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Fred Below(弗雷德.毕娄)
伊利诺伊州立大学(厄巴纳-香槟分校)作物科学生理学实验室
翻译:张奇伟 (黑龙江臻邦科技有限公司市场总监)
伊利诺伊州 · 香槟 2019 年 2 月 21 日
伊利诺伊州大豆协会
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
测试一下您关于
农业和美国政治的知识
• 特朗普总统更喜欢哪种作物,
大豆还是玉米?
特朗普总统更喜欢玉米
豆农们的栽培管理是否到位?
测试一下你关于大豆高产的知识
• 大豆产量的最高世界纪录是多少?
• 大豆产量之间的差距有多大?
大豆的产量差距
• 大豆产量的世界纪录:在 2016 年为 171.8 蒲式耳/英亩
(依州记录为 110.9 蒲式耳/英亩)
• 美国 2018 年大豆平均产量为 52 蒲式耳/英亩
(依州平均值为 64 蒲式耳/英亩)
• 产量差距 = 记录产量 - 平均产量 = 120蒲式耳/英亩
注:蒲式耳为美国常用计量单位,大豆 1 蒲式耳 = 27.216 Kg,1 英亩 = 6 亩
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
哪些因素对大豆产量有更大的影响?
这些因素不仅是获得大豆高产的秘籍
也将对作物整体生产力的提高很重要
• 玉米在大豆茬后播种,每英亩将平均增产
25 蒲式耳,且少施氮肥 40-50 磅。
注:蒲式耳为美国常用计量单位,大豆 1 蒲式耳 = 27.216 Kg,1 磅 = 0.45 kg
• 和种玉米相比,种大豆改良了土壤
• 大豆的根系是以一条主根为主,而玉米的
根系是以须根为主
这些因素不仅是获得大豆高产的秘籍
也将对作物整体生产力的提高很重要
大豆可以改善土壤的适耕性
大豆
玉米
几个关键的先决条件,但非高产的秘籍
 排水系统
 控制杂草
 适当的土壤酸碱度
天气
1
2
3
4
5
6
排名
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
基于几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
因素
播种日期和大豆产量的关系
注:连续 5 年在可控环境下的小区产量
Champaign
Harrisburg
在作物生理学实验室试验站做的
各点位置平均土壤分析 Yorkville
† Mehlich3通用浸提法
所有的土壤都是淤泥质土或粉质粘土
DeKalb
作物生理学实验室运输护航队
Crop Phsyiology Laboratory Transport CONVOY
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
大豆吸收根瘤固定的氮
测试一下你关于大豆高产的知识
大豆吸收氮,
有多少来自根瘤固定的氮?
50%
测试一下你关于大豆高产的知识
生产每蒲式耳大豆需要积累多少氮?
4 - 5
磅氮
收获 60 蒲式耳大豆需要吸收和分配氮的数量
数据为 2012-2013年,两个品种、两个施肥方式和三个地点的平均值。
Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
60 蒲式耳大豆总需氮量需要及种子消耗的氮量
*假设根瘤固氮,能提供了积累总氮量的50%
关于大豆和氮的事实
• 没有大豆氮信用(拿走再还)之类的东西
• 每生产一蒲式耳大豆,要从土壤中带走
大约一磅氮
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
在伊利诺伊州,玉米和大豆的典型施肥方式
• 种玉米每英亩施180磅氮,90磅五氧
化二磷和100磅氧化钾, 不施硫或微
量元素肥
• 种大豆不施肥
重要的大豆养分标准
#1 养分具有较高的收获指数值
#2 植物需要在短时间内大量积累养分
收获60蒲式耳大豆需要吸收和分配各种营养肥料的数量
营养肥料 生产所需
(磅/英亩)
籽粒吸收 收获指数%
氮 245 179 73
五氧化二磷 43 35 81
氧化钾 170 70 41
硫 17 10 61
锌 (盎司) 4.8 2.0 44
硼 (盎司) 4.6 1.6 34
数据为 2012-2013年,两个品种、两个施肥方式和三个地点的平均值。
Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
收获60蒲式耳大豆对比230蒲式耳玉米
需要吸收和分配磷肥和钾肥量
营养肥料
生产所需
(磅/英亩)
谷物转走 秸秆残留
玉米 大豆 玉米 大豆 玉米 大豆
五氧化
二磷 101 43 80 35 21 8
氧化钾
180 170 56 70 124 100
玉米数据来源: Agron J. 105:161-170 (2013)
大豆数据来源: Agron. J.107:563-573 (2015)
收获60蒲式耳大豆需要吸收和分配钾的数量
数据为 2012-2013年,两个品种、两个施肥方式和三个地点的平均值。 Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
收获60蒲式耳大豆需要吸收和分配钾的数量
数据为 2012-2013年,两个品种、两个施肥方式和三个地点的平均值。 Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
收获60蒲式耳大豆需要吸收和分配磷的数量
数据为 2012-2013年,两个品种、两个施肥方式和三个地点的平均值。 Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
收获60蒲式耳大豆需要吸收和分配磷的数量
茎秆和叶柄无磷
储存库,收获指
数最高(80%)
数据为 2012-2013年,两个品种、两个施肥方式和三个地点的平均值。 Agron. J. 107:563-573 (2015)
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
Champaign
Harrisburg
2018年大豆品种测试
Yorkville
在每个地点:
• 每个位置36个品种 (全部66个 )
• 成熟组 2.1 - 4.8
• 5个种子品牌
• 产量潜力的管理
1、对照组(土壤试验磷,和无叶面保护)
2、肥力(75磅五氧化二磷,23磅氮,19磅硫和10磅其它肥)
3、叶面保护(杀菌剂和杀虫剂)
4、对肥力和叶面保护的反应
(http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu)
LSD (0.10) = 8.3
相对熟期 3.5 to 4.8 在 Harrisburg (依州南部)
不是所有大豆品种育(生)而平等
LSD (0.10) = 9.3
相对熟期 2.7 to 4.2 在 Champaign (依州中部) 2018
不是所有大豆品种育(生)而平等
LSD (0.10) = 10.2
相对熟期 2.1 to 3.7 在 Yorkville (依州北部) 2018
不是所有大豆品种育(生)而平等
LSD (0.10) = 10.2
相对熟期 2.1 to 3.7 在 Yorkville (依州北部) 2018
不是所有大豆品种育(生)而平等
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
大豆属于无限花序
 花和叶同时发育
 每节的豆荚由距离最近的
叶片提供能量
 大豆通常有 20 个节
来源: Fig. 14 from Pedersen, 2009, Soybean Growth andDevelopment.
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
大豆的产量构成要素
传说中的有 5 颗豆的豆荚
2013年依州香槟
豆荚数量是如何影响大豆产量的?
豆荚数量是如何影响大豆产量的?
2018 年 8 月依州香槟使用杀菌剂和杀虫剂
无叶面保护 有叶面保护
大豆高产的 6 个秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
包衣处理50种
未包衣种子
Acceleron +
B-200 SAT +
Poncho/VOTiVO+ILeVO
Clariva Complete +
Mertect 350-F
Equity VIP +
Clariva
PPST + DuPont
Lumisena
种子包衣的影响
感谢巴斯夫的 AJ Woodyard 提供照片
未包衣 包衣含杀菌剂,杀虫剂,杀线虫剂
包衣仅含杀菌剂 包衣含杀菌剂,杀虫剂,杀线虫剂
种子包衣对大豆生长的影响
R2生长阶段, 依州 香槟
种子包衣对大豆生长的影响
依州 香槟 R2生长阶段
大豆高产的 6 条秘籍
需考虑几个关键的先决条件(详见前面的幻灯片)
行间距影响遮光和通风
30 英寸行间距 20 英寸行间距
依州 香槟
注: 1 英寸 = 2.54 cm
2014-2018 年豆农管理方式与高产管理方式的对比
豆农管理方式 高产管理方式
肥力 磷前一年用于玉米
75磅五氧化二磷和微肥-10磅硫(也可用23
磅氮和19磅硫),播种按行距4-6英寸
品种 适宜区域和全生育期 适宜区域和全生育期
叶面保护 无叶面保护 在R3阶段使用杀菌剂和杀虫剂
种子包衣 不包衣或只包杀菌剂 包衣含杀菌剂,杀虫剂,杀线虫剂
行间距 30 英寸 20 英寸
结 论
• 通过更好的作物栽培管理可以提高大豆产量
• 土壤肥力,特别是磷肥,是提高大豆产量最
易被忽视的因素之一
结 论
• 品种之间有很大差异,通常成熟度最好的品
种,产量最高
• 没有像大豆那样的用根瘤固氮,从而从土壤
中带走那么多的氮
结 论
• 大豆产量的 60% 来自第 7-13 节,所以在
R3 阶段喷药,保护这些节的叶片很重要
• 每个大豆植株如多增加一个豆荚,那每英
亩产量会增加两蒲式耳
结 论
• 这六个秘籍中的每一个都可以提高产量,
当它们组合成一个系统时,它们可以协同
一起发挥作用
2018 年作物生理学研究团队
Champaign
Harrisburg
以往及目前的作物生理学实验室
地点及农户合作者
DeKalb - EricLawler
H.B. Babson Farms
Yorkville - Bob and Brad Stewart
Stewart Farms LLC
Champaign - UI Research Farm
Harrisburg - Scott Berry
Berry Farms
Yorkville
DeKalb
2018年作物生理学实验室金融和产品支持名单
•AdvanSix
•Agrinos
•Agricen
•Agrocete
•Asilomar
•Avunia
•Balchem
•BASF
•Bayer
•Calmer Corn Heads
•Compass Minerals
•Crystal Green Fertilizer
•Fluid Fertilizer Foundation
•Helena
•ISA
•Illini FS
•Italpollina
•John Deere
•Mosaic
•Montag Mfg
•Netafim
•Nutrien
•Sipcam Agro
•Sirius Minerals
•Solvay
•Syngenta
•Tessenderlo Kerley
•United Prairie
•United Soybean Board
•Valent
•Verdesian
•West Central
•WinField United
特别鸣谢 Ehler Bros.公司
和伊利诺斯大豆协会
如需更多的信息:请咨询伊利诺斯大学作物生理学实验室 或
http://cropphysiology.cropsci.illinois.edu
现任黑龙江臻邦科技有限公司市场总
监(黑龙江一家经营水稻、玉米和大
豆的种业公司,每年营收过亿)。哈
工大工商管理硕士(MBA)毕业。在
种业超过十年的从业经历,先后担任
过北京华农伟业市场总监,企划总监。
江苏金华隆种业市场总监兼黑吉两省
的大区经理。还从事过不少于六年的
一线零售工作。具有一定的一线运作
经历,在销售、销售管理和市场营销
操作方面积累了多年的经验。
张奇伟

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大豆高产的 6 个秘籍-the secrets of high soybean yield