increase, induce, lead to, produce, start, set off, set in motion, revolutionize
(review chart on p. 536)