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綠色電價討論HSU2014
討論’綠色電價’
台灣環境保護聯盟
徐光蓉
2014年8月18日
綠色電價討論HSU2014
再生能源現況
• 2009年通過《再生能源發展條例》: 目標, 價格由
經濟部設置《躉購費率委員會》制訂
2012年底
• 風 + 太陽能發電 < 1%
• 抽蓄水力? 廢棄物發電? 不能算!
• 台灣 > 99%能源仰賴進口, 花費14.6%GDP購買
• 日本: 2012年起施行, 2013年底2%; 進口能源花費
約5%GDP
未來, 傳統能源:
• 負擔的起? 想買買的到?
綠色電價討論HSU2014
台灣再生能源推廣的問題
• 價格: 躉購費率, 設施到連結點$...
• 能否聯結電網?
• 是否符合現行法規?
• 資訊: 不同地區再生能源潛力, 補助與獎
勵, 施作人力, 貸款可能
• 誰, 處理這些問題?
• 或, 故意安置的路障?
綠色電價
• 透過民眾要求購買從來自再生能源的電, 或指定由
風力、太陽光電或地熱
• 如果電力公司不願,消費者可轉向其他可提供之
電力公司
• 迫使電力公司提供再生能源電力
• 越多需求電力公司就必須生產更多
• 目的 : 刺激再生能源發展
• -- 前題: 存在多家(電力)公司; 消費者可以選擇
• 過去北歐推出超低含硫汽油與柴油, 迫使跨國公司
跟進; 台灣加入WTO之後…
綠色電價討論HSU2014
橘 或 枳
• 台灣「綠色電價」 :
• 獨佔的台電公司, 沒有其他選擇; 消費者只有接受
與否,沒有施壓空間
• 「綠色電價」設總量上限,不會因消費者需要而
提供更多
• 如何刺激再生能源發展?
• 推行這政策的目的是…
• + 含混的細節: ‘每度補貼2.1元’,
• Q: 平均電價3元/度, 意思是在生能源要5元/度?
綠色電價討論HSU2014
台電發電成本
• 根據臺電最近兩年預算書, 向民營電廠購電, 燃煤電廠平均一
度2.3964元, 天然氣電廠一度4.019元。
• 從民營電力經營損益表, 扣除成本, 燃煤的麥寮汽電與和平火
力電廠近兩年多的稅後利潤在24-26%。 相當於每度燃煤發電
成本1.80 – 2.0元。
• 天然氣發電的民營電力公司, 七家中查到三家近三年稅後利潤
在12 – 17%, 估計天然氣發電成本約每度3.40 - 3.60元。
• 台電2012年預算書; 77%自己發電; 23%從民營電廠購入。台
電總發電量中, 火力佔72.4%, 核電佔23%; 而火力發電中燃煤
與燒天然氣發電量比率6比4; 推估, 台電火力發電成本應約
2.64元/度
• 如果將台電宣稱的核電成本0.707元/度計入; 每度發電成本應
約 2.07元; 台電總發電成本平均應為2.1元/度。
綠色電價討論HSU2014
名詞混淆
• 去年風與太陽能共發電近20億度,太陽光電僅
17%。
• 以2013年台電收購太陽光電與風力之躉購費率,
再生能源平均價格每度3.44元,今年更將降至
3.32元/度,只比平均電價2.89元多0.55或0.43元/
度;
• 「綠色電價」卻要認購者每度多繳1.06元。
• 據再生能源辦公室資料,所謂’補貼’是以台電’迴
避成本’ 2.46元/度為基礎計, 風電也有’補貼’!
• 但實際售電價格近3元/度
綠色電價討論HSU2014
Taiwan E discussions HSU 2014 8
Installed Capacity & …
Overall
(MW)
Coal
(%)
NG
(%)
Nuke
(%)
Hydro
(%)
CHP
(%)
Reserve
Margin
(%)
1995 24,066 24.5 5.1 21.4 17.4 9.0 4.7
1998 29,648 27.3 13.3 17.4 14.9 10.0 7.7
2000 34772 28.5 13.7 14.8 12.7 14.8 12.5
2003 40,106 27.9 21.6 12.8 11.2 17.0 14.6
2005 43,163 27.2 25.7 11.9 10.4 16.3 16.3
2008 46,371 25.7 28.5 11.1 9.7 16.7 21.1
2010 48,884 24.3 31.1 10.5 9.3 16.3 23.4
2011 48,795 24.4 31.1 10.5 9.4 16.3 20.6
2012 48,672 24.3 31.1 10.5 9.4 16.3 22.7
謬誤: 經濟成長, 用電必增
• 國際能源總署(IEA): 2010年全球各國平均每人每年
用電量(度)最多依序排下:
• 冰島, 挪威, 科威特, 盧森堡, 芬蘭, 加拿大, 卡達, 瑞
典, 美國, 阿拉伯大公國(11,044), 臺灣(10,237), …
• 表示臺灣經濟比 日本, 韓國, 法國, 德國等近兩百國
家都好?
• 在臺灣之前的是: 產油、氣, 或擁有豐沛水力國家
• 經濟部還預估: 2025年用電比現在多45%!
• 給誰用?
• 沒考慮煤、油、天然氣與鈾燃料都靠進口! 每年花費
13-15% GDP購買
9
綠色電價討論HSU2014
推展再生能源
• 類型: 只有電? 或包括其他可能, 生質酒
精, 生質柴油, 再生能源產生的氫氣…
• 如何處理再生能源與環境可能衝突
• 破除對再生能源的偏見: 昂貴, 不穩定
• 推動電力自由化: 拆解台電為火力發電
公司, 核電與水力公司, 與輸配電公司;
輸配電公司不得拒絕再生能源上網
德國賣電支援法國
• 從2011年10月起, 德國售電予法國
• 2012年2月歐洲奇冷, 法國電力不足, 靠德國支援才度過難關
• 2012, 2013年2月售電予法國相當於核四兩座機組全速運轉
11
RTE網頁
德國民生用電價格, 再生能源占比低
No Nukes Hsu 2013 12
2008年民生電價約台幣9.1元/度, 而鼓勵再生能源部分僅約台幣0.43
元/度 (1.0歐分);
發電傳輸等
加值稅
鼓勵汽電共生
權利金(?)
電稅
鼓勵再生能源
再生能源比例高, 供電不穩?
13
歐洲能源管制委員會(CEER)公布統計資料, 1999年至2010年間歐洲各國
電力系統無預警斷電時間, 最少的是風力、太陽能比率高的德國與丹麥;
擁核者所說「再生能源比例高會造成電網不穩定」是無稽之談。
14
核電氣候變遷與能源 HSU2013
德國電力
來源 2001
2011
• 節能!!!
• 十年總用電增
加不到6%
• 核電比率由30%
降至18%
• 再生能源由7%
增加至21%
• 2020目標: 再生
能源提供35%電
綠色電價討論HSU2014
多謝

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【好風光】8/18 自己的綠電自己買? 「自願性綠色電價」有何問題