3D printing technologies are developing rapidly and raising copyright issues. The document discusses the history of 3D printing and additive manufacturing. It examines how 3D printing may challenge existing copyright frameworks as digital files can be easily copied and shared. Open licensing models are discussed as an alternative to address these challenges, with examples like RepRap that use open licenses. Stakeholders may respond through licensing agreements, digital rights management, or legal changes to copyright laws and limitations.

1. 3D printing
Consumers, copyright,
and challenges?
Centre for Information and Innovation Law (CIIR)9.5.2017
sebastian.felix.schwemer@jur.ku.dk @schwemer

3. direct digital fabrication
rapid prototyping
3D printing

4. Industry standard term used by the American Society for Testing and Materials
“additive manufacturing”: the process of joining materials to
make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as
opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies

5. Patents CopyrightDesign Trademarks
. . .

6. A short history
Learnings from the past
Copyright issues
20-25 min
Co-creation

9. Editorial in The Economist, February 2012
“Just as nobody could have predicted the impact of the steam
engine in 1750 — or the printing press in 1450, or the transistor in
1950 — it is impossible to foresee the long-term impact of 3D
printing. But the technology is coming, and it is likely to disrupt
every field it touches”

10. Hypecycle
Expectations
Innovation
trigger
Peak of inflated
expectations
Disilllusionment Enlightenment Productivity

11. * By no means exhaustive
Patent granted to Wyn
Kelly Swainson
3d printing started to
get established
Late 1970s
1977
3D printing term
coined at MIT
1995
FDM (Fusion
Deposition Modelling)
patent expired
2009
Carl R. Deckards
Laser-sintering patent
expired
2014
„Method, medium and
apparatus for
producing three-
dimensional figure
product"
Organovo – MMX first
bioprinter
RepRap project
(Adrian Bowyer)
2006
…
ThePirateBay
Physibles
2012
The Economist: “The
third industrial
revolution”
3D printers becoming significantly cheaper

13. 20th century
1450 1694 1710
1960’s 1970’s 1980’s 1999 2003
21st

14. 1886
1450 1694 1710
1961
1994
1996
Berner
Konvention
Rome
Convention
TRIPS
WIPO Internet
Treaties
* And many more
1820’s
Bilaterale
aftaler
2001
InfoSoc

15. ProtectionofDatabases(96/9/EC)
SatelliteandCableRetransm.(93/83/EC)
RentalandLendingRights(2006/115/EC)
ProtectionofComputerPrograms(2009/24/EC)
Resaleright(2001/84/EC)
Term of Protection (2011/77/EU)
InfoSoc (2001/29)
Orphan Works (2012/28/EU)
Civil enforcement (2004/48/EC)
CollectiveRightsMgmt(2014/26/EU)
Proposal: Copyright in the Digital Single Market
Proposal: Geoblocking Regulation
Portability Regulation

16. (drawing, model, mould... files & models)

17. Originality
The creation is the author‘s own original creation.
The creation reflects his/her personality.
The author, in conjunction with the creation of his/her work,
has been able to express his/her creative ability by
making free and creative choices and thus stamping
his/her ‘personal touch’ on the work.

18. Copyright protected works: CAD files –
scans vs. (new) files using software?
Copies, derivate works...

19. Legality of CAD files...

20. Limitations and exceptions
Private copying
New interpretations?

21. Design Copyright

22. History repeats itself?

24. Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
Lawsuits (Napster,
Grokster MGM etc.)
DRM, DMCA,
InfoSoc etc.
Piracy, revenue
decrease
New business
models (artists,
streaming)

25. Another spin: OS

26. Rank License %
1 GNU General Public
License (v. 2+3)
44,3
2 Apache License 2.0 12,8
3 MIT License 11,3
4 BSD License 6,8
5 Artistic License (Perl) 6,3
Open Source licenes (2013)

27. (Open hardware licenses… TAPR OHL, CERN OHL, Hardware Design Public License,
BALLOON License and Chumby HDK)
Company License
RepRap GNU GPL v 2 or any newer version
Ultimaker CC BY NC 3.0
MakerBot Industries Some printers CC BY NC 3.0, and some
GNU GPL v 3
PrintrBot CC BY SA 3.0
Fab@Home BSD

29. RepRap project
Replicating Rapid-prototyper: self-replicating machine;
all designs free under the GNU General Public Licence
MUCH CHEAPER (1% of printing costs of commercial but lower quality)
Reactions:
conventional 3D manufactureres ignored, Startups built on it (MakerBot)
Inspired Fab@Home open source project

30. Co-Creation

33. • Licensing models (Hasbro Mylittlepony
+ shapeways, Materialise + adidas)
• Exclusivity: broader ta in design law
(non-commercial + private use)

36. • Scalable license agreements?
• CAD files, content ID and DRMs?

37. Technological and legal responses
Levy on hardware or software
Return of TPMs
Revisit framework and harmonization

38. Centre for Information and Innovation Law (CIIR)
sebastian.felix.schwemer@jur.ku.dk
Thank you
@schwemer

39. Credits
Creative commons attribution
3d-Printer by Michael Sjørup Christiansen (Noun Project)
push pull by Robert S. Donovan (Flickr)
Pirate by Simon Child (Noun Porject)
Casette by mathies janssen (Noun Project)
VHS Tape by Loïc Poivet (Noun Project)
CD by Edward Boatman (Noun Project)
Printing Press by Mike Wirth (Noun Project)
Biopic by Yi Chen (Noun Project)
Scream by Vallone Design (Noun Project)
RepRap v2 'Mendel‘ (Wikimedia)