This module discusses the challenges of governing a stable republic in the Philippines. It explains the struggles of ethnic groups in Cordillera and Muslims in Mindanao in pushing for self-governance or autonomy. These groups sought autonomy due to reasons like defending their rights and lands, as well as having a government that respects their culture and religion. The module aims to understand the cultures, beliefs, socio-economic situations of these groups to have the right perspective on these issues still faced by the country. Recognizing the diversity in the Philippines helps promote long-term peace and unity for a stable nation.

1. Modyul 3 – Mga Hamon sa Pamamahala ng Matatag na Republika
Mga Paksa:
1. Mga Layunin at Adhikain ng mga Pangkat-Etniko sa Cordillera na Magkaroon ng Awtonomiya
mula sa Pamahalaan
2. Ang Dahilan at Paraan ng Pagsulong ng Pagsasarili ng mga Muslim sa Mindanao
Mga Kakayahan:
1. Natutukoy ang dahilan, layunin at pamamaraan ng mga katutubo sa Cordillera sa paghingi
ng awtonomiya sa pamahalaan
2. Naipakikita ang paggalang sa kultura at lupain ng mga taga-Cordillera sa pagpapanatili ng
kapayapaan
3. Napahahalagahan ang pagkakaroon ng pantay na karapatan at partisipasyon ng mga
katutubo sa Cordillera sa pamamahala upang mapanatili ang katatagan ng republika
4. Nasusuri ang kahalagahan ng pagbibigay proteksiyon ng pamahalaan sa mga katutubo mula
sa mga pagbabagong dulot ng modernisasyon upang maingatan ang kanilang lupain at
kultura
5. Nasusuri ang kalakasan at kahinaan ng Kasunduan sa Tripoli noong 1976 upang maisulong
ang pangmatagalang kapayapaan
6. Nauunawaan ang dahilan, pananaw at pamamaraan ng mga pinuno ng mga Muslim sa
pagsulong ng sariling malayang pamahalaan
7. Napahahalagahan ang pagkakaroon ng pantay na representasyon sa kasaysayan at
edukasyong akma sa kultura at pangangailangan ng mga pangkat-etniko
8. Naipakikita ang pagkilala at paggalang sa karapatan ng mga Muslim sa Pilipinas na
magkaroon ng partisipasyon sa pamamahala
9. Nauunawaan ang pag-iwas sa marahas na pamamaraan at gawain bilang pagtugon sa mga
isyung pampolitika, lipunan at kabuhayan
10. Natataya ang mga pangyayaring nagbigay-daan sa pagsulong ng mga Muslim ng sariling
paraan upang maiwasan ang karahasan

2. Para sa mga Mag-aaral
Ang modyul na ito ay tumatalakay sa mga hamon sa pamamahala ng isang matatag na
Republika. Sa araling ito ipinapaliwanag ang pakikibaka ng mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera at
Muslim sa Mindanao sa pagsusulong ng sariling pamamahala o awtonomiya. Layunin ng modyul
na ito na maunawaan ang kultura, paniniwala at kalagayang panlipunan, pangkabuhayan at
pampolitikal ng mga pangkat-etniko sa nabanggit na lugar upang magkaroon ng tamang
perspektibo ukol sa isyung ito na patuloy pa ding kinakaharap ng bansa. Sa pagtatapos ng mga
gawain sa modyul na ito inaasahan ang pagiging sensitibo sa kalagayan at relihiyon ng mga
pangkat-etniko sa bansa upang mas maisulong ang pangmatagalang kapayapaan at pagkakaisa
na magpapatatag sa bansa. Mahalaga ding magsanay na maging mapanuri at mapagmuni upang
lubos na maisulong ang pagwawaksi sa marahas na pamamaraan ng pagsusulong ng adhikain at
makabuo ng suhesyon kung paano makikipamuhay nang mapayapa sa mga taong may iba’t
ibang kultura. Sa ganito pamamaraan, mahuhubog ang tamang kaisipan, kasanayan at
pagpapahalaga na dapat taglayin sa pagharap sa mga hamon ng bansa.
Panimula
Sa panunungkulan ni Diosdado Macapagal pinagtibay ang Batas Republika 3844 o higit
na kilala sa tawag na Land Reform Code ng 1963. Itinadhana ng batas na ito ang paglilipat ng
pagmamay-ari ng lupa sa mga magsasakang nagbubungkal at nangungupahan sa lupa mula sa
mga haciendero. Subalit ito ay hindi naisakatuparan dahil sa kakulangan ng pondo. Hinarap din
ng dating Pangulong Macapagal ang iba pang suliranin tulad ng krisis sa kakulangan ng
dayuhang salapi at ang pagbaba ng halaga ng piso sa dolyar (peso devaluation). Bilang tugon sa
naturang suliranin ang pamahalaan ay nangutang sa mga institusyong pananalapi gaya ng
International Monetary Fund (IMF) at World Bank (WB). Ang dating utang na US$ 150 milyon
noong 1961 ay tumaas sa US$ 600 milyon noong 1965.
Mga Suliraning Hinarap ni Pangulong Ferdinand E. Marcos
Ang mga suliranin ay nagpatuloy sa panunungkulan ni dating Pangulong Ferdinand
Marcos. Isa sa mga suliraning kinaharap ng kanyang unang termino sa panunugkulan ay ang
matinding oposisyon sa pagpapadala ng mga sundalo sa Digmaan sa Vietnam. Araw – araw ang
mga inilunsad na demonstrasyon sa mga lansangan sa Kamaynilaan laban sa kanyang
pagpapadala ng tulong militar sa Vietnam.
Hinarap din niya ang suliranin sa kahirapan na nagdudulot ng patuloy na paglaki ng
agwat ng mahirap at mayaman. Ilan sa mga dahilan ng patuloy na kahirapan ay ang pagtaas ng
mga pangunahing bilihin, pagtaas ng presyo ng langis sa pandaigdigang pamilihan at pagbagsak
ng halaga ng piso. Sa kabila ng matinding kahirapan ng mga Pilipino patuloy pa din ang

3. paglaganap ng korupsyon at anomalya sa pamahalaan. Gayundin, dahil sa kakulangan sa
reporma sa lupa ay lalong nagalit ang mga magsasakang walang lupa.
Maliban sa suliraning pangkabuhayan at lupaing pang-agraryo, hinarap din ng
pamunuan ni dating Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos ang paglakas ng Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) ni Jose Ma. Sison noong 1968 at New People’s Army (NPA) ni Bernabe
Buscayno o Kumander Dante noong 1969, at ang pagsusulong ng mga katutubo sa Cordillera at
Muslim sa Mindanao na magtaguyod ng isang sariling pamahalaan na aangkop sa kanilang
kultura at relihiyon.
Pagsulong ng mga Taga-Cordillera ng Awtonomiya
Sa mga unang taon ng NPA ay sinimulan nilang palaganapin ang kanilang hukbo sa
North-Eastern Luzon (NEL) na kinabibilangan ng Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Quirino, KalingaApayao at Ifugao. Marami ang nahikayat na sumapi sa NPA sa NEL dahil sa isinulong nitong
repormang pang-agraryo. Bahagi ng programang ito ay ang pamamahagi ng mga lupain,
pagpapababa ng renta sa lupa at pagtataguyod ng kooperatiba para sa mga magsasaka. Ang
paggamit ng NPA ng sandata ay isa sa mga dahilan kung bakit nakipagtulungan ang mga
nagmamay-ari ng lupa.
Noong 1969, ay tuluyan ng naitatag ang kilusan ng NPA sa mga probinsya ng Cordillera
tulad ng Ifugao, Mountain Province at Benguet. Patuloy pa itong lumaganap sa bahagi ng
Kalinga noong 1974 dahil sa pagsalungat ng mga katutubo dito sa proyekto ng World Bank sa
Ilog Chico-Pasil. Habang noong 1979 ay may umanib na katutubo sa NPA sa Abra dahil sa
pagtutol ng mga ito sa proyekto na sisira sa kanilang mga kagubatan.
Maraming katutubo sa Cordillera ang umanib sa kilusan dahil sa mga sumusunod: (1)
upang ipagtanggol ang kanilang karapatan at ang lupain na kinamkam ng pamahalaan; (2)
matakasan ang kanilang ginawang krimen at maghimagsik laban sa mga taong nakagawa ng
krimen sa kanila at sa kanilang pamilya, at (3) mabigyan sila ng magandang oportunidad sa
buhay.
Noong 1974 ay tuluyang humiwalay ang pangkat nina Ignacio Capegsan, Jingjing Carino,
Mario Pugong sa NPA dahil sa pagtanggi ng kilusan na suportahan ang naisin ng mga katutubo
na humingi ng awtonomiya sa pamahalaan habang ipinaglalaban ang ideolohiya ng kilusan.
Dahil sa sigalot na ito sa loob ng NPA sa Cordillera ay nabuo ang Igorot Liberation Army (ILA) at
Federation of Tribes for Liberation (FTL).
Pagsulong ng mga Muslim sa Mindanao ng Awtonomiya
Tulad ng mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera, isinusulong din ng mga Muslim sa Mindanao
ang pagkakaroon ng sariling pamahalaan. Noong dekada ’50 ay isinulong ng pamahalaan ang
programang integrasyon upang maramdaman ng iba’t-ibang pangkat ng mga Muslim sa
Pilipinas na sila ay bahagi ng bansa at kapantay ng mga Kristyanong Pilipino. Isa sa mga

4. programang inilunsad ng pamahalaan upang makamit ang hangaring ito ay ang pagbibigay ng
iskolarship sa mga Muslim sa mga unibersidad sa Maynila at Gitnang Silangan. Ang programang
ito ay naghahangad na hubugin ang kabataang Muslim sa larangan ng pamamahala at
mapagyabong pa ang kulturang Islam. Subalit noong 1965, nasaksihan ng mga kabataang
Muslim ang mariing pagtuligsa ng Kristyanong Pilipino sa mga Muslim sa Maynila lalong-lalo na
sa isyu sa Sabah. Sa panahong ding ito ang mga mag-aaral na Muslim sa Maynila ay naging
aktibo sa mga kilusan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga unibersidad sa Manila na nagsusulong ng
ideolohiyang komunismo nina Vladimir Lenin, Karl Marx, at Mao Zedong.
Noong 1968, isiniwalat ni Senator Benigno Aquino ang Jabidah Massacre na naganap sa
Corregidor kung saan may 28 Muslim ang tinatayang pinatay ng Philippine Army dahil sa
pagsalungat nito na tulungan ang pamahalaan na sakupin ang Sabah. Dahil sa pangyayaring ito,
naglunsad ng malawakang demonstrasyon ang mga mag-aaral na Muslim sa Maynila at bumuo
ng mga organisasyon na magsusulong ng paghiwalay ng mga probinsiyang tinitirahan ng mga
Muslim sa Mindanao tulad ng Cotabato, Davao, Zamboanga, Basilan, Lanao, Sulu at Palawan.
Ilan sa mga pangkat ng Muslim na nagsusulong ng kanilang pagsasarili ay ang Muslim
Independent Movement (MIM), Ansar El-Islam, Union of Islamic Forces and Organizations
(UIFO), Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO),
Bangsa Muslimin Islamic Liberation Organization (BMILO), Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
at Moro Revolutionary Organization (MORO).
Ang paglakas ng impluwensiya ng CPP/NPA at pagsulong ng pagsasarili ng mga pangkatetniko sa Cordillera at mga pangkat ng mga Muslim sa Mindanao ang ginawang katwiran ni
dating Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos sa pagdedeklara ng Batas Militar noong 1972. Ito ay ilan
lamang sa mga isyung kinaharap ng pamahalaan na humamon sa pagtatag nito ng isang
malayang republika.
Sanggunian:
Che Man W.K., “The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand”
(Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1990), pp. 74-81.
De Dios, Aurora et al., “Dictatorship and Revolution Roots of People’s Power” (Quezon City,
Conspectus Foundation Incorporated, 1988), pp. 63-69.
Felmin, Haron B., “Cultural Jewels Moro Tradition and Political Leaders: A Compilation” (Davao
City: TESORO’s Priniting Press, 2008), pp. 59-60, 129-132, 136-138.
Glang, Alunan C., “Muslim Secession or Integration?” (Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing
Company, 1969), pp. 74-93

5. Kintanar, Galileo C. et al., “Lost in Time from Birth to Obsolescence: The Communist Party of the
Philippines, Book 2:1972-1999” (Quezon City, Truth and Justice Foundation Inc., 2000), pp. 146150.
Mactal, Ronaldo B., “Historia, Batayang-Aklat sa Araling Panlipunan”, (Quezon City, Phoenix
Publishing House, Inc., 2011), pp. 355-357.
McKenna, Thomas M., “Muslim Rulers and Rebels”, (Pasig City, ANVIL Publishing Inc., 1998), pp.
138- 143.
Pobre, Cesar P., “In Assertion of Sovereignty Volume I”, (Quezon City, Armed Forces of the
Philippines Office, 2008), pp. 4-6.
Mga Hamon sa Pamamahala ng Matatag na Republika
Pagkilala sa mga Pangkat-Etniko ng Pilipinas. Suriin ang ipinapakita sa mga larawan sa
pamamagitan ng pagsagot sa mga gabay na tanong.
Pinagkunan:
Ifugao religious dance, November 16, 2012,
http://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A0S0uPDsoqlQBR4AdtS1Rwx.;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGsD
aW1n?back=http%3A%2F%2Fph.images.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Digorot%2Bdance%26ei%3Dutf8%26fr%3Dsfp%26tab%3Dorganic%26ri%3D68&w=500&h=379&imgurl=farm3.static.flickr.com%2F2388%2F1613248233_f70b9283e8.j
pg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Faland.backpackerchat.com%2FPic%2Fblog_sg%2F120603%2F&size=134.3+KB&name=%3Cb%3Eigorot+danc

6. e%3C%2Fb%3E&p=igorot+dance&oid=ed21c6c8bf0ff1fa9fd805bc123cd50a&fr2=&fr=sfp&tt=%253Cb%253Eigorot%2Bdance%253C%2
52Fb%253E&b=61&ni=84&no=68&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=11jl99rt2&sigb=130io1lj6&sigi=11mo4673n&.crumb=gbWYOaVuDS6
Filipino Muslim, November 8, 2012,
http://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/images/view;_ylt=A0S0uD4zpKlQ6wwAjGC1Rwx.;_ylu=X3oDMTBlMTQ4cGxyBHNlYwNzcgRzbGs
DaW1n?back=http%3A%2F%2Fph.images.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dmuslim%2Bpraying%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bmosq
ue%2Bin%2Bthe%2BPhilippines%26n%3D30%26ei%3Dutf8%26fr%3Dsfp%26tab%3Dorganic%26ri%3D60&w=450&h=300&imgurl=www.palestine-amorous.com%2Fwpcontent%2Fuploads%2Fflipiono.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestineamorous.com%2Fpictures%2F%25d8%25b5%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25d8%25b1%25d9%2585%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a7%25d9%2586%25d9%258a%25d8%25a9%25d8%25ad%25d9%2588%25d9%2584-%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d8%25b9%25d8%25a7%25d9%2584%25d9%25851432%25d9%2587%25d9%25802011%25d9%2585%2F&size=44.5+KB&name=Filipino+Muslims+pray+inside+a+%3Cb%3Emosque+%3C%2Fb%3Eduring+%3Cb%3Eth
e+%3C%2Fb%3Estart+of+Ramadan+%3Cb%3Ein+%3C%2Fb%3E...&p=muslim+praying+in+the+mosque+in+the+Philippines&oid=78d1c
32a3b44f76723ceaee62eea328a&fr2=&fr=sfp&tt=Filipino%2BMuslims%2Bpray%2Binside%2Ba%2B%253Cb%253Emosque%2B%253C
%252Fb%253Eduring%2B%253Cb%253Ethe%2B%253C%252Fb%253Estart%2Bof%2BRamadan%2B%253Cb%253Ein%2B%253C%25
2Fb%253E...&b=31&ni=84&no=60&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=15shjdvv5&sigb=148308vqp&sigi=11pc407h5&.crumb=gbWYOaVuDS6
Ifugao Mummy, November 8, 2012,
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=PARAAN+NG+PAGLILIBING+NG+MGA+IFUGAO&um=1&hl=ko&sa=N&biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isc
h&tbnid=tO9qvZI5QgMPaM:&imgrefurl=http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php%3Ftitle%3DBenguet_Mummies&docid=x0027rvVokDpNM&im
gurl=http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/images/thumb/2/2f/Fire_mummy.jpg/250pxFire_mummy.jpg&w=250&h=188&ei=zQeiUOXrKbGdiAfTvIEw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=148&vpy=339&dur=784&hovh=150&hovw=200&t
x=134&ty=76&sig=116124093715113777910&page=3&tbnh=131&tbnw=175&start=51&ndsp=25&ved=1t:429,r:58,s:20,i:306
Muslim Burial Ceremony, November 8, 2012,
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_UmCuOJY650o/TMqauSZ2cQI/AAAAAAAALT8/H5FCrRwF8uY/s400/Burial+1.jpg
Pamprosesong Tanong:
1. Ano-anong pangkat-etniko ang nasa larawan?
2. Ano-ano ang pagkakaiba ng kanilang kultura sa aspeto ng pananampalataya at paniniwala?
Ipaliwanag ang sagot.
3. Ano-ano ang maaaring idulot ng pagkakaroon ng ibat-ibang pananampalataya at
paniniwala sa pamamahala ng isang bansa?

7. Mga Layunin at Adhikain ng mga Pangkat-Etniko sa Cordillera na Magkaroon ng
Awtonomiya mula sa Pamahalaan
Ang siping mababasa ay mga bahagi ng panayam kay Abrino Aydinan, dating
chairman ng Cordillera Regional Consultative Commission noong 1992. Isa rin siya sa
mga taga-Cordillera na sumapi sa CPP/NPA upang maisulong ang awtonomiya sa
kanilang probinsiya. Ang kanyang salaysay ay nagsasaad ng dahilan ng unti-unting
paglaganap ng CPP/NPA sa Cordillera at paghiwalay ng mga lider ng Cordillera sa
pangkat upang mapagtuunan ang pagsusulong ng sariling pamamahala.
Sanggunian 1:
Negotiating for Peace in Cordilleras
Abrino Aydinan (1992)
“The reason for the Cordillerans‟ feeling of affinity with the Marxist ferment was the
incorporation of their struggle against “national oppression” and for “national self-determination” into
the “Program for the People‟s Democratic Revolution” of the New People‟s Army. The NPA
eventually reached the Cordilleras at the close of 1970; I set it up in Ifugao, Mountain Province, and
Benguet. For some four years the movement was confined to the area of its birth, until 1974 when the
Kalinga opposition to a World Bank-supported project to the dam the rice terraces-flanked Chico-Pasil
river system brought the flame of revolution leaping into a second front. After the lapse of three more
years, in 1979, another front opened up in Abra when the Tinguians also resisted an agro-industrial
venture that would have decimated their pine forest stands. In Abra the NPA recruited Wanas, Mailed
Molina, Moises Linggayo, Fr. Bruno Ortega, and Fr. Conrado Balweg who were later to play dramatic
roles in the Cordillera revolution‟s decisive turn towards peace.”
“I and some imprisoned leaders of the NPA and the Maoist Communist Party of the Philippines
from the Cordilleras challenged the party policy by proposing the creation of an MNLF-type
Cordillera organization which would form a component of the then still inchoate National Democratic
Front; as a consequence, I earned party ex-communication. Meanwhile, by 1973 or 1974, Ignacio
Capegsan, Jingjing Carino, Mario Pugong and the other then current leaders of the NPA in Cordillera
had formed an Igorot Liberation Army and a political arm for which the alarmed CPP central
leadership quickly imposed an interdiction on the ground that was deemed divisive of the party and
the nation. But, as it would turn out much later, the seed of the Cordillera autonomy from both the
existing Philippine government and its aspiring successors from the revolutionary movement was
sown.”
“Among the Cordillera cadres in the NPA and CPP the idea of Cordillera autonomy that could be
won from the present state caught on. The cadres from outside the culture inevitably stood by the
political line of the party: there could be no “genuine” autonomy until the envisaged national
democratic state is set up in the country as a whole. A drawn-out ideological battle within the CPP and
NPA in the Cordilleras waxed and waned, practically in cycles, but it did not die away, until the
Cordillera People‟s Liberation Army (CPLA) was born.”

8. Pinagkunan: Kintanar, Galileo C. et al., “Lost in Time from Birth to Obsolescence: The Communist Party of the Philippines, Book 2:1972-1999”
(Quezon City, Truth and Justice Foundation Inc., 2000), pp. 148 -150
Glosari
Ferment – pangpahilab
Consequence – kinahinatnan
Self-determination – sarilng pagpapasiya
Interdiction – pagbabawal
Opposition – pagtutol
Cadres – pangkat o pulutong
Flame of Revolution – pagsiklab ng himagsikan
Genuine – wagas
Decimated – pagkasira
Waxed and waned – titigil at magpapatuloy
Inchoate – sinimulan
Autonomy – pagsasarili
Gawain 1. Akyatin at Alamin Adhikain ng Kapatid Natin!. Basahin at suriin ang sipi
gamit ang mountain web. Matapos basahin ang sipi ay sagutin ang mga tanong na
nasa bawat baitang ng bundok.
4
.
Ano ang layunin ng mga
katutubo ng Cordillera sa
pagsanib sa NPA?
3
.
2
.
1
.
Iginuhit ni Arturo B. Teves ng Las Pinas National High School, 2012

9. Inilalahad sa sipi ang ikawalong punto ng 1973 Draft ng National Democratic Front
Program. Sa bahaging ito isinasaad ang pananaw ng NDF ukol sa mga karapatan ng
mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera sa pagsulong ng pagsasarili.
Sanggunian 2 :
Point 8 of 1973 Draft of the NDF Program
The national minorities have the right to liberate themselves from oppression and determine
their own destiny. The right to self-determination includes the right to secede from a state of national
oppression or choose autonomy within a state that guarantees the equality of nationalities.
It is our stand that all national minorities, big or small, should enjoy autonomy and be
accorded special guarantees for their accelerated progress. Their struggle is not merely for “cultural
autonomy” but for all-around progress with due respect to their special characteristics.
Pinagkunan: Lost in Time from Birth to Obsolescence, The Communist Part of the Philippines Book 2: 1972-1999 of Galileo C.
Kintanar and Pacifico V. Militante. (2000)
Glosari
Oppression – pahirap
Secede – humiwalay
Struggle – pakikibaka
Cultural autonomy – kalayaang kultural
Gawain 2. Pagpapayabong ng Karapatan. Gamit ang tree web ibigay ang mga
pananaw ng NDF ukol sa karapatan ng mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera sa pagsulong
ng pagsasarili.
Iginuhit ni Neil M. Conche ng Las Pinas National High School, 2012

10. Upang lalo pang yumabong ang iyong kaalaman, bumuo ng pangkat at sagutin ang
mga katanungan sa talahanayan.
TANONG
1. Sa iyong palagay, bakit
ipinaglaban ng mga pangkatetniko sa Cordillera ang kanilang
karapatan sa pamamahala?
2. Sa kasalukuyan, nakamit ba ng
mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera
ang awtonomiya na kanilang
hinahangad? Ipaliwanag ang
iyong kasagutan.
3. Kung ikaw ang nasa katayuan
ng mga katutubo noon,
isusulong mo rin ba ang
pagkakaroon ng awtonomiya?
SAGOT
Sa artikulong ito, ipinapakita ang mga pangyayaring nagpasidhi ng adhikain ng
mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera na magkaroon ng awtonomiya sa pamamahala.
Sanggunian 3:
The Cordillera: Historical Accounts on Regional Identity, Development and
Autonomy in Chronology (1565-2007)
March Faiza (2012)
1964 – 1966. The first Mt. Province Economic Council Conference opens to discuss the
future development of the Mountain Province and its sub-provinces. The topics that were
discussed were about the establishment of cottage industries such as timber industry,
establishment of the coffee industry and fruit – canning factory in Lubuagan, Kalinga;
forest policy, Mainit health resort, hydro electric power, Benguet mining , the unexplored
Apayao territory, development of the Tabuk plain in Kalinga, and the opening of roads
from Kalinga to the Cagayan Valley and the Ilocos to “ promote trade and commerce and
accelerate economic development. “ As a result of the economic conference,
Congressman Luis Hora authored RA 4071 that established the Mountain Province
Development Authority (MPDA), which sought for a total funding of P300 million in 10
years. It was signed into law in 1966.
1966. June 18. Republic Act No. 4695 was enacted formally dividing the old mountain
Province into four provinces and creating Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province and
Kalinga-Apayao as separate provinces. This political division was proven to be
incompatible with the creation of the MPDA, which, within four years since its
conception, was facing strong local pressure for its disbandment.
1968. The Mountain Province Mayors League asked that MPDA be scrapped because
nothing has been achieved by the Authority, and that its funds be proportionately
allocated to the four provinces in the mountain region.

11. 1970 – 1972. The Communist party of the Philippines- New People‟s Army entered the
Cordillera through the Province of Ifugao before moving to other provinces. Mario Pugong
aka Ka Elias of Hungduan, Ifugao and William Falag-ey aka Ka Benjie or Ka Juling of
Bontoc, Mountain Province proposed to the CPP / NPA Central Command the formation of
the Igorot Liberation Army ( ILA ) and the Federation of Tribes for Liberation ( FITL ),
believing that the Cordillerans has a unique culture and terrain different from the lowlands
and therefore should be treated somewhat differently. Their proposal was deniedby the CCP/
NPA Central Command.
1972. Presidential Order No. 1. (Regionalization Law) divided the whole country into 13
regions, supposedly for better administration, planning and development. Abra, Benguet,
Mountain Province and Baguio became part of region I ( Ilocos ) while Ifugao and KalingaApayao were included in Region II ( Cagayan ). Efforts calling for the creation of a new
separate Cordillera region failed.
Pinagkunan: Faiza, March, The Cordillera: Historical Accounts on Regional Identity, Development and Autonomy in Chronology (15652007), October 29, 2012, http://cordilleravoice.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=181&Itemid=128
Glosari
Sub-provinces – munisipalidad
Enacted – nagpatibay, nag-utos
Political division – dibisyong pampulitikal
Incompatible – di angkop
Disbandment – pagtiwalag
Scrapped – pagputol
Terrain –topograpiya ng lupa
Lowland – kapatagan
Cottage industries – industriyang pantahanan
Trade and commerce – Komersyo at Kalakalan
Economic development – pagsulong ng ekonomiya

12. Gawain 3. Pagtahak sa Nakaraan . Gamit ang timeline, tukuyin ang mga pangyayaring
naganap sa bawat taon at bunga nito sa pagsusulong ng awtonomiya sa Cordillera.
Isulat ang mga sagot sa kaukulang kahon.

13. Ang Dahilan at Paraan ng Pagsulong ng Pagsasarili ng mga Muslim sa
Mindanao
Ang sipi ay halaw sa aklat na Swish of the Kris noong 1936 ni Vic Hurley. Ito ay naglalahad ng
mga pahayag ng mga datu at demonstrador sa Mindanao ukol sa integrasyon ng mga Muslim
sa Republika ng Pilipinas. Ang integrasyon ay tumutukoy sa hakbang ng pamahalaan na
mahikayat ang mga Muslim na tuluyang maging bahagi ng Pilipinas.
Sanggunian 4:
“I am old man now. I do not want any more trouble. But
should it come to that, that we are given over to Filipinos, I still
would fight.”
Datu Sacaluran, 1910
“I will never be able to hold my men in check under the rule of the
Filipinos. They will take to the hills and will never submit. The old
days of jungle warfare I saw thirty years ago will return to Mindanao
and Sulu.”
Unnamed Muslim datu, 1910
“We Moros are not with the Christian Filipinos in their asking for
independence. We wish our Moro country to be segregated from
Luzon and the Visayan Islands.”
Statement indicated in the placards of Muslim demonstrators in
Zamboanga City during the celebration of Rizal Day in 1923
Pinagkunan: Glang, Alunan C., “Muslim Secession or Integration?” (Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, 1969), pp. 75
Glosari
Jungle warfare – pakikipaglaban
Moros – Muslim
Segregated – paghihiwalay

14. Gawain 4: Damit ng Pag-unawa. Isulat ang dahilan at pamamaraan ng pagsulong ng
awtonomiya ng mga Muslim sa Mindanao.
Pamprosesong Tanong
1. Ano ang ipinapakitang reaksiyon o emosyon ng mga Muslim ukol sa integrasyon ng
kanilang pangkat sa Republika ng Pilipinas?
2. Bakit ganito ang pananaw at reaksiyon ng mga datu at Muslim ukol sa integrasyon
nila sa pamahalaan ng Republika ng Pilipinas?

15. Inilahad sa pag-aaral ni W.K. Che Man ang mga pangyayaring mula noong 1968
hanggang 1972 na nagpaalab sa damdamin ng mga Muslim na maghangad ng
pagsasarili at bumuo ng mga samahan na magsusulong ng kanilang adhikain.
Sanggunian 5:
Muslim Separatism: The Moros and the Malays
W.K. Che Man (1990)
Among the immediate significant events that led to the formation of organized
fronts and to the war of liberation were the Jabidah Massacre (Corregidor Incident) in
1968, the Manili Massacre in 1971, the election of 1971, and the declaration of Martial
Law in 1972.
Jabidah Massacre (1968)
Between 28 and 64 Moros recruits out of a large number undergoing guerilla
warfare training in Corregidor Island were massacred in late March 1968 by Philippine
Army men. The training was allegedly in secret preparation for Philippine military
operations and Sabah-code named “Operation Merdeka”. “Operation Merdeka”, as
explained by some Moros, was an attempt by Manila to split Islamic ranks and provoke
a war between Sulu and Sabah. According to the lone survivor, Jibin Arola, the “trainees
were shot because they refused to follow the order to attack Sabah”(quoted in Jubair,
1984:73). Aware of the possible impact of the leakage of this secret plan, the military
authorities executed the entire company so that none survived to tell the story (Jubair,
1984; Lucman, 1982)
Manili Massacre (1971)
It occurred in June 1971 when about 65 Muslims-men, women, and childrenwere murdered by Ilagas¹ at a mosque in Barrio Manili, North Cotabato. To the Muslim,
the Manili incident carried special weight because it took place in a mosque compound.
It was seen as an act of religious humiliation. As Ali Treki of Libya stated, “We believe
the conflict is now religious war” (Philippine Herald, 8 July 1972).
______________________________________
¹Ilagas refers to the Christian group linked with Governor Arsenio Quibranza of Lanao del Norte and Ilonggo settlers.

16. Election of 1971
The hostilities between the Muslims and Christians in the region escalated greatly
as the November 1971 election drew near. The number of evacuees was over, political
power in parts of Moroland has shifted from Muslims to Christians. This shift stimulated
the two sides to increase their hostilities and thus attracted the attention of overseas
Muslim states. In 1972, the atmosphere in Mindanao was tense as sporadic clashes
between Ilagas and the Philippine Armed Forces, on the other hand, and Barracudas and
Blackshirts², occurred here and there.
_____________________________________
²Barracudas and Blackshirts refer to the Muslim group allegedly linked with Congressman Ali Dimaporo in Lanao del
Norte and with the MIM in Cotabato respectively.
Declaration of Martial Law in 1972
Marcos‟ declaration of martial law broadened the base support and determined
the timing of the resort to warfare by the core-group of Muslim radicals. Three
characteristics of martial law were critical. First, the centralization of the regime left
power almost exclusively in „Christian‟ hand; Marcos, his family and associates;
„technocrats‟ in Manila; and the military. Second, by restricting the range of legitimate
political activity the regime left as option only the acceptance of the regime and its
promises, or anti-regime revolutionary activities. Third, the regime‟s immediate moves to
collect guns from civilians meant that compliance removed the potential for an eventual
resort to force. Thus both Muslims who had been frustrated under the old system but had
been able to channel their frustration into nonviolent political activities, and opportunists
ready to seize any chance to achieve immediate goals-for power, wealth, or pride-became
willing to join the radicals.
Pinagkunan: Che Man W.K., “The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand” (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila
University Press, 1990), pp. 74-76
Glosari
Massacre – maramihang pagpatay ng mga tao Stimulated – naudyok
Leakage – pagbunyag
Sporadic clashes – hiwa-hiwalay na sagupaan
Hostilities – kaguluhan
Channel – ilipat
Escalated – lumala

17. Gawain 5: Ating Suriin Kamalayang Pangkapayapaan. Sumali sa isang pangkat at
punan ang matrix ng pangyayaring itatalaga ng guro. Matapos ito ay sagutin ang mga
katanungan sa cross-examination activity sheet.

18. Pamprosesong Tanong
1. Ano ang aral na matututuhan mula sa mga pangyayaring inilahad?
2. Paano makapagsusulong ng isang mapayapang lipunan sa kabila ng pagkakaroon ng
magkakaibang kultura at paniniwala?
Isinasaad sa sipi ang hindi pagkakapantay-pantay ng mga Kristiyanong Pilipino at
Muslim sa pagkakamit ng edukasyon, paglalahad ng kontribusyon sa pagbubuo ng
kasaysayan ng Pilipinas at katayuan pampolitikal at pangkabuhayan.
Sanggunian 6:
Pahayag ni Senator Domacao Alonto sa Second National
Conference sa Marawi City noong October 11-16, 1956
“We said we must unite not only among ourselves but with our
Christian brothers. But how? It is a truism to state that unity can be
had only among equals. We are not, as to state, standing in equality
with our Christian brothers, politically and economically. To really
and firmly integrate the Muslim into the body politic, the economic
and political level of the Muslims must perforce be elevated to the
status at par with the rest of the Filipinos.”
Pahayag ni Senator Domacao Alonto sa First National
Muslim Convention sa Cotabato, Cotabato noong
Hunyo 8-12, 1955
I
K S
A I
L P
A I
W
A
N
G
“The Muslim Filipinos are behind their Christian brothers in
modern education. Why, because our present educational system is
only effective with the Christians. It has failed in its mission to
educate all the Filipinos in this country. Our textbooks need
revision; they are ineffective in the knowledge and wisdom they
impart to the Muslim Filipinos.
Our history books, for instance, tell only of the heroism and
patriotism of northern Filipinos. No mention is made whatsoever of
the patriotic exploits and heroic deeds of the Filipinos of the south.
Why, is patriotism a monopoly of Christian Filipinos? Have not the
Moros fought-and successfully the Spaniards…the Americans and
the Japanese? Why, are the Muslim Filipinos‟ blood spilt for
nothing, and their lives meaningless? Why are the Muslim
Filipinos known only in history books as bandits, pirates, and
cutthroats, and these books are silent on everything good and
credible to the Muslims?”
U
N
A
N
G
S
I
P
I

19. Pahayag ni Dr. Cesar Adib Majul sa First National
Symposium sa UP Diliman, Quezon City noong
December 21, 1968
“But of great importance to note is that present Muslim leaders,
learned men and youth, are aware of or assume that they are an
historical people whose history is older that the other people with
whom they are now cast as members of a single state. This is
axiomatic with them. What had given them, among other things, a
sense of identity has been and still remain Islam. Thus to them Islam
is an integral part of their history.”
I
K
A
T
L
O
N
G
S
I
P
I
Pinagkunan: Glang, Alunan C., “Muslim Secession or Integration?” (Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, 1969), pp. 76,80 and 87
Glosari
Truism – katotohanang maliwanag
Perforce – sapilitan
Heroism – kabayanihan
Patriotism – makabayan
Bandits – rebelde
Cut throats – mamamatay tao
Axiomatic – kawikaan
Body Politic – ganap na samahang pulitikal
Gawain 6: Gulong ng Pag-unawa sa Ugat ng Hidwaan. Isaad sa loob ng wheel ang mga
pananaw nina Senator Domacao Alonto at Dr. Adib Majul ang hinihingi ng bawat
kategorya ayon sa pahina ng sipi.

20. Pamprosesong Tanong
1. Bakit mahalaga ang pagkakaroon ng pantay na tungkulin ng mga Kristyano at Muslim
sa pagbubuo ng kasaysayan?
2. Ano ang kahalagahan ng pagkakamit ng edukasyon para isang tao, pamayanan at
bansa?
Ilang bahagi ng liham ni Datu Udtog Matalam ng Muslim Independence
Movement kay Pangulong Ferdinand E. Marcos noong July 26, 1969. Sa liham na ito
nakasaad ang mga kadahilanan sa paghahangad ng sariling pamahalaan ng mga
Muslim sa Mindanao at Palawan.
Sanggunian 7:
Muslim Independence Movement (MIM)
DOCUMENT NO. 2-A
NOTE
The President
Malacañang
Manila
EXCELLENCY:
The MUSLIM inhabitants of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan extend their compliment to
his Excellency, the President of the Republic of the Philippines.
The MUSLIM INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES, otherwise
known and referred to also as MIM is a legitimate organization of the MUSLIM now living in
the Island of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, as their concerted voice, organized solely as an
instrument for the realization of their cherished dreams and aspirations.
The MIM subscribes to the principle that all men, endowed with certain inalienable
rights, such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, are entitled to pursue and decide their
own destinies under the regime of universal justice, equity, and reason.
The MIM believes that man in both a social and political being endowed by HIS
Creator with conscience, soul, and body; and as such, he shall be left to himself to develop his
society in the most natural manner in accordance with his customs, traditions, and
idiosyncrasies, free from foreign and undue interference.

21. The MIM being an aggrupation of MUSLIMS in reawakening to the fact that Islam
has gained, through the centuries, adherents in the Far East, and that there are considerable
MUSLIMS in the Islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan who constitutes a NATION by
themselves, having a different culture of their own and a distinct historical background from
the rest of the more affluent cultural majority, the Christian Nation, and who never could be
integrated into the latter.
The MIM expresses with all candor its stand to firmly pursue its aim and purposes as
embodied in the MANIFESTO of May 1, 1968 and the Memorandum thereto appended,
copies of which hereto attached.
The MIM views it with great concern the uncalled for propaganda campaigning
undertaken against it during the Philippine Independence Day Celebration on June 12, 1968,
and considers it as an affront and a very serious insult to the MUSLIM‟S pride and dignity –
MARATABAT- by bribing and segregating them form other VIP visitors at Malacañang, and
making them parade at the Luneta like museum pieces.
The MIM deplores the fact that what prompted his Excellency‟s government to invite
the MUSLIM leaders to join the above celebration was purely for foreign consumption to
impress upon the Malaysians and the whole world that the MUSLIMS have in fact no desire
to secede from the Republic of the Philippines; otherwise, if it is true as in fact a reality, a
question would arise; why should the Malaysians surrender the State of Sabah which is
predominantly populated by MUSLIMS to a Christian nation when the latter does not take
good care of the MUSLIMS found within its borders?
The MIM considers its privilege to announce to the whole world that it is not against
the settlement of the Sabah dispute in so far as such settlement redounds to the benefits of the
MUSLIMS of Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan, and the State of Sabah, who are the direct and
rightful beneficiaries thereof.
The MIM views it with alarming concern the hostile attitude your Excellency‟s
government has undertaken towards the legitimate aspirations of the MUSLIMS in the
organization and establishment of their own independent government as the only dignified and
honorable expectation from a people who, after centuries of national struggle to preserve their
national identity, are treated merely as second class citizens by the more affluent Christian
Majority.
The MIM feels deeply aggrieved by the action taken by the PC high Command in
undertaking civilian registration of the MUSLIM under the guise of listing only aliens,
particularly the Chinese, in Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan, but later found it as directed
towards the MUSLIM community.
The MIM views it with apprehension the hostile and unfriendly act of the
government in sending detachment of Army troops in full combat gear to Cotabato and other
parts of Mindanao and Sulu as an attempt to suppress the legitimate aspirations of the
MUSLIMS; the same being aggravated by the planting of intelligence agents at every
MUSLIM community, and the acceleration of the influx of settlers from Visayas and Luzon.

22. The MIM, after deeply considering the foregoing situations, and being imbued with zeal and
patriotism in the defense of its cause, aspirations, and legitimate demands, WISHES to make
known to your EXCELLENCY and the Government the earnest desire of the MUSLIMS to
organize and establish their own independent government, free from but equal with all other states
under the laws of civilized nations.
The MIM appreciates it with open mind the challenge and statesmanship your
Excellency‟s government may undertake towards this noble cause; and the MUSLIM community
would be in watchful waiting.
Pagalungan, Cotabato, Philippines, July 26, 1968.
DATU UDTOG MATALAM
Chairman
Pinagkunan: Glang, Alunan C., “Muslim Secession or Integration?” (Quezon City: R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, 1969), pp. 113-115
Glosari
Inhabitant – naninirahan
Concerted voice – nagkakaisang damdamin
Endowed – pinagkalooban
Inalianable rights –karapatang di maikakaila
idiosyncrasies – kakaiba
Aggrupation – organisasyon o samahan
Candor – katapatan ng loob
Embodied – kaakibat
Manifesto – pahayag
Affront – paghamak
Deplores – di pagsang-ayon
Predominantly – nangingibabaw
Affluent – mayaman
Aggrieved – sumama ang loob
Apprehension – pangamba
Influx – pagpasok
Excellency – kamahalan

23. Gawain 7. Layag sa Pagsasarili. Mula sa liham ni Datu Udtog Matalam, isulat sa loob
ng layag ang karapatan na isinusulong ng mga MIM at inilahad nilang katangian ng
mga Muslim na iba sa Kristyanong Pilipino. Isulat naman sa mga arrows ang mga
naging karanasan ng mga Muslim na nagpasidhi sa kanilang pagnanais na isulong ang
sariling pamahalaan.

24. Pamprosesong Tanong
1. Ano ang iyong naramdaman habang binabasa ang liham ni Datu Udtog Matalam?
2. Kung ikaw ay isang Muslim na nakaranas o nakasaksi ng mga pangyayaring isinaad sa liham,
hihimukin mo din ba ang iyong mga kababayang Muslim na magsulong ng sariling
pamahalaang hiwalay sa Republika ng Pilipinas?
3. Makatwiran ba ang kadahilanang inilahad ni Datu Udtog Matalam ukol sa hiling na pagsasarili
ng Mindanao, Sulu at Palawan sa dating Pangulong Ferdinand Marcos? Ipaliwanag ang
kasagutan.
4. Ano ang suhesyon na maaari mong ibigay upang maramdaman ng ating mga kapatid na
Muslim na sila ay bahagi ng ating bansa at sila ay ating pinapahalagahan?
Produkto / Pagganap
Sumali sa isang pangkat at basahin ang kasunduang pumapaloob sa 1976 Tripoli
Agreement sa pagitan ng pamahalaan at Moro Islamic National Liberation Front na itatalaga ng
guro sa pangkat. Matapos basahin, talakayin at suriin ang bawat kasunduan sa pamamagitan ng
pagtatala at pagpapaliwanag ng kalakasan at kahinaan ng bawat kasunduan. Mahalagang
bigyang-diin sa kalakasan ng kasunduan ang kabutihang panlipunan, pampulitikal, pangkultural
at pangkabuhayang maidudulot nito sa mga Muslim. Matapos ang pangkatang gawain ay ilahad
sa klase ang resulta ng ginawang pagsusuri.
1976 Tripoli Agreement
During these negotiations which were marked by a spirit of conciliation and understanding, it has
been agreed on the following:
First:
The establishment of Autonomy in the Southern Philippines within the realm of the
sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of the Philippines.
Second:
The areas of the autonomy for the Muslims in the Southern Philippines shall comprise the
following:
1. Basilan
6. North Cotabato
11. Davao del Sur
2. Sulu
7. Maguindanao
12. South Cotabato
3. Tawi-tawi
8. Sultan Kudarat
13. Palawan
4. Zamboanga del Sur
9. Lanao del Norte
5. Zamboanga del Norte
10. Lanao del Sur

25. Third:
1. Foreign Policy shall be of the competence of the Central Government of the Philippines.
2. The National Defense Affairs shall be the concern of the Central Authority provided that
the arrangements for the joining of the forces of the Moro National Liberation Front with
the Philippine Armed Forces be discussed later.
3. In the areas of the autonomy, the Muslims shall have the right to set up their own Courts
which implement the Islamic Shari‟ah laws. The Muslims shall be represented in all
Courts including the Supreme Court. The representation of the Muslims in the Supreme
Court shall be upon the recommendation from the authorities of the Autonomy and the
Supreme Court. Decrees will be issued by the President of the Republic of their
appointments taking into consideration all necessary qualifications of the candidates.
4. Authorities of the autonomy in the South of the Philippines shall have the right to set up
schools, colleges and universities, provided that matters pertaining to the relationship
between these educational and scientific organs and the general education system in the
state shall be subject of discussion later on.
5. The Muslims shall have their own administrative system in compliance with the objectives
of the autonomy and its institutions. The relationship between this administrative system
and the Central administrative system to be discussed later.
6. The authorities of the autonomy in the South of the Philippines shall have their own
economic and financial system. The relationship between this system and the Central
economic and financial system of the State shall be discussed later.
7. The authorities of the autonomy in the South of the Philippines shall enjoy the right of
representation and participation in the Central Government and in all other organs of the
State. The number of representatives and ways of participation shall be fixed later.
8. Special Regional Security Forces are to be set up in the area of the Autonomy for the
Muslims in the South of the Philippines. The relationship between these forces and the
Central security forces shall be fixed later.
9. A Legislative Assembly and an Executive Council shall be formed in the areas of the
Autonomy for the Muslims. The setting up of the Legislative Assembly shall be
constituted through a direct election, and the formation of the Executive Council shall
take place through appointments by the Legislative Assembly. A decree for their
formation shall be enacted by the President of the Republic respectively. The number of
members of each assembly shall be determined later on.
10. Mines and mineral resources fall within the competence of the Central Government, and a
reasonable percentage deriving from the revenues of the mines and minerals be fixed for
the benefit of the areas of the autonomy.

26. 11. A Mixed Committee shall be composed of representatives of the Central Government of
the Republic of the Philippines and the representatives of the Moro National Liberation
Front. The Mixed Committee shall meet in Tripoli during the period from the Fifth of
February to a date not later than the Third of March 1977. The task of said Committee
shall be charged to study in detail the points left for discussion in order to reach a solution
thereof in conformity with the provisions of this agreement.
12. Cease-fire shall be declared immediately after the signature of this agreement, provided
that its coming into effect should not exceed the 20th January 1977. A Joint Committee
shall be composed of the two parties with the help of the Organization of the Islamic
Conference represented by the Quadripartite Ministerial Commission to supervise the
implementation of the cease-fire.
The said Joint Committee shall also be charged with supervising the following:
a. A complete amnesty in the areas of the autonomy and the renunciation of all legal
claims and codes resulting from events which took place in the South of the
Philippines.
b. The release of all the political prisoners who had relations with the events in the South
of the Philippines.
c. The return of all refugees who have abandoned their areas in the South of the
Philippines.
d. To guarantee the freedom of movements and meetings.
13. A joint meeting be held in Jeddah during the first week of the month of March 1977 to
initial what has been concluded by the Committee referred to in Para. 11.
14. The final agreement concerning the setting up of the autonomy referred to in the first and
second paragraphs shall be signed in the City of Manila, Republic of the Philippines,
between the Government of the Philippines and Moro National Liberation Front, and the
Islamic Conference represented by the Quadripartite Ministerial Commission and the
Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Conference.
15. Immediately after the signature of the Agreement in Manila, a Provisional Government
shall be established in the areas of the autonomy to be appointed by the President of the
Philippines; and be charged with the task of preparing for the elections of the Legislative
Assembly in the territories of the Autonomy; and administer the areas in accordance with
the provisions of this agreement until a Government is formed by the elected Legislative
Assembly.
16. The Government of the Philippines shall take all necessary constitutional processes for the
implementation of the entire Agreement.
Pinagkunan: 1976 Tripoli Agreement, November 17, 2012,
http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Modules/Modules/MuslimMindanao/tripoli_agreement.htm

27. Isaisip ang mga pamatayan na nakalahad sa rubrics habang tinutukoy at pinapaliwanag ang
kahinaan at kalakasan ng bawat kasunduan ng 1976 Tripoli Agreement ng Republika ng Pilipinas
at Moro National Liberation Front.
Pamantayan
Napakahusay
4
Nilalaman ng
Ang lahat ng
Kalakasan at
kahinaan
at
Kahinaan ng
kalakasan
ng
Kasunduan
kasunduan ay
(30%)
may malinaw
ang paglalahad,
ang
mga
detalye ay may
ugnayan
sa
isa’t-isa
at
maayos
ang
pagkakasunodsunod
ng
impormasyon
Mapanghikayat na Lahat
ng
paglalahad
nailahad
na
kalakasan at
kalakasan
at
kahinaan ng
kahinaan
ng
Kasunduan
kasunduan ay
(30%)
may katibayan
PaglalahadKalakasan May kahandaan
at Kahinaan ng
ang naglalahad
Kasunduan
ng
mga
(20%)
kalakasan
at
kahinaan
ng
kasunduan.
Organisado ang
paglalahad at
medaling
maunawaan
ang
mga
salitang
ginamit.
Pagkakaisa ng Bawat Nakikiisa
Miyembro ng
bawat
Pangkat
miyembro
Mahusay
3
May malinaw na
paglalahad ng
kalakasan at
kahinaan ng
kasunduan, ang
mga detalye ay
may malinaw na
ugnayan subalit
ang mga
impormasyon ay
hindi maayos
ang
pagkakasunodsunod
May
isa
o
dalawa sa mga
ito ay walang
katibayan
Maayos
ang
paglalahad
ngunit
at
pinagplanuhang
mabuti
ang
paglalahad ng
kalakasan
at
kahinaan subalit
may
isa
o
dalawang
detalyeng
nakalimutan.
Nalilinang
2
Mag-aayos ang
pagkakalahad
ng kalakasan at
kahinaan
ng
mga kasunduan
subalit
ang
detalye
sa
paglalahad ay
walang ugnayan
at hindi maayos
ang
pagkakasunodsunod.
Nagsisimula
1
Magulo
ang
paglalahad
o
walang
kaugnayan ang
nilalaman hindi
nakaaayos ang
pagkakasunodsunod ang mga
impormasyon
Tatllo o apat sa
mga kalakasan
at
kahinaang
inilahad
ay
walang
katibayan
Maayos
ang
paglalahad
ngunit
at
pinagplanuhang
mabuti
ang
paglalahad ng
kalakasan
at
kahinaan subalit
may tatlo o apat
na
detalyeng
nakalimutan.
Lahat ng mga
kalakasan
at
kahinaang
naisulat
ay
walang
katibayan
Ang pangkat ay
hindi handa sa
paglalahad ng
kalakasan
at
kahinaan
ng
kasunduan
ang Nakiiisa
ang May dalawa o Ang
pinuno
buong pangkat tatlong
lang ng pangkat
ng ngunit
may miyembro ang ang
halos

28. (20%)
pangkat,
maayos
at
nakapagbibigay
ng
kaalaman
tungkol
sa
paksa
kaunting
hindi nakikiisa bumuo
kaguluhan
sa gawain
konsepto
habang
kaisipan
isinasagawa ang
gawain
ng
at
Gamitin ang format ng talahanayan sa pagsusuri ng kalakasan at kahinaan.
Nakalahad na Kasunduan
sa 1976 Tripoli Agreement
Kalakasan
Kahinaan
Transisyon sa Susunod na Modyul
Ang karahasan, diskriminasyon, hindi angkop na uri ng edukasyon at kahirapan na
dinanas ng mga pangkat-etniko sa Cordillera at Mindanao ay ilan sa mga hamon sa pamamahala
ng isang matatag na republika. Dahil sa mga karanasang ito, ang mga taga-Cordillera at Muslim
ay nagbuo ng mga samahang magsusulong ng kanilang karapatang pantao at awtonomiya. Ang
mga pangyayaring ito ay ilan lamang sa ginamit na dahilan ng dating Pangulong Ferdinand
Marcos upang ideklara ang Batas Militar noong 1972.

29. Upang magkaroon ng sapat na kaalaman ukol sa Batas Militar, ito ay tatalakayin sa
susunod na modyul ang iba pang salik sa pagdedeklara nito, mga paglabag sa karapatang
pantao sa panahong ito at mga pamamaraan sa pagtutol dito.