network mangemet for student

1. Introduction
Introduction
Computer Networks

2. Objectives of Today’s Lecture
Lecture Objectives
• In this Lecture, you will learn about a Computer Networks and there goals. You
will learn Different types of computer network like PAN, LAN, WAN, MAN and
Internet and there division by scale. You will also get familiar with protocols and
what is Layer Architecture, history of Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Model, OSI Reference Model. You will also be introduced to 7 Layers of OSI
Reference Model, TCP/IP Reference Model:. By the end of this lecturer, you
should be able to understand:
• What is Computer Network and Its Types.
• What is Layer Architecture?
• What is OSI Reference Model and what are the 7 layer of OSI Models.
• Working and responsibilities of each layer works.
• Devices working on each layer
• What TCP/IP Reference Model
• Difference between OSI and TCP/IP Models

3. What is Computer Network
A large number of separate but interconnected computers
to share the resources’ are known as computer networks.
OR
A computer network, often simply referred to as a
network, is a collection of computers and devices
interconnected by communications channels that facilitate
communications among users and allows users to share
resources.
What is Computer Network
"
‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫"ما‬
،‫شبكة‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫ببساطة‬ ‫إليها‬ ‫يشار‬ ‫ما‬ ‫غالبا‬ ‫التي‬ ،‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫شبكة‬
‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المترابطة‬ ‫واألجهزة‬ ‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫هو‬
‫المستخدمين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫تسهل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫قنوات‬
‫المنفصلة‬ ‫الحواسيب‬ ‫من‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫ويعرف‬
"
‫بشبكات‬ ‫الموارد‬ ‫لمشاركة‬ ‫المترابطة‬ ‫ولكن‬
‫الحاسوب‬.

4. What is Computer Network
The goal of computer network is as follows:
– Resource Sharing
• Physical Resources - Printers,
• Storages like tape backup systems
• Information/Date
– High Reliability
– Saving Money
What is Computer Network
‫هو‬ ‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫من‬ ‫والهدف‬
:‫يلي‬ ‫كما‬
‫الموارد‬ ‫تقاسم‬
- ‫الطبيعية‬ ‫الموارد‬
،‫الطابعات‬
‫النسخ‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫المخازن‬
‫الشريط‬ ‫االحتياطي‬
/
‫التاريخ‬ ‫لومات‬E
‫ع‬‫الم‬
‫العالية‬ ‫الموثوقية‬
‫المال‬ ‫توفير‬

5. Types of Network
Personal Area Networks(PAN)
Local Area Network(LAN)
Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
Wide Area Networks(WAN)
Types of Network
‫المناطق‬ ‫شبكات‬
) (
‫بان‬ ‫الشخصية‬
‫المحلية‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫شبكة‬
) (
‫الن‬
‫العاصمة‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫شبكات‬
) (
‫مان‬
‫الواسعة‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫شبكات‬
) (
‫وان‬
‫الشبكة‬ ‫أنواع‬

6. Personal Area Networks (PAN)
PANs (Personal Area Networks) let devices communicate over the
range of a person.
Types of Network
(‫الشبكات‬ ‫الشخصية‬ ‫)المنطقة‬
‫على‬ ‫التواصل‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫السماح‬
‫شخص‬ ‫نطاق‬

7. Local Area Network(LAN)
A LAN is a privately owned network that operates within and
nearby a single building like a home, office or factory.
Types of Network
‫أو‬ ‫المنزل‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫مبنى‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالقرب‬ ‫و‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫للقطاع‬ ‫مملوكة‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫هي‬
‫المصنع‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المكتب‬.

8. Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)
A MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city. The best-known examples
of MANs are the cable television networks available in many cities.
Types of Network
(‫الشبكة‬ ‫منطقة‬ ‫)متروبوليتان‬ ‫يغطي‬
.
‫مان‬ ‫من‬ ‫شهرة‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫المدينة‬
‫المتاحة‬ ‫الكابل‬ ‫التلفزيون‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫هي‬
‫المدن‬ ‫من‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫في‬.

9. Wide Area Networks(WAN)
A WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, often a country
or continent.
Types of Network
(‫الواسعة‬ ‫المنطقة‬ ‫)شبكة‬ ‫منطقة‬
‫قارة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫غالبا‬ ،‫كبيرة‬ ‫جغرافية‬

10. Internet
A collection of interconnected networks is
called an internetwork or internet.
The Internet uses ISP networks to connect
enterprise networks, home networks, and
many other networks.
Types of Network
‫شبكات‬ ‫لربط‬ ‫إيسب‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫وتستخدم‬
‫الشبكات‬ ‫من‬ ‫ديد‬E
‫ع‬‫وال‬ ‫المنزلية‬ ‫والشبكات‬ ‫المؤسسات‬
‫األخرى‬.
‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫المترابطة‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫وتسمى‬
‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫أو‬.

11. millions of connected computing
devices:
– hosts = end systems
– running network apps
communication links
 fiber, copper,
radio, satellite
 transmission rate:
bandwidth
Packet switches: forward
packets (chunks of data)
 routers and switches
wired
links
wireless
links
router
mobile network
global ISP
regional ISP
home
network
institutional
network
smartphone
PC
server
wireless
laptop
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
Types of Network
‫التبديل‬ ‫مفاتيح‬
‫وصالت‬
‫االتصال‬
‫الحوسبة‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الماليين‬
‫المتصلة‬:
" :
‫الصواميل‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ما‬
”
‫رأي‬ ‫والمسامير‬

12. Classification of Networks By Scale
Types of Network
‫حسب‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫تصنيف‬
‫المقياس‬

13. Data Communication Type
Data Communication Type
Simplex: Data travel one way, Examples are PA system in school,
Radio.
Half duplex: Data communication in either direction but not
simultaneously, Examples are CB-radio, Walky Talky.
Full duplex: They travel to both direction at once, Examples are
Telephone, Mobile. :
‫االتجاه‬ ‫من‬ ‫كل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يسافرون‬ ‫الوجهين‬ ‫كامل‬
‫المحمول‬ ،‫الهاتف‬ ‫هي‬ ‫أمثلة‬ ،‫واحد‬ ‫آن‬ ‫في‬
:
‫البيانات‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫مزدوج‬ ‫نصف‬
‫في‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫ولكن‬ ‫االتجاهين‬ ‫من‬ ‫أي‬ ‫في‬
-‫سب‬ ‫على‬ ‫األمثلة‬ ‫ومن‬ ،‫واحد‬ ‫وقت‬
‫تخاطب‬ ‫اسلكية‬ ،‫راديو‬.
:
‫البيانات‬ ‫السفر‬ ‫البسيط‬
‫األمثلة‬ ‫ومن‬ ،‫واحد‬ ‫اتجاه‬
‫نظام‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫على‬ PA ‫في‬
‫وراديو‬ ،‫المدرسة‬
‫اتصال‬ ‫نوع‬
‫البيانات‬

14. Network Topology
It is the physical interconnection of the
elements (node) of a computer network’s
LAN is one example of the physical or logical
topology.
Network Topology
) (
‫شبكة‬ ‫من‬ ‫عقدة‬ ‫للعناصر‬ ‫المادي‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫هو‬
‫طوبولوجيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫مثال‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الن‬ ‫الكمبيوتر‬
‫المنطقية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫المادية‬
‫شبكة‬
‫طوبولوجيا‬

15. Types of Network Topology
Bus: Each machine is connected to a single bus.
Star: Each machine is connected to a central hub with a
point-to-point connection.
Network Topology
:
‫يتم‬ ‫الحافلة‬
‫جهاز‬ ‫كل‬ ‫توصيل‬
‫واحدة‬ ‫حافلة‬ ‫إلى‬.
:
‫إلى‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫ل‬E
‫ك‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫نجمة‬
‫من‬ ‫اتصال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مركزي‬ ‫محور‬
‫نقطة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نقطة‬

16. Types of Network Topology
Ring: Each computer is connected to the network in a
closed loop.
Mesh: That is fully connected to each other.
Tree: It is also known as Hierarchical Network , Is
connected to one or more another nodes.
Network Topology
:
‫كمبيوتر‬ ‫كل‬ ‫توصيل‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫الحلقة‬
‫لقة‬E
‫غ‬‫م‬ ‫حلقة‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالشبكة‬.
:
‫تماما‬ ‫مترابط‬ ‫هو‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫شبكة‬
‫البعض‬ ‫بعضها‬ ‫مع‬
:
‫أيضا‬ ‫المعروف‬ ‫ومن‬ ‫شجرة‬
‫متصال‬ ،‫الهرمية‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫باسم‬
‫األخرى‬ ‫قد‬E
‫ع‬‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫واحد‬

17. Protocol
A protocol is an agreement between the communicating parties on how
communication is to proceed. A set of layers and protocols is called a
network architecture.
Protocol
‫قدما‬ ‫المضي‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫بشأن‬ ‫المتلقية‬ ‫األطراف‬ ‫بين‬ ‫اتفاق‬ ‫هو‬ ‫والبروتوكول‬
.
‫بنية‬ ‫والبروتوكوالت‬ ‫الطبقات‬ ‫من‬ ‫مجموعة‬ ‫وتسمى‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫في‬
‫الشبكة‬.

18. • a series of steps
ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway takeoff
airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim)
gates (unload)
runway landing
airplane routing
airplane routing
Organization of air travel
Protocol
‫الجوي‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫تنظيم‬
) (
‫شراء‬ ‫تذكرة‬
‫فحص‬
)‫الحقائب‬
) (
‫تحميل‬ ‫بوابات‬
‫المدرج‬ ‫اإلقالع‬
‫التوجيه‬ ‫طائرة‬
) (
‫يشكو‬ ‫تذكرة‬
)‫األمتعة‬ ‫استالم‬
) (
‫تفريغ‬ ‫البوابات‬
‫المدرج‬ ‫الهبوط‬
‫الطائرة‬ ‫توجيه‬
‫الطائرة‬ ‫توجيه‬
‫الخطوات‬ ‫من‬ ‫سلسلة‬

19. ticket (purchase)
baggage (check)
gates (load)
runway (takeoff)
airplane routing
departure
airport
arrival
airport
intermediate air-traffic
control centers
airplane routing airplane routing
ticket (complain)
baggage (claim
gates (unload)
runway (land)
airplane routing
ticket
baggage
gate
takeoff/landing
airplane routing
layers: each layer implements a service
– via its own internal-layer actions
– relying on services provided by layer below
Layering of airline functionality
Protocol

20. Reference Models
OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP Reference Model
Reference Model
‫النماذج‬
‫المرجعية‬
OSI ‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬
TCP / IP ‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬

21. OSI Reference Model
International standard organization (ISO) established a committee in
1977 to develop an architecture for computer communication.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is the result of
this effort.
In 1984, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model was
approved as an international standard for communications architecture.
Term “open” denotes the ability to connect any two systems which
conform to the reference model and associated standards.
OSI Reference Model
) (
‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫لجنة‬ ‫إسو‬ ‫الدولية‬ ‫المعايير‬ ‫منظمة‬ ‫أنشأت‬
1977
‫بنية‬ ‫لتطوير‬
‫الحاسوبية‬ ‫االتصاالت‬
‫الترابط‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬ ‫فتح‬ (OSI) ‫لهذا‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫هو‬
‫الجهد‬
‫عام‬ ‫وفي‬
1984
‫البيني‬ ‫الربط‬ ‫على‬ ‫الموافقة‬ ‫تمت‬ ، (OSI) ‫ي‬E
‫ع‬‫المرج‬ ‫النموذج‬
‫االتصاالت‬ ‫المعمارية‬ ‫للهندسة‬ ‫دولي‬ ‫كمعيار‬ ‫المفتوحة‬ ‫األنظمة‬
" "
‫مع‬ ‫تتوافق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫نظامين‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يدل‬ ‫مفتوح‬ ‫طلح‬E
‫ص‬‫م‬
‫بها‬ ‫المرتبطة‬ ‫والمعايير‬ ‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬.

22. OSI Reference Model
The OSI model is now considered the primary Architectural model for
inter-computer communications.
The OSI model describes how information or data makes its way from
application programmes (such as spreadsheets) through a network
medium (such as wire) to another application programme located on
another network.
The OSI reference model divides the problem of moving information
between computers over a network medium into SEVEN smaller and
more manageable problems .
This separation into smaller more manageable functions is known as
layering.
OSI Reference Model
‫نموذج‬ ‫يعتبر‬ OSI ‫المعماري‬ ‫نموذج‬ ‫اآلن‬
‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫جهاز‬ ‫بين‬ ‫لالتصاالت‬ ‫الرئيسي‬
‫نموذج‬ ‫يصف‬ OSI ‫برامج‬ ‫من‬ ‫طريقها‬ ‫تشق‬ ‫بيانات‬ ‫أو‬ ‫معلومات‬ ‫كيف‬
) ( ) (
‫األسالك‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫وسيط‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫جداول‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫التطبيقات‬
‫أخرى‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يقع‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫برنامج‬ ‫لتطبيق‬.
‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬ OSI ‫أجهزة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫مشكلة‬ ‫يقسم‬
‫الشبكة‬ ‫وسيط‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الكمبيوتر‬
‫إلى‬ SEVEN ‫وأكثر‬ ‫حجما‬ ‫أصغر‬ ‫مشاكل‬
‫لإلدارة‬ ‫قابلية‬
.‫طبقات‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫يعرف‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫يمكن‬ ‫أصغر‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الفصل‬ ‫هذا‬

23. OSI Reference Model: 7 Layers
OSI Reference Model

24. OSI Reference Model
The process of breaking up the functions or tasks of networking into layers
reduces complexity.
Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification.
Each layer communicates with the same layer’s software or hardware on other
computers.
The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link and physical —Layers 4, 3, 2, and
1) are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network.
The upper four layers of the OSI model (application, presentation and session—
Layers 7, 6 and 5) are orientated more toward services to the applications.
Data is Encapsulated with the necessary protocol information as it moves down the
layers before network transit.
OSI Reference Model
‫من‬ ‫يقلل‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫في‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫مهام‬ ‫أو‬ ‫وظائف‬ ‫كسر‬ ‫عملية‬
‫التعقيد‬
‫مواصفات‬ ‫في‬ ‫فوقها‬ ‫للطبقة‬ ‫خدمة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫وتوفر‬
‫البروتوكول‬
‫أجهزة‬ ‫على‬ ‫نفسها‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ببرامج‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫وتتصل‬
‫أخرى‬ ‫كمبيوتر‬.
- ‫انخفاض‬
4
‫طبقات‬ (‫و‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫وربط‬ ،‫وشبكة‬ ،‫النقل‬-Layers ‫المادية‬
4
،
3
،
2
‫و‬ ،
1 ) ‫يشعرون‬
‫الشبكة‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫اقصاه‬ ‫الى‬ ‫اقصاه‬ ‫من‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تدفق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بالقلق‬
-‫نموذج‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫أربع‬ ‫العليا‬ ‫والموجه‬ OSI ( ‫الطبقات‬ ‫والدورة‬ ‫والعرض‬ ‫تطبيق‬
7
‫و‬
6
‫و‬
5 ) ‫نحو‬
‫للتطبيقات‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫من‬ ‫مزيد‬
‫وهي‬ ‫بروتوكول‬ ‫الالزمة‬ ‫بالمعلومات‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تغليف‬ ‫يتم‬
‫الشبكة‬ ‫عبور‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫طبقات‬ ‫أسفل‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تتحرك‬

25. Physical Layer
The lowest layer, 1st in the OSI reference model .
The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a
communication channel.
It’s sends bits and receive bits only into the value of 0 and 1.
It actually communicate direct with the various type of communication
media.
Hub works on Physical layer.
OSI Reference Model
- E
E،‫طبقة‬ ‫أدنى‬
1 ST ‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬ ‫في‬
OSI.
‫قناة‬ ‫عبر‬ ‫الخام‬ ‫البتات‬ ‫بإرسال‬ ‫المادية‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫وتتعلق‬
‫اتصال‬
‫في‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫بت‬ ‫وتلقي‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ترسل‬ ‫انها‬
‫قيمة‬
0
‫و‬
1 .
‫االتصال‬ ‫وسائل‬ ‫من‬ ‫مختلف‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫مع‬ ‫مباشرة‬ ‫التواصل‬ ‫الواقع‬ ‫في‬
‫الطبقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعمل‬ ‫المركز‬
‫المادية‬.

26. Data Link Layer
The main task of the data link layer is to transform a raw transmission
facility into a line that appears free of undetected transmission errors
to the network layer.
It accomplishes this task by having the sender break up the input data
into data frames.
Switch and bridge work on Data link layer
OSI Reference Model
‫تحويل‬ ‫في‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫وصلة‬ ‫لطبقة‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫المهمة‬ ‫وتتمثل‬
‫غير‬ ‫اإلرسال‬ ‫أخطاء‬ ‫من‬ ‫خاليا‬ ‫يبدو‬ ‫خط‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫خام‬ ‫إرسال‬ ‫مرفق‬
‫الشبكة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المكتشفة‬.
‫المرسل‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫المهمة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ينجز‬ ‫أنه‬
‫البيانات‬ ‫إطارات‬ ‫في‬ ‫المدخالت‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تقسيم‬
‫وصلة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجسر‬ ‫والعمل‬ ‫التبديل‬
‫البيانات‬

27. Network Layer
Key design issue is determining how packets are routed from
source to destination.
Routes can be based on static tables that are ''wired into'' the
network and rarely changed.
Router work on network layer
OSI Reference Model
‫توجيه‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫تحديد‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫التصميم‬ ‫مسألة‬ ‫وتكمن‬
‫الوجهة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫المصدر‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحزم‬
‫التي‬ ‫الثابتة‬ ‫الجداول‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫تستند‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يمكن‬
'' ''
‫تغيرت‬ ‫ما‬ ‫ونادرا‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫في‬ ‫السلكية‬ .
‫الشبكة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الموجه‬ ‫عمل‬

28. Transport Layer
The basic function of the transport layer is to accept data from
above,
split it up into smaller units if need be,
pass these to the network layer,
and ensure that the pieces all arrive correctly at the other end.
OSI Reference Model
‫من‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫قبول‬ ‫هو‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫للطبقة‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫الوظيفة‬
،‫أعاله‬
E
E،‫األمر‬ ‫لزم‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫أصغر‬ ‫وحدات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تقسيمها‬
E
E،‫الشبكة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫تمرير‬
‫اآلخر‬ ‫الطرف‬ ‫في‬ ‫صحيح‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫القطع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫من‬ ‫والتأكد‬
‫النقل‬ ‫طبقة‬

29. Session Layer
The session layer allows users on different machines to
establish sessions between them.
Sessions offer various services, including dialog control, token
management, and synchronization.
OSI Reference Model
‫إنشاء‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫على‬ ‫للمستخدمين‬ ‫الجلسة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫تتيح‬
.‫بينهما‬ ‫جلسات‬
‫الحوار‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫في‬ ‫بما‬ ،‫مختلفة‬ ‫خدمات‬ ‫الجلسات‬ ‫تقدم‬
‫والمزامنة‬ ‫المميز‬ ‫الرمز‬ ‫وإدارة‬
‫الجلسة‬ ‫طبقة‬

30. Presentation Layer
It is responsible for data translation and code formatting.
This layer is essentially a translator and provides coding and
conversion function.
A successful data transfer technique is to adapt the data into
a standard format before transmission.
OSI Reference Model
.‫البرمجية‬ ‫التعليمات‬ ‫وتنسيق‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫ترجمة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫مسؤولة‬ ‫وهي‬
‫الترميز‬ ‫وظيفة‬ ‫وتوفر‬ ‫مترجم‬ ‫األساس‬ ‫في‬ ‫هي‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫هذه‬
.‫والتحويل‬
‫البيانات‬ ‫تكييف‬ ‫في‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫لنقل‬ ‫الناجحة‬ ‫التقنيات‬ ‫إحدى‬ ‫وتتمثل‬
‫اإلرسال‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫موحد‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫في‬.
‫العرض‬ ‫طبقة‬

31. Application Layer
Supplying services to application procedures such as Email or
file transfer) that are outside the OSI model.
That make the spot where user actually communicate to the
computer.
The layer actually comes into play when its apparent that
access to the network is going to needed soon .
OSI Reference Model
)
‫تقع‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الملفات‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اإللكتروني‬ ‫البريد‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫التطبيق‬ ‫إجراءات‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫تقديم‬
.‫أوسي‬ ‫نموذج‬ ‫خارج‬
.‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫فعليا‬ ‫التواصل‬ ‫المستعمل‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫من‬ ‫تجعل‬ ‫التي‬
‫إلى‬ ‫تحتاج‬ ‫سوف‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يبدو‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫اللعب‬ ‫في‬ ‫يأتي‬ ‫الواقع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الطبقة‬

32. The TCP/IP Reference Model
OSI Reference Model

33. TCP/IP Model
The ARPANET was a research network sponsored by the DoD (U.S. Department
of Defense). It eventually connected hundreds of universities and government
installations, using leased telephone lines.
When satellite and radio networks were added later, the existing protocols had
trouble interworking with them.
The ability to connect multiple networks in a seamless way was one of the major
design goals.
This architecture later became known as the TCP/IP Reference Model, after its
two primary protocols. It was first described by Cerf and Kahn (1974), and later
refined and defined as a standard in the Internet community (Braden, 1989).
The design philosophy behind the model is discussed by Clark (1988).
OSI Reference Model
.) (
‫ربطت‬ ‫المطاف‬ ‫نهاية‬ ‫وفي‬ ‫األمريكية‬ ‫الدفاع‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫ية‬E
‫ك‬‫األمري‬ ‫الدفاع‬ ‫وزارة‬ ‫ترعاها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫البحوث‬ ‫شبكة‬ ‫أربانيت‬ ‫كان‬
.‫مؤجرة‬ ‫هاتفية‬ ‫خطوط‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫الحكومية‬ ‫والمنشآت‬ ‫الجامعات‬ ‫مئات‬
.‫معها‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫في‬ ‫صعوبة‬ ‫القائمة‬ ‫البروتوكوالت‬ ‫واجهت‬ ،‫الحق‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫في‬ ‫واإلذاعية‬ ‫الساتلية‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫أضيفت‬ ‫وعندما‬
.‫الرئيسية‬ ‫التصميم‬ ‫أهداف‬ ‫من‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫سلسة‬ ‫بطريقة‬ ‫متعددة‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫ربط‬ ‫على‬ ‫القدرة‬ ‫وكانت‬
. /
‫سيرف‬ ‫وصفها‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫األولية‬ ‫بروتوكوالتها‬ ‫بعد‬ ،‫إب‬ ‫تكب‬ ‫المرجعي‬ ‫النموذج‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫الحقا‬ ‫تعرف‬ ‫العمارة‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ت‬E
‫ح‬‫وأصب‬
( ‫وكاهن‬
1974
( )
E
E،‫برادن‬ ‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫مجتمع‬ ‫في‬ ‫كمعيار‬ ‫وعرف‬ ‫الحقا‬ ‫صقل‬ ‫ثم‬ ،‫مرة‬ ‫ألول‬
1989
.)
( ‫كالرك‬ ‫ويناقش‬
1988
)
E
‫ج‬‫النموذ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫التصميم‬ ‫فلسفة‬ .

34. TCP/IP Model
OSI Reference Model
Application Layer
Application programs using the network
Transport Layer (TCP/UDP)
Management of end-to-end message transmission,
error detection and error correction
Network Layer (IP)
Handling of datagrams : routing and congestion
Data Link Layer
Management of cost effective and reliable data delivery,
access to physical networks
Physical Layer
Physical Media

35. Encapsulation and Decapsulation
OSI Reference Model
Encapsulation: When data moves from upper layer to lower level of TCP/IP
protocol stack (outgoing transmission) each layer includes a bundle of relevant
information called a header along with the actual data.
Decapsulation: The reverse process of encapsulation (or decapsulation) occurs
when data is received on the destination computer. As the data moves up from the
lower layer to the upper layer of TCP/IP protocol stack (incoming transmission),
each layer unpacks the corresponding header and uses the information contained
in the header to deliver the packet to the exact network application waiting for the
data.
/ :
‫تكب‬ ‫بروتوكول‬ ‫مكدس‬ ‫من‬ ‫األدنى‬ ‫المستوى‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫العليا‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تنتقل‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫التغليف‬
) (
‫جانب‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫رأسا‬ ‫تسمى‬ ‫الصلة‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫من‬ ‫حزمة‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تتضمن‬ ، ‫الصادر‬ ‫اإلرسال‬ ‫إب‬
.‫الفعلية‬ ‫البيانات‬
) ( :
‫الكمبيوتر‬ ‫على‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫استالم‬ ‫عند‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫ديكابسوالتيون‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التغليف‬ ‫عكس‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫ديكابسوالتيون‬
/ .
‫تكب‬ ‫بروتوكول‬ ‫مكدس‬ ‫من‬ ‫العليا‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫السفلى‬ ‫الطبقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫انتقال‬ ‫ومع‬ ‫الوجهة‬
) (
‫في‬ ‫المتضمنة‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫وتستخدم‬ ‫المقابل‬ ‫الرأس‬ ‫بتفريغ‬ ‫طبقة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تقوم‬ ، ‫الوارد‬ ‫اإلرسال‬ ‫إب‬

36. Encapsulation and Decapsulation
OSI Reference Model
When a car is built in a factory, one person doesn't do all the jobs, rather
it's put into a production line and as the car moves through, each person
will add different parts to it so when it comes to the end of the production
line, it's complete and ready to be sent out to the dealer.
One important piece of information to keep in mind is that data flows 2
ways in the OSI model, DOWN (data encapsulation) and UP (data
decapsulation).
‫انها‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫الوظائف‬ ‫كل‬ ‫تفعل‬ ‫ال‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫شخص‬ ،‫مصنع‬ ‫في‬ ‫سيارة‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫يتم‬ ‫عندما‬
‫تضيف‬ ‫سوف‬ ‫شخص‬ ‫كل‬ ،‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫السيارة‬ ‫يتحرك‬ ‫كما‬ ‫و‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫خط‬ ‫في‬ ‫وضعت‬
‫وجاهزة‬ ‫كاملة‬ ‫انها‬ ،‫االنتاج‬ ‫خط‬ ‫بنهاية‬ ‫األمر‬ ‫يتعلق‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫لذلك‬ ‫مختلفة‬ ‫أجزاء‬
.‫تاجر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫إرسالها‬ ‫ليتم‬
‫بطريقتين‬ ‫تدور‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫أن‬ ‫االعتبار‬ ‫في‬ ‫أخذها‬ ‫يجب‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الهامة‬ ‫المعلومات‬ ‫ومن‬
) ( ) (
‫البيانات‬ ‫فك‬ ‫إلغاء‬ ‫أوب‬ ‫و‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫تغليف‬ ‫دون‬ ،‫أوسي‬ ‫نموذج‬ ‫في‬.

37. source
application
transport
network
link
physical
Ht
Hn M
segment Ht
datagram
destination
application
transport
network
link
physical
Ht
Hn
Hl M
Ht
Hn M
Ht M
M
network
link
physical
link
physical
Ht
Hn
Hl M
Ht
Hn M
Ht
Hn M
Ht
Hn
Hl M
router
switch
message M
Ht M
Hn
frame
Encapsulation and Decapsulation
OSI Reference Model

38. Encapsulation and Decapsulation
OSI Reference Model

39. History of Computer Networks
(Internet)
History

40. • 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows
effectiveness of packet-switching
• 1964: Baran - packet-switching in military
nets
• 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced
Research Projects Agency
• 1969: first ARPAnet node operational
• 1972:
– ARPAnet public demo
– NCP (Network Control Protocol)
first host-host protocol
– first e-mail program
– ARPAnet has 15 nodes
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
History
1961: -
‫فعالية‬ ‫تظهر‬ ‫الطابور‬ ‫نظرية‬ ‫كلينروك‬
‫الرزم‬ ‫تبديل‬
1964
- :
‫شبكات‬ ‫في‬ ‫الرزم‬ ‫تبديل‬ ‫باران‬
‫عسكرية‬
1967
:
‫البحوث‬ ‫مشاريع‬ ‫وكالة‬ ‫تصورها‬ ‫أربانيت‬
‫المتقدمة‬
1969
:
‫التشغيلية‬ ‫أربانيت‬ ‫عقدة‬ ‫أول‬
1972
:
‫العام‬ ‫يبي‬E
‫ر‬‫التج‬ ‫أربانيت‬
) (
‫نكب‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫بروتوكول‬
‫األول‬ ‫المضيف‬ ‫المضيف‬ ‫بروتوكول‬
‫األول‬ ‫اإللكتروني‬ ‫البريد‬ ‫برنامج‬
‫لديها‬ ‫أربانيت‬
15
‫العقد‬

41. • 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting
networks
• 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC
• late70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA
• late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor)
• 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
History
1970: ‫هاواي‬ ‫في‬ ‫ألوهنيت‬ ‫الفضائية‬ ‫الشبكة‬
1974
- :
‫للشبكات‬ ‫المعمارية‬ ‫الهندسة‬ ‫كاهن‬ ‫و‬ ‫سيرف‬
‫المترابطة‬
1976
:
‫بارك‬ ‫زيروكس‬ ‫في‬ ‫إيثرنت‬
Late70's: :
‫شنا‬ ،‫سنا‬ ،‫دينيت‬ ‫الملكية‬ ‫البنى‬
‫أواخر‬
70
) ( :
‫أتم‬ ‫السالئف‬ ‫ثابت‬ ‫طول‬ ‫الحزم‬ ‫تبديل‬
1979
:
‫لديه‬ ‫أربانيت‬
200
‫العقد‬

42. • 1983: deployment of TCP/IP
• 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined
• 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-
address translation
• 1985: ftp protocol defined
• 1988: TCP congestion control
• new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
• 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
History
1983: /
‫إب‬ ‫تكب‬ ‫نشر‬
1982
:
‫اإللكتروني‬ ‫البريد‬ ‫بروتوكول‬
‫المحدد‬ ‫سمتب‬
1983
:
‫أسماء‬ ‫نظام‬ ‫تعريف‬
‫إلى‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫من‬ ‫للترجمة‬ ‫النطاقات‬
‫إب‬ ‫عنوان‬
1985
:
‫نقل‬ ‫بروتوكول‬ ‫بروتوكول‬
‫المحدد‬ ‫الملفات‬
1988
:
‫تكب‬ ‫ازدحام‬ ‫في‬ ‫التحكم‬
:
،‫بيتنيت‬ ،‫كسنيت‬ ‫الجديدة‬ ‫الوطنية‬ ‫الشبكات‬
‫مينيتل‬ ،‫نسفنيت‬
100 000
،
‫كونفدرالية‬ ‫متصلة‬ ‫المضيفين‬
‫الشبكات‬

43. • early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned
• 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of
NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)
• early 1990s: Web
– hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
– HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
– 1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
– late 1990’s: commercialization of the Web
late 1990’s – 2000’s:
• more killer apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing
• network security to forefront
• est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users
• backbone links running at Gbps
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
History
‫أوائل‬
1990 's: ‫االستغناء‬ ‫أربانيت‬
‫عن‬
1991
:
‫الوطني‬ ‫الخالص‬ ‫جبهة‬
‫على‬ ‫المفروضة‬ ‫القيود‬ ‫ترفع‬
‫نسفنيت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫التجاري‬ ‫االستخدام‬
(
E
E،‫الخدمة‬ ‫إلغاء‬
1995
)
:
‫الويب‬ ‫التسعينات‬ ‫أوائل‬
‫هيبرتكست‬ [ ‫بوش‬
1945
‫نيلسون‬ ،
1960's]
- :
‫لي‬ ‫بيرنرز‬ ‫هتب‬ ،‫هتمل‬
1994
:
‫وقت‬ ‫في‬ ،‫فسيفساء‬
‫نتسكيب‬ ‫الحق‬
‫عام‬ ‫أواخر‬
1990
:
‫الويب‬ ‫تسويق‬
‫أواخر‬
1990
-
2000
:
:
‫الرسائل‬ ‫القاتل‬ ‫التطبيقات‬ ‫من‬ ‫المزيد‬
‫الملفات‬ ‫وتبادل‬ ،‫الفورية‬ P2P
‫الصدارة‬ ‫في‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫أمن‬
‫استضافة‬
50
E
E،‫المضيف‬ ‫مليون‬
100
+
‫المستخدمين‬ ‫مليون‬
‫في‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الروابط‬ ‫الفقري‬ ‫العمود‬

44. • ~750 million hosts
– Smartphones and tablets
• Aggressive deployment of broadband access
• Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
• Emergence of online social networks:
– Facebook: soon one billion users
• Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their
own networks
– Bypass Internet, providing “instantaneous”
access to search, emai, etc.
• E-commerce, universities, enterprises running their
services in “cloud” (eg, Amazon EC2)
2005-present
History
~ 750 ‫المضيفين‬ ‫مليون‬
‫واألجهزة‬ ‫الذكية‬ ‫الهواتف‬
‫اللوحية‬
‫النطاق‬ ‫الواسع‬ ‫النشر‬
‫النطاق‬ ‫عريض‬ ‫للنفاذ‬
‫النفاذ‬ ‫انتشار‬ ‫زيادة‬
‫السرعة‬ ‫عالي‬ ‫الالسلكي‬
‫االجتماعية‬ ‫الشبكات‬ ‫ظهور‬
:‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫على‬
:
‫مليار‬ ‫قريبا‬ ‫الفيسبوك‬
‫مستخدم‬
(
،‫جوجل‬ ‫الخدمات‬ ‫مقدمي‬
)
‫إنشاء‬ ‫مايكروسوفت‬
‫بهم‬ ‫الخاصة‬ ‫الشبكات‬
‫يوفر‬ ‫مما‬ ،‫اإلنترنت‬ ‫تجاوز‬
‫الفوري‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫إمكانية‬
‫إلى‬ ‫وما‬ ،‫إماي‬ ،‫البحث‬ ‫إلى‬
.‫ذلك‬
‫اإللكترونية‬ ‫التجارة‬