Dāwūd receptacle ʿAlī receptacle Khalaf al-Ẓāhirī was a 9th century Persian Muslim scholar who spent significant time studying Islamic law (sharia) and fields like hermeneutics and historiography of early Islam. He is widely seen as the founder of the Ẓāhirī school of thought, the fifth school of Sunni Islam, which is defined by its strict adherence to the outward meaning of Quranic verses and hadiths, the consensus of Muhammad's companions, and rejection of analogy and custom in deriving rulings. He was a renowned but also controversial figure during his time.

1. Dāwūd receptacle ʿAlī receptacle Khalaf al-Ẓāhirī (Arabic: ‫داود‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ي‬
‫ل‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ب‬ ‫لف‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ري‬ ‫ظاه‬ ‫)ال‬ (c. 815-883/4
CE, 199-269/270 AH)[6] was a Persian[1] Muslim researcher, legal scholar, and scholar during the Islamic
Brilliant Age, spent significant time in the investigation of Islamic regulation (sharīʿa) and the fields of
hermeneutics, true to life assessment, and historiography of early Islam. He is broadly viewed as the
pioneer behind the Ẓāhirī way of thinking (madhhab),[5][7][8][9] the fifth way of thinking in Sunnī Islam,
described by its severe adherence to peculiarity and dependence on the outward (ẓāhir) importance of
articulations in the Quran and ḥadīth literature;[7] the agreement (ijmāʿ) of the original of Muhammad's
dearest friends (ṣaḥāba), for wellsprings of Islamic regulation (sharīʿa);[1] and dismissal of analogical
allowance (qiyās) and cultural custom or information (urf), utilized by different schools of Islamic
statute. He was a celebrated, if not questionable, figure during his time,[10] being alluded to in Islamic
historiographical texts as "the researcher of the era."[11]