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Security lighting uses infrared scanning to detect movement and activate lights, while emergency evacuation lighting provides illumination in case of emergency exits. There are different types of emergency lighting systems that can provide illumination for evacuating a building when there is no main power.
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This document discusses several negative workplace behaviors such as yelling, abuse, offensive language, impossible deadlines, exclusion from training, and office pranks. It seems to be listing different types of problematic interactions or situations that can occur in some workplaces. In a concise manner, the document outlines some challenges that can arise for employees.
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Metal halide lamps, high pressure sodium lamps, low pressure sodium lamps, and LEDs are the main types of lighting used today. Metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps are high-intensity discharge lamps commonly used in industrial and outdoor lighting. LEDs are solid-state lamps that have become a popular replacement for other types of lamps due to their energy efficiency and long lifetime.
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This document outlines a 5-step process for risk management: 1) identify hazards, 2) assess risks, 3) decide on control options following a hierarchy of controls from elimination to PPE, 4) implement controls, and 5) monitor and review the risk management process. Controls include eliminating hazards, substituting hazards, isolating hazards, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE.
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This document discusses measuring the resistance of telecommunications earthing systems and cable screens. It provides instructions for measuring the resistance of telecommunication reference conductors and cable screen earths using a fall-of-potential method and kelvin connections. The document also contains a formula for calculating resistance values from measurements.
44.1.1 Lowvoltage
This document discusses different voltage levels, including extra-low voltage, 230 V, and 400 V. Extra-low voltage is the lowest level discussed. Both 230 V and 400 V are higher voltage levels also mentioned in the document.
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Security lighting uses infrared scanning to detect movement and activate lights, while emergency evacuation lighting provides illumination in case of emergency exits. There are different types of emergency lighting systems that can provide illumination for evacuating a building when there is no main power.
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This document discusses several negative workplace behaviors such as yelling, abuse, offensive language, impossible deadlines, exclusion from training, and office pranks. It seems to be listing different types of problematic interactions or situations that can occur in some workplaces. In a concise manner, the document outlines some challenges that can arise for employees.
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Metal halide lamps, high pressure sodium lamps, low pressure sodium lamps, and LEDs are the main types of lighting used today. Metal halide and high pressure sodium lamps are high-intensity discharge lamps commonly used in industrial and outdoor lighting. LEDs are solid-state lamps that have become a popular replacement for other types of lamps due to their energy efficiency and long lifetime.
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This document outlines a 5-step process for risk management: 1) identify hazards, 2) assess risks, 3) decide on control options following a hierarchy of controls from elimination to PPE, 4) implement controls, and 5) monitor and review the risk management process. Controls include eliminating hazards, substituting hazards, isolating hazards, engineering controls, administrative controls, and PPE.
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This document discusses measuring the resistance of telecommunications earthing systems and cable screens. It provides instructions for measuring the resistance of telecommunication reference conductors and cable screen earths using a fall-of-potential method and kelvin connections. The document also contains a formula for calculating resistance values from measurements.
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This document discusses different voltage levels, including extra-low voltage, 230 V, and 400 V. Extra-low voltage is the lowest level discussed. Both 230 V and 400 V are higher voltage levels also mentioned in the document.
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This document discusses electronic power and control components including triacs, diacs, and IC regulators. A triac is a bidirectional thyristor that can conduct current in either direction when triggered. A diac is a bidirectional trigger device used to trigger triacs and other thyristors. IC regulators are integrated circuits that regulate the voltage of a circuit by comparing it to a reference voltage and adjusting an output accordingly.
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This document discusses various types of sensors and transducers including photoelectric sensors, optical tachometers for velocity measurement, piezoelectric transducer elements, vortex shedding flow meters, and mechanical transducers such as springs.
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This document discusses different types of transformers used in single and three phase systems, including dry type transformers and Abb resibloc transformers. It also covers different cooling methods for transformers like transformer oil cooling, and discusses the properties, testing, and replacement of transformer oil. Synthetic liquid cooling is also mentioned.
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This document discusses transducers and pressure measurement in electronic power and control systems. Transducers take a signal from a primary sensor element and condition it to drive a secondary load element. Pressure measurement uses transducers to take a pressure reading from a primary sensor and convert it into an electrical signal that can be read or used by other equipment.
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This document compares compact ELV (Extra Low Voltage) tungsten halogen lamps to gas discharge lamps. Compact ELV tungsten halogen lamps have advantages such as a smaller and more robust filament allowing better beam control, higher efficacy and lower running costs, better lumen maintenance, longer lamp life up to 3500 hours, and less heat generation. However, they require heavier wiring to carry the higher current of the low voltage and adequate ventilation for the transformer with a higher initial cost.
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This document discusses calculating voltage regulation from short circuit tests, determining prospective fault current for single and three phase transformers, and all day efficiency of transformers. It provides information on testing and evaluating the performance of single and three phase transformer systems.
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The document discusses minimum clearance. It refers to the minimum amount of space that must be left around and between objects. Minimum clearance is important to consider for safety and functionality, such as ensuring there is enough room for people and equipment to maneuver.
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This document discusses testing of telecommunications cables. It mentions using a multimeter or purpose-built tester to test cables. It also references using a single pair identification set or portable test telephone for testing individual cable pairs.
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This document discusses different types of sensors used for electronic power and control including capacitance probe level sensors, capacitive proximity sensors, inductive proximity sensors that use mutual inductance, and linear variable differential transformers.
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This document provides guidance for record keeping and testing for telecommunications cable installations. It outlines the need to maintain accurate distributor records to document the layout of generic cabling systems. The document refers to several Australian standards for cabling records for generic cabling systems.
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Proper maintenance and inspection is required to ensure emergency lighting systems function properly in the event of a power outage. Fire alarm systems must meet certain principles, terms and requirements to effectively detect fires and notify occupants. Radioactive smoke alarms that are no longer functional must be disposed of following applicable regulations due to their hazardous materials.
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This document discusses applying short circuits and earths to de-energized power lines. It contains information about single and three phase transformers and extracts from electrical safety regulations regarding working on de-energized lines.
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This document discusses safety procedures for working with high-voltage transformers, including following proper switching procedures, using switching sheets and access permits, taking safety precautions like isolation and warning notices, and testing high voltage lines to prove they are de-energized before working on them.
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This document discusses harmonics in electrical systems. It explains that harmonics are distortions in the normal sinusoidal waveform that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, and can be odd or even harmonics. It focuses on third harmonics which are three times the fundamental frequency, and how magnetic saturation and hysteresis can affect the current waveform by introducing distortions from harmonic components.
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The document discusses phase relations in transformers, including the general format of the sine wave and how the trigonometric functions of cosine and sine are related based on phase shifts of 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees. Several examples are provided to illustrate phase relations between cosine and sine.
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This document discusses paralleling single and three-phase transformers to increase capacity and reliability. It covers connecting transformers in parallel in both star and delta configurations and how load is divided between the transformers when they are run in parallel. Parallel operation allows for increased capacity when demand is high and continuity of supply if one transformer fails or is taken offline.
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This document discusses various types of single and three phase transformers, including star delta and delta-delta connections, name plate designations for phase shift transformers, open delta transformers, providing three-phase supply from three-phase transformers, and performing polarity tests on three-phase transformers using lamps or a voltmeter.
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This document discusses electronic power and control components including triacs, diacs, and IC regulators. A triac is a bidirectional thyristor that can conduct current in either direction when triggered. A diac is a bidirectional trigger device used to trigger triacs and other thyristors. IC regulators are integrated circuits that regulate the voltage of a circuit by comparing it to a reference voltage and adjusting an output accordingly.
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This document discusses various types of sensors and transducers including photoelectric sensors, optical tachometers for velocity measurement, piezoelectric transducer elements, vortex shedding flow meters, and mechanical transducers such as springs.
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This document discusses different types of transformers used in single and three phase systems, including dry type transformers and Abb resibloc transformers. It also covers different cooling methods for transformers like transformer oil cooling, and discusses the properties, testing, and replacement of transformer oil. Synthetic liquid cooling is also mentioned.
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This document compares compact ELV (Extra Low Voltage) tungsten halogen lamps to gas discharge lamps. Compact ELV tungsten halogen lamps have advantages such as a smaller and more robust filament allowing better beam control, higher efficacy and lower running costs, better lumen maintenance, longer lamp life up to 3500 hours, and less heat generation. However, they require heavier wiring to carry the higher current of the low voltage and adequate ventilation for the transformer with a higher initial cost.
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This document discusses calculating voltage regulation from short circuit tests, determining prospective fault current for single and three phase transformers, and all day efficiency of transformers. It provides information on testing and evaluating the performance of single and three phase transformer systems.
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The document discusses minimum clearance. It refers to the minimum amount of space that must be left around and between objects. Minimum clearance is important to consider for safety and functionality, such as ensuring there is enough room for people and equipment to maneuver.
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This document discusses testing of telecommunications cables. It mentions using a multimeter or purpose-built tester to test cables. It also references using a single pair identification set or portable test telephone for testing individual cable pairs.
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This document discusses different types of sensors used for electronic power and control including capacitance probe level sensors, capacitive proximity sensors, inductive proximity sensors that use mutual inductance, and linear variable differential transformers.
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This document provides guidance for record keeping and testing for telecommunications cable installations. It outlines the need to maintain accurate distributor records to document the layout of generic cabling systems. The document refers to several Australian standards for cabling records for generic cabling systems.
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Proper maintenance and inspection is required to ensure emergency lighting systems function properly in the event of a power outage. Fire alarm systems must meet certain principles, terms and requirements to effectively detect fires and notify occupants. Radioactive smoke alarms that are no longer functional must be disposed of following applicable regulations due to their hazardous materials.
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9-2
This document discusses applying short circuits and earths to de-energized power lines. It contains information about single and three phase transformers and extracts from electrical safety regulations regarding working on de-energized lines.
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This document discusses safety procedures for working with high-voltage transformers, including following proper switching procedures, using switching sheets and access permits, taking safety precautions like isolation and warning notices, and testing high voltage lines to prove they are de-energized before working on them.
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This document discusses harmonics in electrical systems. It explains that harmonics are distortions in the normal sinusoidal waveform that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, and can be odd or even harmonics. It focuses on third harmonics which are three times the fundamental frequency, and how magnetic saturation and hysteresis can affect the current waveform by introducing distortions from harmonic components.
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The document discusses phase relations in transformers, including the general format of the sine wave and how the trigonometric functions of cosine and sine are related based on phase shifts of 90 degrees, 180 degrees, and 270 degrees. Several examples are provided to illustrate phase relations between cosine and sine.
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This document discusses paralleling single and three-phase transformers to increase capacity and reliability. It covers connecting transformers in parallel in both star and delta configurations and how load is divided between the transformers when they are run in parallel. Parallel operation allows for increased capacity when demand is high and continuity of supply if one transformer fails or is taken offline.
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This document discusses various types of single and three phase transformers, including star delta and delta-delta connections, name plate designations for phase shift transformers, open delta transformers, providing three-phase supply from three-phase transformers, and performing polarity tests on three-phase transformers using lamps or a voltmeter.
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This document discusses different connection methods for single-phase and three-phase transformers, including connecting single-phase transformers, phase shifts in three-phase connections, and the star-star, delta-star, and delta connections used for three-phase transformers.
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This document discusses safe working procedures for single and three phase transformers, potential transformers, and current transformers used for Energex metering. It provides guidance on safely working with different types of transformers.
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This document discusses different types of transformers used in electrical systems, including single and three phase transformers, potential transformers (PT or VT) that step down high voltages for measurement, current transformers that reduce high currents for measurement, and how potential (PT) and current (VT) transformers connect to instruments.
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The document outlines temperature settings and signals for cooling devices like oil pumps and fans on single and three phase transformers. It provides temperature thresholds for when cooling devices turn on and off, when alarm and trip signals activate based on oil and winding temperature, and discusses different types of transformer tappings including off-circuit and on-load tap changing.
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This document discusses transformer auxiliary equipment, including the conservator, breather, explosion vent, pressure relief device, Buchholtz relay, and temperature indicators. These components help monitor and regulate things like pressure, temperature, gas accumulation, and moisture levels within the transformer to protect it from damage.
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This document discusses insulation classes and temperature rise in transformers. It provides a table showing insulation classes A, B, F and H and their corresponding ambient temperature, rise by resistance, hot spot allowance, and maximum hottest spot temperature. The document also mentions reading a chapter on insulation classes and temperature rise in Jenneson's book, and covers transformer heat dissipation and methods of natural and forced cooling.
2-2
This document discusses single and three phase transformers and how to determine their equivalent circuit values. It covers the demagnetizing effect, voltage drops due to load current, and describes tests like the d.c. resistance test, open circuit test, and short circuit test which are used to find the equivalent circuit values for transformers. An example is also provided.
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This document discusses the equivalent circuit of single and three phase transformers, including transformer losses from magnetic flux and core losses. It also covers the effect that different loads have on the secondary winding of a transformer.
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This document provides an overview of key topics related to single and three phase transformers, including their construction and operation, the EMF equation, voltage and turns ratios, power equations, and significance of nameplate data items. Learners are directed to read specific chapters in a Jenneson textbook to learn more about transformers, transformer equations, and how to interpret nameplate information.
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This document provides instructions for calculating the lighting requirements for flood lighting an area. It explains that the total lumens required can be calculated by multiplying the area in square meters by the desired lux level. It then states that the number of lamps needed is equal to the total lumens divided by the lumen output of the selected lamp type.
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This document discusses neon lighting and provides information on electromagnetic compatibility, Queensland energy efficient lighting requirements, and the installation and maintenance of neon lights. It covers regulations for neon signs as well as guidelines for setting up and servicing neon lighting systems in order to ensure compliance with standards.
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Compact fluorescent lamps and high frequency fluorescent lamps are types of fluorescent lamps that use cold cathode technology. Fluorescent lamps come in different varieties including compact fluorescent lamps that are smaller than traditional fluorescent tubes and high frequency fluorescent lamps that use a higher frequency ballast to start the lamp.
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Incandescent lamps have very low energy efficiency, converting only 10-20% of energy input into light with the rest lost as heat. However, they have low initial cost, are simple to replace, provide excellent color rendition, and allow for instant start and dimming. Tungsten halogen lamps have slightly higher energy efficiency than incandescent at around 22 lumens per watt but must be handled carefully to avoid oils damaging the bulb and shortening its life, which averages only around 2000 hours. They provide high lumen maintenance, excellent color rendition, and are available in different wattages for uses like flood lighting.
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