Termites and microbial biological control strategiesMuhammad Qasim
Termites are very devastating insect pests of agricultural, ornamental crops and dry wood. They are social insect having strong inter-communication, due to which they are very active pests, with both positive and negative effects on the environment. They are found in every type of soil in the world, and have a broad range of species. Management of termites has been approached with a number of different strategies, especially chemical pesticides, which have other environmental site impacts. Microbial biological control is defined as the use, and proper adjustment, of natural enemies via microbial organisms, such as; fungi, virus, bacteria, and with the aim of suppression and management of insect populations. A broad range of species, from different groups of microbial organisms, have strong association with termites, and some have been recorded as parasites. Some species are currently used as commercial biological control agents of termites.
This document provides an overview of pest control measures. It begins by defining what a pest is and provides examples of common pests like insects, weeds, and diseases. It then discusses the history of major pest outbreaks like the bubonic plague and potato famine. The document outlines the evolution of pest control from primitive to modern techniques. It describes the four major categories of pests and various control methods like biological, mechanical, cultural, physical, genetic, chemical, and regulatory approaches. For each control method, examples are given to illustrate how it can be applied to manage different types of pests.
Termites and microbial biological control strategiesMuhammad Qasim
Termites are very devastating insect pests of agricultural, ornamental crops and dry wood. They are social insect having strong inter-communication, due to which they are very active pests, with both positive and negative effects on the environment. They are found in every type of soil in the world, and have a broad range of species. Management of termites has been approached with a number of different strategies, especially chemical pesticides, which have other environmental site impacts. Microbial biological control is defined as the use, and proper adjustment, of natural enemies via microbial organisms, such as; fungi, virus, bacteria, and with the aim of suppression and management of insect populations. A broad range of species, from different groups of microbial organisms, have strong association with termites, and some have been recorded as parasites. Some species are currently used as commercial biological control agents of termites.
This document provides an overview of pest control measures. It begins by defining what a pest is and provides examples of common pests like insects, weeds, and diseases. It then discusses the history of major pest outbreaks like the bubonic plague and potato famine. The document outlines the evolution of pest control from primitive to modern techniques. It describes the four major categories of pests and various control methods like biological, mechanical, cultural, physical, genetic, chemical, and regulatory approaches. For each control method, examples are given to illustrate how it can be applied to manage different types of pests.
Bab 1 - Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya Terhadap Benda HidupIsmi Hawa Ahmad
Nota mengikut silibus buku teks Sains Tingkatan 5 bagi SPM tahun 2020
Rujukan: Chong Kum Ying, Thong Kum Soon, dan Nor Mazliana Abdul Hashim, (2012), Sains Tingkatan 5. Kuala Lumpur: Odonata Publishing Sdn Bhd.
BIOLOGI TINGKATAN 4 KSSM || Bab 11: Keimunan Manusiayasminhusni1
disediakan oleh:
Najihah Binti Nazrul
Nur Elysha Atiqah binti binti Azhar
Nurul Aini Binti Jamian
Raihana Binti Muhammad Ramzi
Yasmin Binti Husni
- Maahad integrasi Tahfiz Selangor Istana Bandar, Kuala langat
link bagi video-video dalam slide ini:-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzunOgYHeyg&t=70s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0FDq5gdGls
Bab 1 - Mikroorganisma dan Kesannya Terhadap Benda HidupIsmi Hawa Ahmad
Nota mengikut silibus buku teks Sains Tingkatan 5 bagi SPM tahun 2020
Rujukan: Chong Kum Ying, Thong Kum Soon, dan Nor Mazliana Abdul Hashim, (2012), Sains Tingkatan 5. Kuala Lumpur: Odonata Publishing Sdn Bhd.
BIOLOGI TINGKATAN 4 KSSM || Bab 11: Keimunan Manusiayasminhusni1
disediakan oleh:
Najihah Binti Nazrul
Nur Elysha Atiqah binti binti Azhar
Nurul Aini Binti Jamian
Raihana Binti Muhammad Ramzi
Yasmin Binti Husni
- Maahad integrasi Tahfiz Selangor Istana Bandar, Kuala langat
link bagi video-video dalam slide ini:-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzunOgYHeyg&t=70s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0FDq5gdGls
1. 1.Mikroorganisma juga memainkan peranan penting dalam
salur alimentari anai-anai.
2.Makanan utama anai-anai ialah kayu yang mengandungi
selulosa.
3.Pencernaan selulosa dibantu oleh sejenis protozoa
berflagelum, iaitu Trichonympha sp. Yang hidup di dalam
salur alimentari anai-anai.
4.Trichonympa sp. mempunyai hubungan mutualisme
dengan anai-anai.
5.Trichonympa sp. merembeskan enzim selulase untuk
mencernakan selulosa di dalam salur alimentari anai-anai
kepada gula ringkas.
6.Kehadiran protozoa adalah sangat penting kepada anai-
anai kerana kerana anai-anai tidak menghasilkan enzim
selulase.
2. 1.Bakteria simbiosis yang berguna hadir dalam
usus besar manusia.
2.Bakteria ini membantu mensintesis vitamin
B12 dan vitamin K.
3.Vitamin B12 membantu mencegah anemia.
Vitamin K adalah penting untuk pembekuan
darah.
3. Mikroorganisma yang membawa penyakit disebut
patogen.
Patogen terdiri daripada bakteria, kulat, virus atau
protozoa.
Patogen hanya boleh membawa penyakit sekiranya
berjaya menjangkiti sel dan tisu badan secara
langsung atau dengan mengeluarkan toksin.
4. Udara dan pemindahan secara
titisan.
Makanan dan air.
Vektor.
Sentuhan secara langsung.
5. Kaedah-kaedah mengawal patogen:
A.Disinfektan atau bahan penyahjangkit ialah bahan kimia
yang digunakan untuk membunuh mikroorganisma pada
permukaan lantai, hospital, tandas, dan perabot. Bahan ini juga
digunakan uintuk mensterilkan peralatan pembedahan. Contoh
disinfektan ialah fenil, formaldehid, dan asid karbolik.
B.Vaksin ialah ampaian bakteria atau virus mati atau dilemahkan
yang disuntik ke dalam badan seseorang untuk merangsang sistem
keimunan badan bagi menghasilkan antibodi yang dikehendaki
untuk melawan penyakit tertentu. Misalnya, vaksin Sabine dan BCG.
C.Antiseptik ialah bahan kimia yang disapu pada permukaan
kulit yang terluka untuk mencegah kemasukan serta pembiakan
patogen dalam badan melalui luka tersebut. Contoh antiseptik ialah
larutan iodin dan akriflavin.
D.Antibiotik misalnya penisilin dan streptomisin ialah bahan
kimia yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisma untuk merencat dan
membunuh mikroorganisma lain terutamanya bakteria.
6. Penghasilan tenaga daripada
biojisim.
Penghasilan antibiotik dan vaksin.
Pembersihan tumpahan minyak.
Rawatan bahan buangan.
Pemprosesan makanan.
Penghasilan bioplastik.