31295010052578.pdf

A M E R I C A N COTTOIM GROXA/ERS
INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE
PLANT
COLORADO CITY, T E X A S

AMERICAN COTTON GROWERS INDUSTRIAL TEXTILE PLANT
Presented to
Asst. Prof. Nelson
DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements of the
Bachelor of Architecture Degree
by
John H. Boyd
December 9, 198 2

^ f[/ ^' u-
CONTENTS
Illustrations iv
Tables V
Preface vi
Introduction vii
Chapter One Project Statement 10
Chapter Two Background 12
Chapter Three Goals and Objectives 52
Chapter Four Activity Analysis 55
Chapter Five Site ^Analysis 71
Chapter Six Case Studies 84
Chapter Seven Space Summary 108
Chapter Eight Systems Performance Criteria 118
Chapter Nine Cost Analysis 12?
Chapter Ten Detailed Space List 133
Notes l86
Bibliography 201

ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig. 1: Cotton Production in Texas
Fig. 2: Topographic Map
Fig. 3: Drainage, Mitchell County
Fig. 4: Soils Map, Mitchell County
Fig. 5: Natural Resources, Mitchell County
Fig. 6: Street Usage, Colorado City
Fig. 7: Major Roads, Mitchell County
Fig. 8: Vicinity Map
Fig. 9: Site Survey Map
Fig. 10: Site Analysis Map
Fig. 11: Conceptual Layout Map
Fig. 12: Activity Analysis of Southwest Textiles
Fig. 13: Schematic Floor Plan, Southwest Textiles
Fig. 14: Schematic Floor Plan, Postex Plant
Fig. 15: Scenes of Postex Activities
Fig. 16: Schematic Floor Plan, Littlefield

Table 1: Activity Characteristics, Greige Mill Division
Table 2: Activity Characteristics, Administration Division
Table 3: Activity Relationship Matrix

vii Preface
Anyone who takes Arch 4310 Architectural Programming
quickly realizes that the task he has undertaken involves more
than simple inner motivation. To finish the task others must
provide the necessary time, support, encouragement and guidance
The initial preparation of my thesis topic would have been
impossible without the time and guidance provided by Professor
Garvin and Dr. Robert Steadman of the Textile Research Center.
The support given by my family and the citizens of Colorado
City provided much needed confidence and faith in the project.
But none of this would have led to this document without the
encouragement and guidance so freely given by Emerson Tucker
of Plains Cotton Cooperative.

ix Introduction
The original thesis proposal submitted in the Spring of
1982 determined the areas of focus of this architectural
program would be a cotton textile mill and research facility.
However in preparation of this document the project scope was
narrowed to include only a cotton textile mill or plant. From
discussions with my advisor, Mr. Tucker, an industrial cotton
textile mill was specified because American Cotton Growers had
shown interest in developing such a facility in West Texas.
These factors reinforce the selection of Colorado City, Texas
as the site. The region, county and city are analyzed on this
basis. The immediate location of the plant is intensely
analyzed to determine its suitability. Other facilities of
similar scope are presented as Case Studies in an attempt to
determine the critical issues that should be examined in this
program. Subsequently, the plant's activities, systems, costs
and spaces are analyzed and computed.
It is hoped that this architectural program for American
Cotton Growers Industrial Textile Plant records all the per-
tinent information and provides useful analyses to the de-
signer of this project.

11 Project Statement
The following statements are meant to collectively des-
cribe the essence of an industrial cotton textile mill. They
include ststements derived from the client's needs and archi-
tectural challenges inherent in the facility.
An industrial cotton textile mill produces an industrial
fabric or toweling for use by industries.
It is industrial by nature stressing function over
aesthetics.
The environment of the workplace reflects on the quality
and quantity of production.
All capital outlays are governed by their financial
feasibility.
The image of the company and the presentation of this
image to the community presents a challenge of economics.
The quality of production is based directly on the flow
and circulation (function) of the plant.
The building systems especially the mechanical system
requires special attention.
The production level is influenced by the quality of the
transportation system.

13 Background
Contents
Project Origin 14
Introduction 15
Justification 15
Critical Issues 18
Client 20
User Group 20
User Needs 21
Financing 22
Physiography 23
History 31
Government 33
Population 3 4
Economy 3 6
Housing 37
Transportation 38
Facilities 42
Utilities 45
Recreation and Open Space 47
City Image 49
Conclusion 50

14 Background
Project Origin
I selected this project because of my intense desire that
through the knowledge I have gained in my past experiences and
architectural education, I might be able to serve my hometown,
Colorado City, Texas. The project evolved from a discussion
between my Father and myself. The conversation centered
around what project would be apparently feasible for the town,
its location, economy, history and people. Given these factors,
I selected a cotton textile mill. Unfortunately, thinking
that a mill was not complex enough, I added a research facility
that I could not logically justify. I have therefore deleted
it.
It is my intent that this project will serve as a culmi-
nation of my architectural education as an undergraduate. The
project requires me to examine complex design issues, city
planning, financing, psychology and sociology. While the
project is important in terms of my degree requirements, I am
also viewing this cotton textile mill as an industrial facil-
ity that will be built and I am therefore trying to examine
all the appropriate considerations.

15 Background
Introduction
The Background involves the research and investigation of
project oriented issues, the client and user, and local and
environmental resources.
Definition and Purpose
Through the analysis of the Case Studies and additional
research, I have discovered that much of the feasibility of a
cotton textile mill is dependent upon its end product. The
proposed mill will produce industrial toweling, a loose-woven
fabric. The process will begin with raw cotton from a cotton
compress and end with a 24 inch wide all cotton fabric. Event-
ually, through other plants and processes this industrial
toweling will become the familiar "red rags" used by indus-
tries, garages and mechanics.
Justification
The justification for the mill to be located in Colorado
City is based upon several factors. These were distilled from
the Case Studies which involved similar projects.
First, a primary factor is the suitability of cotton
grown in the region to be used for industrial toweling. Ac-
cording to the U.S. Department of Agriculture the composition
by variety of the 1982 cotton crop in Mitchell County is 39%
Tamcot SP-37, 17% Western 44, 16% Tamcot SP-21, 8% Lankart 57

16- Background
and 16% unspecified. All of these varieties specified have
a short staple length suited for industrial toweling. The
developed market was examined by the Department of Agricul-
tural Economics in 1971 and they reported that of the West
Texas/ Oklahoma cotton crop 33.3% was used for industrial
toweling.
The second factor is the proximity of the proposed mill
to the regions of cotton production. These areas are the
Rolling Plains and the High Plains (Fig. 1). This will greatly
reduce the cost of shipping and facilitate greater production
as it involves area people in the production and refinement of
a locally originated commodity.
Third, the labor market in West Texas has certain advan-
tages over other locations. In 1972 Lockwood Greene esti-
mated a 30C per hour advantage in labor costs of West Texas
7
versus other southeastern states. They also found that all
classes of labor necessary to operate a textile mill were
9
readily available in the region. Present estimates by the
city's Chamber of Commerce listed the unemployed labor force
9
within a 40 minute drive at 1357 persons.
The fourth major factor in the location of the plant at
Colorado City is the spirit of the community and their wil-
lingness to help the project. The Industrial Team, owners of
the site, have provided complete cooperation. In addition,

17 Background
High Plains
Rolling Plains
Site
Legend
0 and op »o 5,000 Boles
5,000 10,000 Boles
^ ^ ^ 1 0 , 0 0 0 - 15,000 Bolei
Over 15,000 Boles
S o u r c * 0 5 B u r t o u o( t h « Cmnxur
Fig. 1: Cotton Production in Texas
Source: Atlas of Texas, 1973, p. 31

18 Background
the City National Bank of Colorado City has expressed their
willingness to provide a financial package. Numerous local
12
citizens have also expressed excitement in the proposed mill.
The justification for the plant to be located in Colorado
City seems to be quite solvent. Conclusions from the four
major factors are supportive and demonstrate the potential for
the cotton textile mill.
Critical Issues
The critical issues in designing or programming a cotton
textile mill are economic feasibility, basis of operation, end
product, flow and circulation, form-architecture, building
systems, and the working conditions.
Economic feasibility can be evaluated on a discounted
cash flow and the intended rate of return on investment basis,
this involves comparing the alternative of investing the re-
quired capital for the project in an interest bearing invest-
14
ment rather than m the project.
The basis of operation is the method by which the work is
organized including personnel. The shift of work or time
periods should be studied in relation to their impact on the
productivity and workers' health. Undocumented evidence from
the American Cotton Growers plant in Littlefield, Texas
suggests that shifts that provide workers a greater number of

19 Background
days off between periods of work are more productive. On
workers' health Rose Marisette reports, "A 1978 NIOSH study
revealed that workers' physical and mental well-being suffered
as the result of shift work and particularly rotating shift
work."-*-^
By determining the end product and its production level
one can set up the requirements for the primary, secondary and
17
support activities and equipment. The end product having
been determined by its feasibility and client's wishes as in-
dustrial toweling will now set up the decision making process.
The quantity of production must be determined by the market
for the product. Presently, Mr. I.E. Black, owner of a fin-
ishing mill for industrial toweling, has been contacted in an
18
effort to set up a market.
The flow and circulation of the product involving the
least amount of labor are the most efficient. To increase
productivity Abby Rosenthal advocates, "...management's com-
mittment to employee relations program. Structure competition,
19
formal recognitition programs for performance..."
The form-architecture component of the mill must be re-
solved. The mill may be seen by the client as a symbol of the
corporation of it may be seen only as a utilitarian structure
20
that provides the best possible image or symbolism.

20 Background
Many of the activities require specific temperatures and
humidity, fire protection, lighting and structural conditions
making stringent demands on the building systems. These will
be discussed more fully in the Systems Performance Criteria.
The working conditions or environment influences product-
ivity costing money and thereby becoming important in terms
the client understands. The workplace will be examined in
User Group.
Client
The client for this industrial textile plant is American
Cotton Growers, Inc. A more conclusive study of their oper-
ations will be presented in the Case Studies which will ex-
amine a similar plant in Littlefield. Mr. Emerson Tucker, a
representative of American Cotton Growers, has served as an
advisor on this project.
User Group
The users of the mill in all likelihood will be local
citizens or commuters around Mitchell County. Therefore they
should represent a sampling of the characteristics of the
population of Colorado City. This information is more fully
documented in Population, Economy and City Images.

:i Background
User Group Needs
The users or workers in a cotton textile mill need a
pleasing working environment and health and safety protection.
A pleasing working environment involves satisfying the
user group needs for personal amenities, comfort both physical
and emotional, and stimulation. Simply providing for personal
amenities is not the total answer instead one must examine the
perception involving the placement, entering, using, and
leaving these activities. The details of these analyses will
be found in the Activity Analysis. Physical comfort is deter-
mined by the condition of the environment and varies from in-
dividual to individual. Emotional comfort of the worker is
not as factual and relates to territoriality and boundaries
within the workplace. Such territoriality involving the per-
sonilization of spaces and equipment was demonstrated at the
21
Littlefield Plant. Stimulation involves providing the
worker with stimuli relating to the senses. To a certain
22
degree this was also accomplished at Littlefield.
The health and safety of the workplace measures the
degree to which a facility has attempted to protect the
worker. Rose Marisette believes, "If any aspect of the
worker's physical environment is distracting--noise, lights,
vibration, movement, temperature, air quality, hazardous

22 Background
conditions—it will also produce stress."^^ The health of a
worker while being strongly related to stress is also directly
affected by occupational health hazards. In 1979 a bill was
passed to provide benefits to those totally disabled by em-
24
ployee-related Brown Lung Disease. In addition OSHA has
established cotton dust standards to protect the textile
worker. In 197 9 the U.S. Department of Labor measured the
levels of cotton dust involved with each primary activity.
They found the highest concentration of dust associated with
2 5
spinning and the lowest applicable level in opening. Safety
in a cotton textile mill depends much upon the environment.
The Center for Disease Control in Atlanta reports that 31% of
the the non-motor vehicular accidents are attributed to the
2 fi
environment. The watchdog for safety in the workplace has
been OSHA and its publication 2206 General Industry Standards.
Recently, new safety standards on fire protection were issued
27
in Subpart 'L'. In analyzing safety in the working environ-
ment ergonomic data which pertains mainly to the interface be-
28
tween people and tool, equipment and transportation is needed.
Financing
In a project of this sort financing is often needed for
land, building and other real estate improvements. In addition
a firm will frequently desire financing for machinery and

23 Background
working capital which is harder to secure.
The sources of funding for the mill may be classified
into several broad categories. They are: commercial banks,
savings and loan organizations, mortagage companies, investor
builders, investment banks, insurance companies and other in-
stitutions, U.S. Government, Texas Industrial Commission and
other individuals. These are the most common sources of se-
29
curing financing for the industrial developer.
Physiography
The physiography of an area describes the physical en-
vironment. It often reveals a unique community characteristic
The physiography of Texas has always had a profound influence
on its development. The state differs greatly from one area
to another but where its contour of gently undulating terrain
borders the flat plain it is referred to as West-Central
Texas. The cotton textile mill as an element in its environ-
ment will be impacted upon but it will also form an interface
with this same environment to one degree or another.
Geographic Setting: Colorado City is located in the up-
per eastern portion of Mitchell County in West-Central Texas.
The city's exact location is 32°23' North Latitude and 100 "52'
West Longitude.
Climate: West-Central Texas has a weather pattern that

24 Background
is a blend of the humid climate of Central Texas and the semi-
arid climate of West Texas. In Colorado City the climate is
moderated by the transitional setting.
Temperature: Summers are long and hot and winters are
relatively mild. In summer the average daily maximum temper-
ature is 97°F. in both July and August. During an average
August the temperature is 90° or higher. Summer nights are
comfortable with temperatures in the upper 60's or the lower
70's. Winter temperatures vary daily, falling rapidly when
cold polar air sweeps down form the north. Their duration
31
however is usually short.
Precipitation: The average annual precipitation is 23.03
inches. Of this 78% occurs during the warmer months of the
year, April through October. October is the wettest month.
The driest is December. During the spring and summer months,
the precipitation is usually associated with scattered thun-
derstorms varying the amount widely from place to place, year
32
to year.
Humidity: The relative humidity varies greatly. Early
morning humidities average 72% at 6:00 a.m. and late afternoon
ratios are 41% at 6:00 p.m. Yearly, the highest humidity
33
occurs in the early morning hours of May and June.
Wind: The prevailing winds are southerly to southwesterly

25 Background
in summer and northerly in winter. Winds are strongest in
late winter and early spring, when centers of low pressure
develop. These storm centers frequently produce severe dust-
storms .
Land Form and Structure
Topography and Drainage: Topographically, Colorado City
is near the southwestern edge of the Osage Plains section of
the Central Texas Lowlands Physiographic Province. Locally,
this area is known as the Low (or Red) Rolling Plains. The
county in most places is nearly level to undulating, but it is
steep with areas of short, rough breaks along the Colorado
River and its major tributaries. The elevation ranges from
35
1,900 to 2,400 feet above sea level (Fig. 2).
The Colorado River which crosses the county in a north-
west to southeast direction draining the entire county. Tri-
butaries in the eastern part of the county are Lone Wolf Creek,
Champion Creek, and Big Silver Creek. In the western part
3 fi
they are Morgan Creek and Beals Creek (Fig. 3).
Soils: The soils in Mitchell County can be classified
into four broad kinds: deep, nearly level to moderately
sloping loamy soils over sandstone; nearly level tOisioping
calcerous clayey and loamy soils over compact red bed clay;
deep, nearly level to undulating, sandy soils; and shallow

26 Background
1000 0
I — I I—-I > — '
1000 2000
— I
3000
I
4000 5000 6000 7000 FEET
Scale North
Fig. 2: Topographic Map, Mitchell County
Source: U.S. Geologic Survey, Topographic map, 7.5 min.

27 Background
0 12
miles North
Fig. 3: Drainage, Mitchell County
Source: Soil Survey, Mitchell County, sh. 1

28 Background
gently sloping to steep loamy soils over claiche. Generally,
the soil is dark loam in the lowlands grading to sandy or red
loam in the uplands (Fig. 4 ) . ^ ^
Parks and Wildlife: Native vegetation includes mesquite
trees, algerita shrubs, and yucca with chinaberry, live oak,
willow, cedar, black walnut, plum, hackberry and pecan found
along the creeks and river. On the red-brown clacerous soil
grows cotton, sorghum, oats, wheat, rye, peanuts, alfalfa,
3 8
hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea.
Wildlife is commonly found on the ranches and in the
cotton fields. Whitetail deer and antelopes are found in the
western and southern parts of the county. Native game birds
include blue quail, bob white quail and mourning dove. Other
indigenous wildlife are fox, coyote, skunk, raccoon and rat-
39
tlesnake.
Natural Resources
In Mitchell County the natural resources are agriculture,
water and minerals (Fig. 5).
Agriculture and ranching: This is the largest industry
in Mitchell County. Cotton the principal crop of the area,
was first grown here around 1900. The amount planted since
then has varied yearly. Recently, 75,400 acres were planted
40
in Mitchell County. An estimated value of $20 million was

29 Background
0 3 12
North
6 miles
'^ypes of Soils
1. Deep, nearly level to moderately sloping loamy soils over
sandstone.
2. Nearly level to sloping claceroue clayey and loamy soils
over compact red bed clay.
3- Sandy soil,
Fig. 4: Soils Map, Mitchell County
Source: Soil Survey: Mitchell County, sh. 1.

30 Background
Fig. 5: Natural Resources, Mitchell County
Source: Atlas of Texas, pp. 15-40.

31 Background
produced through agriculture in 1980. The ranching industry
of which cattle production is a major segment occupies 345,000
acres of rangeland and cultivated pastures. The gross income
from beef cattle production is about $6.5 million on an annual
42
basis. There is also some hog and sheep production within
the county.
Water: Water is an important natural resource in the
semi-arid climate of Mitchell County. Near Colorado City are
two lakes that furnish the water supply for the city. Lake
Colorado City contains 31,480 acre-feet and Lake Champion con-
43
tains 42,500 acre-feet.
Minerals: The primary mineral resources are oil and gas.
In 1979 Mitchell County oil wells produced 5.9 million barrels
of oil and 3.5 mcf of natural gas. This production was valued
at $57.5 million. Out of 202 major oil producing Texas coun-
44
ties, Mitchell ranks 73rd.
Other mineral resources include caliche, sand and gravel,
and salt. All are mined commercially except the salt.
History
The history of a city and its region is significant in
the resulting character of the community. Early settlements
and the emergence of social conventions often have a long-
lasting influence on the area's socio-economic development.

32 Background
Colorado City is located in an area significant in his-
tory. Giles E. Bradford reports, "The first positive and tan-
gible proof of prehistorics man's existence in North America
(earlier than 2,000 years ago) was discovered on Lone Wolf
Creek inside the city limits." The region known as Mitchell
County was once inhabited by the Comanches and Kiowa Indians
who followed the great herds of buffalo migrating from the
north. It is likely the first outsider to see this county
was Spanish. Between 1629 and 1684 four minor Spanish expe-
46
ditions were made into West Texas. When the Spanish lost
control of Texas and the Indians had been subdued by the an-
nihilation of the buffalo and the enforcement of reservation
policies by the army, the region became accessible to the
settlers. The first were traders and cattlemen who esta-
blished a unique community while they faced a disagreeable
climate.
Colorado City had its modern-day beginning about 1881
when following the arrival of the Texas and Pacific Railroad,
47
the town was laid out in blocks. As a railhead Colorado,
Texas (the original name) drew large herds of cattle that were
shipped to eastern markets and the city received freight and
supplies for the ranchers. The town quickly grew to an esti-
mated population of 6,000 by 1884, but devastation occured

33 Background
when a severe drought gripped West Texas. From 1886 to 1894
drought and blizzards brought ruin to merchants and ranchers.
Colorado was saved by the emergence of farming in the late
1890's. The town rapidly grew to a population of 3,000 in
1906 scarcely half of its former size. A second period of
doom occured in 1917 and 1918 when drought struck again. The
town was saved this time by oil discovered in 1920. A third
cycle occured in the 1950's when drought struck again. The
saving force continued to be oil and in addition two major
industries, the electric plant and the oil refinery. During
the late 60's and 70's the city lost the refinery and has
48
since sought another stabilizing force for the bad times.
Government
In Texas the role of local government has been legislated
by the state to maintain the infastructure and cooperate with
other governmental bodies.
county Government of Mitchell County: The county govern-
ment consists of a County Judge, four commissioners, county
treasurer, attorney, justice of the peace and tax assessor-
collector. All are elected officials and serve a two year
49
term.
County Law Enforcement: Assuring the safety of rural
dwellers are the sheriff and his four deputies. Five Texas

34 Background
Department of Public Safety personnel enforce the laws on the
roads and Interstate. The Game Warden patrols the county en-
50
forcing the game laws.
City Government of Colorado City: The city government
consists of a mayor, city council and city manager. The mayor
and the city council are elected officials and serve two year
terms. They receive no salary. The city manager who admin-
isters the city government activities is hired by the city and
51
IS salaried. Mr. Bradford writes:
Colorado City has retained the mayor-council form of
government to the present time. While many sub-
stitutes for this type of government have been pro-
posed, the mayor-council form has retained marked
popularity. The people seem to feel that respons-
ibility is better concentrated in the office of the
mayor with greater certainity than in the case of
any other city executive, and that the mayor more
often represents public opinion.52
City Law Enforcement: Thirteen full time personnel
manage the enforcement of the law within the city.
Population
The population study is an important component to the
Background. It reveals the population, demographics, and the
projections.
Population Growth Trends: Colorado City has experienced
a fluctuating population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau

35 Background
the population is 5,045 living in an area of 3,305 acres in
54
1980. Average population density was only 1.53 persons per
acre.
Industrial growth, a stimulant of population growth is
seen in the area directly west of the city as well as along
the Interstate Highway north of the city and on Highway 208
southeast of the city.
Residential growth has occured in the northern section of
the city. Further growth is dependent upon economic con-
ditions, industrial developments, utilities, and facilities.
For the present directional growth patterns indicate develop-
ments toward the northeast.
Population Composition: According to the 1980 Census,
30% of the population is under 18 while 20% is over 65. About
66% of the population is Anglo, 26% Hispanic and 7% Black.
Population Distribution: The population distribution by
race is Hispanics occupy the west and south portions of the
city. Blacks predominantly live in either the northwest or
southeast parts. Anglos occupy the center, north and north-
east sections of the city. Principal division lines are Pine,
2nd, 17th and Austin Streets.
Population Projection: Freese and Nichols, a Lubbock
based engineering firm has projected that the population of

3 6 Background
Colorado City will grow to 5,800 by 2005.
Economy
The economic study of a city and its region is a vital
component in the Background. The feasibility of the textile
plant is dependent upon the economic basis of Colorado City
being favorable.
The economic study of Colorado City must be examined
within the context of Mitchell County. The county's economy
5 8
is based primarily on agriculture, oil, and ranching. Ac-
cording to the U.S. Census, job opportunities are mostly
limited to wholesale, retail, manufacturing and service in-
59
dustries.
Human Resources
Human resources become one of the most important elements
in any economy. The availability of the labor force, educa-
tional background, skills, and income of that force are guages
of the economic conditions.
Labor Force: The population between the ages of 18 - 65
60
is 2472 which represent 49% of the total population.
Economic Activity
Economic activity is a measure of the level of goods and
services produced as a result of the utilization of human and
natural resources.

3 7 Background
Industrial Employment: Wholesale and retail trades em-
ploy the largest percentages of workers for Mitchell County.
Industrial Developments: At present Mitchell County's
industrial base is not one of the main supports of the economy.
If this base were increased the support services and businesses
would have to expand to meet the need.
Commercial Establishments: Colorado City's economic ac-
tivity centers around its wholesale and retail establishments.
There locations comprise the current CBD and the original
townsite as well as each major highway.
Financial Institutions: Both established financial in-
stitutions show growth in total assets in the past 15 years.
Colorado City has four banking establishments. They are:
The City National Bank, First State Bank, Colorao City Savings
62
and Loans, and Homestate Savings.
Taxes: Property tax is levied by each county in the
state of Texas on land and improvements. A small portion of
this tax finances the county government with the rest going to
the school system. There is no personal state income tax and
no state corporate tax, only a state sales tax of 4<: with the
city adding a 10 rider.
Housing
Housing is one of the basic needs of man. Its importance

3 8 Background
is readily recognized in that few industries wish to locate
where or to hire someone in a community that cannot provide
adequate housing. Colorado City has the necessary space for
future housing but many of its older housing units are in poor
condition especially in the minority areas. According to the
U.S. Census the number of owner-occupied housing units was
1,525 and the number of rented dwelling units was 455 in
64
1980.
Transportation
The transportation network serving Mitchell County and
Colorado City is important in relation to its implications on
the movement of people and goods necessary to operate a textile
plant.
Existing Street Conditions: Many of the existing streets
in Colorado City lack adequate paving and in many instances
lack paving at all. The main north-south streets are Oak,
Hickory, Austin and Watson. The main east-west thoroughfares
are 2nd, 6th, 10th, and 17th Streets. Hickory is a part of
Highway 208 and 2nd Street is a portion of Highway 80
(Fig. 6) .
Major Highways: Interstate Highway 2 0 is the primary
route of Colorado City's transportation system. This major
east-west highway connects with the city at four streets or

39 Background
Streets heavily used
Fig. 6: Street Usage, Colorado City

4 0 Background
highways: east Highway 80, south Highway 208, north Highway
208 and west Highway 80. The interstate links Colorado City
to Abilene in the east and Midland-Odessa in the west. High-
way 208 is the second most important route. This road leads
to Snyder in the north and San Angelo via Robert Lee in the
south. Highway 163 also links the city to San Angelo but it
goes through Sterling City (Fig. 7 ) .
Air Transportation: The Colorado City Airport is located
about 5
*
2 miles north of town on FM 1808 just off Highway 208.
This facility was a former Air Force training field and is
therefore capable of handling large jets up to C-130's.
Railroads: The tracks of the Texas and Pacific Railroad
traverse the county from the east to west. The railroad
passes on the south side of Colorado City along 1st Street.
The railroad delivers freight only, east bound on Monday, Wed-
nesday and Friday and west bound on Tuesday, Thursday and
o ^ ^ 66
Saturday.
Mass Transit: Colorado City's citizens are served by two
bus lines traveling on Interstate Highway 20. Continental
Trailways operates five east bound and four west bound buses
daily. Greyhound Bus Lines operates four east and four west
6 7
bound each daily.
Motor Freight: The Texas and Pacific Truck Lines serves

41 Background
Fig. 7: Major Roads, Mitchell County and Regionally

4 2 Background
the city twice per week. In addition. Merchants Fast Motor
Lines, an interstate motor freight company, is located in
Colorado City. Daily service is also provided by Roadway, Tex
Pack and UPS.^^
Pedestrian Traffic: It is not a major means of transit
but does occur rather heavily within the central business
district. Most of the city has an excellent system of side-
walks .
Facilities
Community facilities are an indicator of a community's
well-being. They are often prime determinants in an industry's
decision to locate.
Courthouse: The present Courthouse contains the admin-
istrative facilities and governmental offices of the county.
It is located at 3rd and Oak Streets. The building was built
69
in 1923 replacing two earlier structures.
City Hall: The City Hall as it exists now contains the
city administration and the fire department. It is located at
3rd and Oak Streets. The present structure was built in
1925.'°
Fire Department: The Fire Department is based on a vol-
unteer system. Three paid employees and thirty volunteer
firemen comprise the personnel in the department. Colorado

4 3 Background
City's mobile fire fighting equipment totals eight units and
71
one emergency rescue truck.
Police Department: The Sheriff's office is located be-
hind the Courthouse on Pine Street. The City's Police De-
partment is located on 3rd Street next to the City Hall.
Schools: Colorado City is part of the Colorado Indepen-
dent School District. The city has four public shcool facil-
ities including: two elementary schools, one middle school,
and one high school. Administrative offices for the District
are located in the old junior high school at 12th and Hickory
72
Streets. The high school was built in 1974.
Higher educational programs including vocational training
are offered at the Wallace Community Education Center. Other
regional higher educational facilities include: Western Texas
College, Snyder; Texas State Technical Institute, Sweetwater;
Angelo State University, San Angelo; Abilene Christian Uni-
versity, McMurry College, Hardin Simmons, Abilene; University
of Texas at Permian Basin, Midland-Odessa; and Texas Tech Uni-
versity, Lubbock.
Library: The Mitchell County Public Library provides
basic services meeting the needs of a small community. The
book collection totals 38,000 books. It operates six days per
week and averages 1225 patrons per month. It is located at

44 Background
4th and Oak Streets.^^
Post Office: The U.S. Post Office in Colorado City de-
livers First Class mail once per day and picks up mail once
per day. It is located at 3rd and Walnut Streets.
Medical Services: The majority of medical services in
Mitchell County are provided by Root Memorial Hospital located
at 17th and Chestnut Streets. The latest addition occured in
1975. Besides the hospital there are two nursing homes Root
Valley Fair Lodge and Kristi Lee Manor. Several medical
doctors have their own private offices and a clinic exists at
5th and Elm Streets. There are two dentist offices and an
ambulance service owned by the City, County and Hospital is
ststioned at the Hospital. A Chiropractic Health Clinic is
found on Highway 208, just beyond the Interstate.
Communications: The most widely read newspaper in
Colorado City is the Colorado City Record. It has been pub-
lished since 1905. The Abilene Reporter-News is also quite
^ 7 4
well read.
Mitchell County's major television station originates in
Abilene and is KTXS - ABC. The area also receives clear
transmission from KTAB - CBS, Abilene and KWAB - NBC, Big
Spring. One local cable television serves the area and fea-
tures two locally originated channels.

45 Background
One locally owned and operated radio station broadcasts
daily. KVMC - AM, 1320 on the dial, operates with 1000 watts
from 6:00 a.m. to 7:45 p.m. The programming features news,
75
variety and country music.
Churches: There are 3 9 churches in Mitchell County rep-
resenting ten different religions and demoninations. At pre-
sent 28 churches exist in Colorado City. They include:
Assembly of God, two; Baptist, eleven; Catholic, one; Church
of Christ, three; Christian, one; Episcopal, one; Methodist,
three; Pentecostal, two; Presbyterian, one; and Non-Denom-
7 fi
inational, three.
Utilities
These are necessary elements in the day to day functions
of an industry and to a city as a whole. The sewage and water
system are very important to each. The topography of Colorado
City results in surface drainage which affects other systems.
Sewer system: The existing sewage system, provided by
Colorado City involves a three-step process: collection,
pumping and treatment. Portions of the original system are
still used and date back to 1912. The pumping station is lo-
cated on the north side of the Colorado River on Hwy. 163.
The treatment plant is located at Central Ave. and Washington
Streets. It uses a trickling filter process. The maximum

46 Background
daily capacity is 4 million gallons. Presently, the maximum
daily use has been 875,000 gallons.'^'^
Water Supply: The water supply for Colorado City is from
Lake Colorado City and Lake Champion. The distribution system
at present can carry 3.3 million gallons. The size of the
mains range from two to sixteen inches in a looped system;
however, their condition is deteriorating and a new sixteen
inch line in needed along Cherry Street according to Freese
7 8
and Nichols. The pressure at the mains range from 40 to 90
. 79
psi.
The water filtration plant is located on FM 1983 and in-
cludes an underground storage tank capable of holding 2 million
gallons. An overhead storage tank is located at the North
8 0
Water Works at 18th Street between Walnut and Chestnut Steets.
Surface Drainage: Colorado City relies upon a small net-
work of storm sewers to handle water run-off in certain sec-
tions of town but for the most part the streets are utilized
to drain the rain into either the River or Lone Wolf Creek.
Primary streets used in this manner are 10th and 3rd Streets.
The natural topography assists the flow-
Sanitary Waste: The Sanitary Landfill which is full is
located northwest of the town. They are searching for a new
site.
Electrical Service: Electricity in Colorado City and

47 Background
Mitchell County is provided by Texas Electric Service Company
and Lone Wolf Rural Electric Cooperative. Texas Electric's
power is produced partially by its oil and gas generator plant
located at Lake Colorado City which is their largest facil-
ity."
Gas Service: Natural gas is provided by the Lone Star
Gas Company. The line servicing the city are six, eitht, and
ten inches in diameter with a pressure of 400 psig. The dis-
tribution pressure is 20 psig. The BTU rating per cubic foot
is 1,040.^^
Telephone Service: The telephone service is provided by
Southwestern Bell Telephone Company a division of the Bell
System.
Recreation and Open Spaces
Recreation facilities are an important factor in the de-
cision of a company to locate within that community because
these facilities and areas provide families and individuals
enjoyment and relaxation.
Parks: The park facilities in Mitchell County are pro-
vided by the state, city and corporate bodies. The activities
include: boating, swimming, water skiing, fishing, camping,
sight seeing, field sports, and just plain relaxation.
Lake Colorado City State Park, Fisher Park, Ruddick Park,

48 Background
Hertenberger Field, Barber Park and the parks associated with
the schools comprise the park system.
Sports
Football: As an organized activity which is played at
the Lone Wolf Stadium at 10th and Pine Streets football is an
important activity. Other sports include: baseball, softball,
tennis, swimming, golf and jogging.
Cultural
Facilities: Colorado City has a wide variety of cultural
activities and events. These include the Museum, Railhead
Arts and Crafts Fair, Colorado City Playhouse, Mitchell County
Fair, July 4th Fly-In, and the A.J.R.A. Rodeo.
Civic Organizations: The number of civic organizations
is numerous and includes: Evening and Noon Day Lions, Jaycees,
Kiawanais, Optimists, Business and Professional Women, Shrine
Club, Masonic Lodge and the Order of the Eastern Star. Youth
organizations are: Boys Club, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts and the
4-H Club. The two local business groups are the Chamber of
Commerce and Colorado City Industrial Team. Other organiza-
tions include: Home Demonstration Club, Garden Club, American
Legion, Veterans of Foreign Wars, Brush and Palette Club,
Dance Club and the A.A.R.P.
It is these recreational areas and open spaces that give

49 Background
Colorado City its unique character. The facilities become the
backdrop and stage for the drama of man's existence with
nature.
City Images
Several factors comprise the city images. These factors
form the physical environment and interact with the social ac-
tivities of the community. Important in the overall image is
the spirit and values of the citizens.
Industries often locate in regions and cities that have
images they associate with their product or company. Often
these images become the corporate image and are used to promote
their product.
The overall image of Colorado City and this region stems
partly from its earliest beginnings when a large number of
English immigrants settled in the area. They were Episcopa-
lians and believed in God and hard work. These values are
still firmly established and represented in the high morals
and work ethic the citizens possess. The rural farmers and
most urban dwellers tend to be conservatively minded. Such
images have made the city a prime location for individuals as
a retirement community.
Entry Image: From the Interstate the city appears to be
two residential areas split by an area of strip commercial

50 Background
along Hickory Street. The dark green tree-lined steeets stand
in sharp contrast to the sparsely wooded landscape of mesquite
trees and cotton fields surrounding the city. If one enters
via Highway 80 there is a sense of entry. It is gained when
one begins to descend down in the river valley and crosses
either the creek bridge on the east or the river bridge on the
west.
Conclusions
The cotton textile mill will be impacted upon and by the
environment. The climatic conditions around Colorado City
specifically the semi-arid weather forces the designer to con-
sider heat gain and heat loss. Because agriculture is the
largest industry in Mitchell County of which most of it deals
with cotton production, an industrial cotton textile plant
would probably enjoy a favorable position in the community.
The History of Mitchell County is important because it reveals
the intense desire of the community to have an established in-
dustry. The Population Growth Trends show the city is growing
toward the northeast and therefore will not be seriously im-
pacted by the plant. The Population Projection and general
data give evidence of the potential labor force available.
The Housing information indicates that the employees if drawn
form outside the community will probably have a hard time

51 Background
finding a place to live. The transportation network appears
very strong and in good condition posing no problems for ship-
ping and receiving. The facilities are adequate and show the
strength of the community and its possible provisions for new
citizens. The utilities are also strong and show much promise
for the plant. The city images reaffirm the potential of the
site for the plant.
The components of the Background analyses seem to indicate
that the selection of Mitchell County and Colorado City as the
site of the proposed industrial textile plant justifies its
development. Other analyses will of course have to be com-
pleted before complete justification can be rendered.

53 Goals and Objectives
Introduction
The Goals and Objectives are sets of simple statements
that describe the proposed outcome and means by which they
will be achieved for the American Cotton Growers Industrial
Textile Plant. The Goals are general qualitative statements
that describe broad issues to be achieved. The Objectives are
more specific and represent quantitative, performance-oriented
ways of achieving the goals.
Goals
Provide an efficient indus-
rial textile plant
Develop a product layout
Provide a financialy feasi-
ble industrial textile plant
Provide a stimulating and
safe working environment
Objectives
Utilize a basis of operation
that increases workers'
productivity
Maximize production using
highly automated machinery
Provide a balanced flow of
materials to the activities
Provide simple clear circu-
lation paths
Utilize available West Texas
cotton
Use labor-saving machinery
and processes
Develop a dependable market
for the industrial toweling
Utilize sensory stimuli in
the workplace
Provide safety features as
required by OSHA and local
Building Codes

54 Goals and Objectives
Goals
Present a corporate image
Develop a facility that re-
sponds to its physical en-
vironment
Objectives
Utilize materials and design
features such as proportion,
scale and rhythm to achieve
the desired effect
Utilize the site analysis
and principles of site plan-
ning
Recognize the historic past
of the site
Recognize the visually po-
werful natural site features

55 Chapter Four
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
^^

56 Activity Analysis
Contents
Introduction 57
Griege Mill Division 58
Administration Division 61
Activity Characteristics 64
Activity Relationships 69

Introduction
The Activity Analysis is a listing of identifiable activ-
ities that occur at an industrial textile plant. For the pur-
poses of this program the activities have been divided into
primary, secondary and support groups along divisional lines.
The divisions are the Griege Mill and Administration.
The Activity Analysis also includes a tabular listing of
the activity characteristics. It identifies the activity and
its ideals, goals, objectives, tasks, activities, participants
and performance requirements.
The final component of the Activity Analysis is matrix
which demonstrates the relationships between individual activ-
ities of the textile plant.

Greige Mill Division
Primary Activities
Raw Product Storage
Waste Bailing
Opening
Carding
Spinning
Warping
Slashing
Weaving
Inspection
Packaging
Warehousing
Shipping

Secondary Activities
Unloading
Forklifting
Unwrapping
Cutting Ties
Waste Bailing
Feeding
Removing Lint
Movement of Card Cans
Movement of Drawing Cans
Spinning Yarn
Warp Filling
Winding Yarn onto Beam
Supplying Beams
Preparing Loom Beams
Storing Loom Beams
Hoisting
Producing Fabric Rolls
Inspecting Fabric
Cutting Fabric
Wrapping
Loading

Support Activities
Eating
Relaxing
Storage
Personal Hygiene
Supervision
Maintenance
Air Washing/Conditioning
Lint Removal
Quality Control
Testing
Training
Monitoring

Administration Division
Primary Activities
Reception
Plant Management
Personnel Management
Purchasing
Sales
Plant Engineering
Public Relations
Production/Industrial Engineering

Secondary Activities
Greeting
Taking Calls and Messages
Arranging Appointments
Production Control
Overseeing Staff
Interviewing Prospective Employees
Public Relations
Touring the Plant
Clerical Storage
Payroll Maintenance
Accounting
Buying
Selling
Client Relations
Assuring Plant Operations
Machinery Inspection
Building Systems Inpection

Support Activities
Private Discussions
Storage
Personal Hygiene
Conditioning
Filing
Maintenance

Activity Characteristics
For each division and for each of the primary activities
of the Greige Mill; the ideals, goals, objectives, tasks, ac-
tivities, participants and performance requirements are pre-
sented. The table provides the necessary linkage between the
primary, secondary and support activities (Table 1 and 2).

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> l -p
Ll cn o
C
D G C
D
G G -H D4
•H 0 T 3 C
O
O J X -H rH G
O O 4-1 -H H
rd Hi
S PQ

Activity Relationships
The relationships between the activities of the Greige
Mill while complicated in process are very simple in struc-
turing. Each of the activities is preceded and followed by
the activity with which it has the strongest relationship.
This results form the production line quality of the textile
plant.
In the following half matrix the activities both primary
and secondary of the entire plant have been listed showing the
kind of relationships that exist between the activities. The
kinds of relationships listed are strong, weak, none and neg-
ative (Table 3 ) .

TABLE 3: ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS
Raw Product Storage
Waste Bailing
Opening
Carding
Spinning
Warping
Slashing
Weaving
Inspection
Packaging
Warehousing
Shipping
Reception
Plant Manag.
Personnel
Purchasing
Sales
Plant Eng.
Public Relations
Production
legend
Strong relat.
Weak relat.
None and/or negative

71 Chapter Five
ANALYSIS
" ^ ^

72 Site Analysis
Contents
Introduction 73
Sub-Surface Characteristics 73
Surface Characteristics 74
Man-Made Characteristics 76

73 Site Analysis
Introduction
The site analysis is dependent upon the existing site and
the purpose to which it will be put. This site analysis is
comprised of many elements—above, below, and at the ground--
that are interelated when the land is viewed as the site of the
proposed American Cotton Growers Industrial Textile Plant.
Subsurface Conditions
The subsurface conditions are those relating to the soils,
the foundation material and the water table. These become im-
portant factors in the cost of excavation and construction.
Soils: The site is covered with rough broken land and ac-
cumulations of Lotum soil on the surface. This soil is brown,
crumbly, calcerous sandy loam with many waterworn pebbles and
8 3
sandstone fragments on and in the surface layer.
Foundation Material: Below the shallow surface soil are
beds of red clay, shale and sandstone. These date from the
84
Triassic geologic period. In the past during each heavy
rain geologic erosions occured yielding accumulations of Latom
8 5
soils and underming the shale and sandstone of the escarpment.
Water Table: There are no on-site water bodies. The
water table is exceedingly deep posing no problems with con-
struction or foundations.

74 Site Analysis
Surface Characteristics
Surface Characteristics refer to the topography, com-
manding views, microclimate and gound cover. These factors
have particular implications for site development.
Topography: The site is a rectangle with a long east-
west axis and curved northwestern end. There is a small rise
in the center of the site. The elevations of the site are
2080 ft. at the railroad tracks, 2075 ft. at the western end,
2070 ft. along the rise in the center and 2060 ft. at the
o c
eastern end. The resulting slopes are bisected at the cen-
ter and range from 1 to 5%.
Commanding views: The views from the site are exciting
and horizontal in format when looking north and east, and ver-
tical looking west and south. To the east lies the river and
city—downtown emerges with its multi-storied buildings,
churches rimming the downtown, the tree-lined streets rising
into the residential area and the Interstate looming on the
horizon. When one looks south the land stretches out to the
river and beyond to the Interstate. On the western horizon
the eye follows Highway 8 0 up the escarpment. The northern
view is the most striking with slopes up to 100% the sandstone
escarpment looms above the railroad tracks. Large sandstone
boulders at the top of the escarpment are supported by

75 Site Analysis
curving walls of red earth.^^
Microclimate: All of the regional climatic data has been
presented in the Background Analysis. An examination of the
microclimate may yield ways of moderating the existing climate
to approximate more optimum conditions for human beings and
the textile plant.
The existing topography with the escarpment rising to the
south of the site is likely to cause winds from the northeast
to form a cold air pool. The occurs because the cold winter
winds are impeded by the escarpment; they sink and collect to
form the pool.
The northern slope of the land at approximately 3% slope
will cause the site to have a slightly later spring or at
89
least colder spring. The topography also has an effect on
wind and precipitation. The wind will be affected in summer
due to its south-southwest direction. As the wind reaches the
hill turbelence will be created on the windward side and the
calmer condition will occur at the bottom of the hill on the
90
lee side—the site of the mill. The topographic effect on
precipation is probably the most minimal because the escarpment
only rises about 100 ft. above the site. The effect is pro-
duced when waterladen wind or storms from the northeast are
91
forced to rise. This causes unequal distribution of rainfall.
The site being mostly barren reflects approximately 10 to 25%

76 Site Analysis
92
of the solar radiation.
Ground Cover: The site is completely void of trees and
shrubs. Most of the ground is barren covered with small rocks
and pebbles. However, there are some native grasses and weeds
growing around the fringes of the site.
Man-Made Characteristics
The man-made characteristics include past damage, man-
made structures, utilities, intangible features and external
facilities.
Past Damage: Past users of the site have heavily damaged
the soil. The eastern and southwestern portions of the site
are oil soaked and contaminated. The eastern soil is littered
with concrete, pipes, barrels, and broken bricks. Though part
of the southwestern soil is contaminated, the rest is rela-
tively undisturbed and suitable for construction. At the
center on the southern edge is an area that recently was cov-
ered with fine gravel. It appears to be also suited for con-
struction. The narrow northern edge of the site is undis-
93
turbed but within the railroad right of way.
Man-Made Structures: In the center of the site on the
northern edge is a one story office building containing ap-
proximately 1000 sq. ft. It is the only intact structure, but
numerous concrete platforms each over 50 ft. in diameter still

77 Site Analysis
exist. Other concrete structures in various states of demo-
lition are strewn around the site. Two dirt roads emerge from
the north gates in the chain link fence that surrounds the
north and west sides. The Texas and Pacific Railroad forms
the southern boundary of the site. It consists of one track
running east and west and a spur that leads to the Cotton
QA
Compress. The spur forms the western border of the site.
Utilities: A 16 inch water main is located along the
north side of the site by Highway 80. The electrical supply
also enters from the north and is presently located at the
office building. Since the site is outside of the city limits
no provisions have been made for sewer or storm drains. Tele-
phone and local cable television service is available along
95
Highway 80.
Intangible Features: The intangible features of the site
are past uses, zoning and easements, behavioral influences,
and site images.
Historically, the site was the location of the Col-Tex
Oil Refinery which began operation in 1925 and closed in 1969.
In 1978 a construction company used the site to store gravel
and equipment. The company went out of business and the site
96
has been vacant since.
Presently, the Industrial Foundation owns the site and

78 Site Analysis
has zoned it for industry or an industrial park. The founda-
tion has set a 25 ft. setback along the northern edge. The
railroad has its right of way. The site consists of 17.5
97
acres.
The principal behaviorial influence is the occurence or
daily routine of Hispanics of all ages that walk by the site
going to and from downtown.
The site will probably always have certain images and
significant meanings associated with it. The primary past as-
sociation is with the old refinery. Its lingering influence
lies in the economic impact the refinery closing had on the
city. The refinery had been a source of great pride; its in-
ception was seen as the economic rebirth of the city and its
closing diminished part of the city's dreams.
External Facilities: To the east are three large, black
oil storage tanks. The two eastern most tanks have 100 ft.
diameters and the third has a 75 ft. diameter. They are pre-
sently used for the storage of asphalt. Beyond these tanks
lies the Colorado River, On the northern side are several
industries. Beginning with the eastern most facility one sees
Browne Bros., Inc. and their residences; the Bus Station;
Foam-Tex, Inc.; Bassinger Bait House and residence; and the
Cotton Compress. To the west lies a Mexican-American resi-
dential neighborhood consisting of delapidated and deteriorated

79 Site Analysis
housing. This is separated from the site by the railroad spur.
Atop the escarpment at the south rests an oil tank farm many
of which are leased by Texas Electric Service Company to store
9 8
oil for the Morgan Creek Plant at Lake Colorado City.
In the following illustrations the site analysis is ex-
amined graphically reinforcing the principles presented earli-
er (Fig. 8, 9, 10 and 11).
All of the components of the site analysis—the conditions
below the ground, the surface characteristics, the man-made
characteristics--demonstrate the nature of the site.

80 Site Analysis
River
eoo 1200 1600
Scale feet North
Fig. 8: Vicinity Map

81 Site Analysis
I
A.
Q
•:2
'J
I
-1
0
Fig, Site Survey Map

82 Site Analysis
•3
-t
Fig. 10: Site Analysis M
a
p

83 Site Analysis
Fig. 11: Conceptual Layout

85 Case Studies
Contents
Introduction 86
Southwest Textiles, Inc. 87
Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant 91
American Cotton Growers Textile Plant 98'
Comparitive Analysis 103
Critical Issues 107

86 Case Studies
Introduction
Within this chapter three cotton textile mills are exa-
mined. The mills that were selected range from small, pri-
vately owned plants to very large, corporately owned busi-
nesses. Factors influencing their selection include: end
product, relative size, ownership, site characteristics, and
regional location. The mills selected are: Southwest Textiles,
Inc., Abernathy, Texas; Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant,
Post, Texas; and American Cotton Growers Textile Plant, Little-
field, Texas.
It is the purpose of this report to examine each plant in
terms of its context, function, form, building systems, site,
and cost. The contextual issues concern the reasons for cre-
ating the facility in relation to the social, economic, cul-
tural and political factors within the community. Under func-
tion an activity analysis identifying the primary, secondary,
and support activities will be listed. Form deals with the
physical creation and its surroundings. A building systems
analysis examines the mechanical, electrical, utility, life
safety, and structural systems interface with the function,
climate, and site. The site analysis examines specific site
conditions and their relationship to the design. The cost
analysis is based upon an unit area that takes into consider-
ation construction date and place. A comprehensive analysis

87 Case Studies
between the plants is included in an effort to reveal the
current theory of design, future trends and critical issues.
Southwest Textiles, Inc.
This plant was built in 1967. The plant is located in a
small town of 400, approximately 20 miles to the north of
Lubbock. The plant is centered in a region of prime cotton
production. It produces 100% cotton yarn that is packaged and
sold nationwide to a variety of clients. The plant represents
a privately owned business venture that resulted from a group
of local people who researched the feasibility and then devel-
oped a finance package and built the plant.
The Abernathy plant operates on a 24 hour basis, five
days per week. There are three salary positions and 2 7 wage
jobs. The workday for the salaried employees is 8:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m. Wage employees are divided into three shifts that
operate from 8 to 4, 4 to 12, and 12 to 8. Each shift is
allowed 30 minutes for lunch resulting in a 37*5 hours per week,
Interestingly, The current system resulted after complaints
concerning the lack of time to eat occured in 1976.
The primary activities at the sales yarn plant are:
opening, picking, carding, drawing, spinning, winding, con-
ditioning, packaging, loading, and administration. The sec-
ondary activities include lunch and balestorage. The support

88 Case Studies
activities are parking, air conditioning and vacuuming
(Fig. 12).
There is a linear circulation pattern flowing from the
north to the south of the facility in the manufacturing areas
and a simple sequence in the office building. Boundaries are
established by wall, rolling doors, structural columns and
movement equipment. Territoriality is obvious throughout the
plant in which people personalize their work space. Bale-
storage and loading have physical access to the environment.
A list of major equipment includes: two pickers; five
feeder hoppers; 18 high speed cards; four drawing frames; 816
rotors (open-end) and three winders. This equipment is housed
in a 70,000 sq. ft. metal building.
Southwest Textiles consists of two distince parts, the
office and the manufacturing buildings. The office building
is constructed of red brick and it includes a vestibule en-
trance with asbestos tile flooring and a suspended tile ceil-
ing. Windows are vertically oriented and placed only within
the major areas. The production facility is a windowless
steel manufactured building centrally situated behind the
office sharing a common wall. There are two main openings
one to the east at the north end and the other to the west on
the south end (Fig. 13).
At the plant the mechanical system is the most important

89 Case Studies
pglMAte:^ «ce<^<puis',^g.'<
<5fTit-lii44 f t U V C - K ^
-ST&lft^-ajE.
|n^|C.t.|£«^
rr.pc'Eif';
tCJi.KCv!itU
P'K.iÛllJ^
^ f n u t J i t J ^
UlkJldLU^
•q4Jrr^:>Fe-r
Fi<4i, i'=tec«rE^rki>tJ
VACUUM llJ^
p&^S-fiA^lkJ^
tca«s-ti.^k-kj
•^:i7)JMri,i>tJ|i--i^^
fe'^V.lUiij
^llcpÛ.s,
• Ma-'S'Tt. 'TixK.Kii
KT«^t7lJ<i.r
J-.aikhPlJ^
AoMiUi^ri£A.n^?<î,
lc£<icp~ri^»J
t-i*j4A-<i,g.Hr4Jr
Fig. 12: Activity Analysis of Southwest Textiles

90 Case Studies
r
pMji-sî'ee If2j6.kii«4tfj
^•fisicAsSg^
^Z/^^Vi^t-Ty^. M»i- er^
><&<3'+
tee~<i«,ri'i
v/i'Uls&'io fAekîk-Ws
U.s>A.Ct<î-s^
T.s>»ii«i.
i
,-t&«^-<E.
ticini iFfejJti'jJe^Trw ^t+4-
i4o«nv
Fig. 13: Schematic Floor Plan, Southwest Textiles

91 Case Studies
component of all the building systems. With the exception of
the offices the plant operates at 75* F. with 55% relative
humidity. The conditioning room is kept at 100% r.h. The e-
lectricai s^ystem consists of the standard power distribution
system and placement of outlets. The lighting is industrial
flourescent fixtures and is supplemented with natural light in
the warehouse area. There are no special water supply or
treatment facilities. In the area of life safety, the plant
complies with OSHA regulations by providing fire hoses and
alarms. The structural systems of the two divisions within
the plant differ greatly. The office utilizes loadbearing
walls of brick and block with light-weight steel bar joists;
while the manufacturing portion utilizes pre-manufactured
steel beams and columns to create the typical pitched roofed
steel building.
The plant is located on the eastern side of Interstate
27 on a gently sloping site. There is an obvious zoning of
the site in which the parking is divided between employees,
wage and salary, and visitor areas. Other zones include bale
delivery, loading and waste disposal. Because of the enor-
mous requirements of the mechanical system and the climatic,
this plant has a special roof insulation in addition to a
double roof deck to prevent excessive heat loss and heat gain.
Unfortunately, the owner of this plant decided not to

92 Case Studies
release any cost data, therefore no unit area cost could be
determined.
Burlington Domestics, Postex Plant
The Postex Plant began production in 1955 when Burlington
Industries bought the idle facility. Portions of the original
plant date to 1912 when under the management of C.W. Post it
produced all cotton sheets. Presently, under Burlington Do-
mestics division the plant produces a cotton/polyester blend
102
fabric that is sewn into sheets and pillowcases.
The plant at Post operates on a 24 hour basis, 5 day per
week. There are 400 people employed which is roughly equally
divided between sexes. There are 31 salaried positions and
their work day is from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Wage employees are
divided into three shifts that work form 7 to 3, 3 to 11, and
11 to 7. The company provides profit sharing, group insurance
^ ,
_ A=-A- 1 0 3
and retirement benefits.
Plant production is based upon taking raw cotton and
polyester to a finished product (sheets and pillowcases). The
postex Plant has four basic divisions: greige mill, finishing
and bleaching, fabricating, and distribution.
In the greige mill the primary activities are: opening,
carding, spinning, spooling, warping, slashing, weaving and
cloth inspection. The secondary activities are: quality

93 Case Studies
control lab, pickers, feeder hoppers, drawing, and roving.
The support activities in the greige mill include: waste
storage, vacuuming, waste bailing, air conditioning, training,
and storage.
In finishing and blerichi.ng the primary activities are:
singeing, cloth washing, bleaching, starching, and drying.
The secondary activity is bleach storage and the support ac-
tivities are air compression, motor housing, electricity gen-
eration, steam generating, warehousing and storage.
In fabrication the primary activities are: hemming, cut-
ting, sewing, folding and packaging. In distribution the
primary activities include: warehousing, forklifting, and
trucking. Secondary activities for both fabrication and dis-
tribution are storage and docking. Support activities for the
entire plant include: management, supervision, nursing,
maintenance, and air circulation and conditioning.
The circulation of the products basically U-shaped be-
cause Burlington has had to work with old buildings readapted
to modern machinery (Fig. 14).
A list of major equipment includes: five feeder hoppers,
five weigh hoppers, 24 cards, 12 drawing frames, eight roving
frames, 81 ring spinning frames, one spooler, one warper, one
slasher, 430 looms, and three cloth inspection tables. This
equipment is housed in a 120,000 sq. ft. complex of buildings.

94 Case Studies
<*r:ru&E. * t't^iJll
tytfLe>'^&. f/i^)cL,J^
CII3r^=)—^ ^ ^Fust.^
I P A
<iiee:u5iE HiL-!-
Kic»«.T%^-
V Corr£ iS ft>i.L_K- <S1&*eA£5,E_
. T t e f»»ta_C. ^ T S e i ^ E -
Fig. 14: Schematic Floor Plan, Postex Plant

95 Case Studies
Following are illustrations provided by Burlington showing
their equipment and explaining the processes involved at Post
(Fig. 15).
The form of the present Postex Plant represents numerous
additions and revisions to the plan. Overall the shape is
very rectangular with projecting and receding planes. Almost
all of the buildings share concrete pilasters and the oldest
structure has concrete walls with concrete joists, beams and
slab roof. The floors are all concrete and some have been
steel hardened. On the exterior all buildings share the same
color of paint, a light creamy yellow- To set off the offices
an earth red paint stripe colors the wall. There is also a
large graphic display of Burlington's trademark and name in
blue on the southern wall facing Hwy. 84. There are no win-
dows in the newer additions but the older buildings have large
clerestory windows. The warehouses have large skylights.
The mechanical system at the Postex Plant plays an im-
portant role and is quite complex. Because the plant produces
a 65/35 blend fabric the requirements differ from all-cotton
facilities but they are just as critical. In the opening room
a temperature of 80"^ F. and 50 to 55% r.h. is optimum. In
carding, 80° F. and 40%; spinning, 88° and 32%; weaving, 82°
and 74%; fabrication, 72^ because of the high concentration
of workers; due, to these requirements all walls have moisture

96 Case Studies
C A R D I N G — The process of
separating and cleaning cotton
fibers to prepare them for spinning.
W E A V I N G — Interlacing two sets
of yarn, one running lengthwise in
the loom and termed " w a r p " and
the other running cross-wise in the
loom and called "filling."
SPINNING — The process
of making yarn from fibers
by drawing out and twist
ing the fibers into a thin
s'rand.
CLOTH INSPECTION — Checking
of the areiqe clotn for defects, dir-,
and orh,3i e~.^i;i;;nce of inr"-ir;r
merchanci^"-;-
Fig. 15: Scenes of Postex Activities

97 Case Studies
barriers and the roof has a special insulation. In the fin-
ishing range even the ceiling must by air conditioned to avoid
104
moisture condensation that would stain the fabric.
The electrical requirements are stringent. Two sub-sta-
tions are in use; one for the greige mill and the other for
the rest of the plant. In addition there are generators in
the event of power failure. There are special air compressors
due to oil-free air requirements. Boiler water must be deion-
ized. Three pools handle the waste effluent from the plant
as well as that from the city.
The life safety equipment includes sprinkler systems,
firewalls existing between opening and carding, spooling and
slashing, and slashing and weaving.
The Postex Plant is located on the eastern side of old
Hwy. 84, now Ave. F in Post, Texas which is 38 miles south of
Lubbock. The original site zoning included a mill town de-
velopment. Today few of the houses remain and the immediate
site zones include: ball parks lined with elm trees, parking,
waste disposal, trucking, rail deliveries, and water treatment,
Some surface drainage problems have occured at this sloping
site but grates and drainage ditches have remedied the pro-
blems.
Absolutely no cost information could be released by

98 Case Studies
by Burlington due to company policy which protects the cor-
poration and its investors against competition.
American Cotton Growers Textile Plant
This plant built in 1975 is located in Littlefield, Texas
which is 35 miles northwest of Lubbock. It produces first
quality 100% cotton denim fabric for Levi Strauss.
The plant resulted from a 1974 feasibility study pre-
pared by the Plains Cotton Cooperative inspired by the 1973
Rural Development Act. Under the original plant operation
there were 26 cotton gins, 3000 cotton producers, capital from
the Central and Texas Bank for Cooperatives, and a $33 million
Rural Development Loan participating in the venture.
Four possible locations for the mill were proposed with
Littlefield being chosen due to its: labor market, waste water
treatment facilities, water treatment facilities, proximity to
cotton production, the spirit of the community, site donation,
tax breaks, rail siting, adjacency to major highways, the
natural gas supply, and the electrical supply. The resulting
plant design was influenced by equipment, research, the South-
ern Building Code, OSHA, and Factory Mutual Insurance.
The plant operates on a 24 hour basis, 7 days per week.
There are 60 salary and 535 wage employees. The salary em-
ployees except the shift superintendents work from 8 a.m. to

99 Case Studies
5 p.m. The wage employees and their superintendents work on
one of four shifts: "A","B","C", or "D." "A" and "C" are day
shifts that work from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m.; conversely, "B" and
"D" are night shifts that work from 7 to 7. The current com-
presses work schedule has been used since the plant began pro-
, . . 107
duction.
The plant may be divided into five divisions: yarn man-
ufacturing, dyeing, weaving, finishing, and administration.
The primary actvities in yarn manufacturing are: bale storage,
opening, cleaning, carding, drawing, spinning and ball warping.
The secondary activities include supervision and waste bailing.
In dyeing the primary activities are: indigo dyeing, long
chain beaming, and slashing. Secondary activities are: su-
pervision and storage. In weaving the primary activity is
shuttleless loom weaving. The secondary activities are: su-
pervision, loom beam storage, and filler supply. In finishing
the primary activities are: compressive shrinkage, cloth in-
spection, cutting, packaging, and storage. The secondary ac-
tivities are: supervision, shading and forklifting. In ad-
ministration the primary activities are management, reception,
quality control, purchasing, sales, plant engineering, indus-
trial engineering, payroll and clerical. Common to all di-
visions are the support activities: air conditioning, dust

100 Case Studies
removal, steam generation, quality control, electrical distri-
bution, training, maintenance, hygiene, breaks, conferences
and storage.
There is a linear progression to the circulation path of
the product from the north to the south of the facility. Boun-
daries of the activities are established by rolling doors,
hanging curtains and wide aisles. Employee territoriality has
been established by usage of possessive language, adopting
machines and personalizing work spaces.
The Littlefield plant's form consists of two highly dis-
tinctive parts, the administration and the manufacturing'
buildings connected by a narrow hall. The whole complex is
constructed of a tan brick but the administration building is
dwarfed by the shear physical size of the manufacturing build-
ing. While the manufacturing area is rectangular and boxy in
character, the administration area is basically a rectangle
that has been notched on three sides to create an angular
facade with deep overhangs over the windows. The only pen-
etrations to the manufacturing building are for exits, loading
and unloading, and curiously the service bays along each
longitudinal side have large fins at each air washer (Fig. 16)
At Littlefield the whole plant is air conditioned with
each division requiring specific temperatures and relative
humidities. To maintain the proper conditions each division

1 0 1 C a s e S t u d i e s
'=>Ejes/u/E,feA;t=;
!>Jc7iii,,7 t?êi.»-^ i2A.i.|;£|l
l«AVu -îciJ^-
r i ^ ^ fAei-
•UA«£.T€_ ifc&JHiJ<i|
-sofTb&T A^^-TiViin EJ^
•îoMl'^î^'S^^'-'E 'SvieiiJitAiî::
0 1
0 ,
o
Fig. 16: Schematic Floor Plan, Littlefield Plant

102 Case Studies
has an automatic monitor that controls the air washers. These
are equiped with deionizers to control static build-up. In
the dyeing division special duct insulation is moisture con-
densation. Special insulation is used on the roof and walls.
The supply ducts are overhead and the return air is in con-
crete head-high tunnels under the floor.-""^^
The plant is will lit by flourescent fixtures. A back-up
generator is provided in case of power failure or disruption.
In addition, there are battery powered emergency lighting pro-
visions for exits.
The life safety systems within the plant include a
sprinkler system, fire hose stations, and a four hour fire-
rated wall dividing the plant in half. Each division has its
own first aid station with one station run by a registered
nurse.
The structural system of the manufacturing building is
heavy steel framing with steel decking except in dyeing where
concrete roofing is provided due to corrosion. All walls are
concrete block and the floors are steel hardened concrete.
The plant is located on Hwy. 54 just outside the city
limits and just off the Clovis Rd. from Lubbock. The plant
is aligned on a north-south axis with the approach running
parallel to the plant. The site is zoned- The building was
placed roughly in the middle of the site, behind it is wage

103 Case Studies
employee parking, delivery, loading, servicing, and waste dis-
posal. Directly in front is salary and visitor parking. The
expanse beyond the plant is well landscaped.
The site is rather flat sloping to the west. A railroad
spur is located at the plant.
The unit area cost of the Littlefield Plant was $42 per
sq. ft. in 1975. The total cost of the 600,000 sq. ft.
structure including equipment is $42 million.
Comparitive Analysis
The following is a brief comparative analysis which uti-
lizes the same topics for discussion: context, function, form,
building systems, site and cost.
Each plant originally shared the common goal of producing
some kind of 100% cotton product whether it became sheets and
pillowcases or denim fabric but that is where the similarity
ends. Two of the three, Littlefield and Post produce on a
contractual basis only. The decision to build differs among
the three. Southwest Textiles represents a local concern,
American Cotton Growers decided only after completing a com-
petitive and thorough examination of a 15 county area, and
Postex resulted in Burlington's discovery of an existing but
inoperative plant. Of course each represents a profit seeking
venture and each is located in an area of high cotton

104 Case Studies
production.
Labor statistics indicate roughly equal employment of men
and women. However, the major concentration of women tend to
be in weaving, winding, or sewing with all other activities
being male dominated. Supervisory and salary positions tended
to be held by men with women serving in clerical and staff
jobs .
The extent of the primary activities differs from plant
to plant mainly in relation th size. The Post and Littlefield
facilities are remarkably alike. They differ in spinning, dye-
ing, and finishing. The Abernathy Plant by its end product is
more abbreviated. The secondary and support activities for all
three are very similar.
Each mill has attempted to make the flow or path of cir-
culation as simple as possible. The more efficient the flow
the least handling is involved resulting in less labor costs
and better utilization of building space. The best example
coincides with the newest plant. Littlefield boasts a very
simple flow and highly automated machinery. The Postex plant
being the oldest and utilizing a variety of buildings and
additions has the worst flow.
Boundaries were established at each plant usually by walls
and rolling doors but at Littlefield color coding, plastic

105 Case Studies
curtains and space was used. The extent of territoriality
varied from plant to plant. At American Cotton Growers Plant
people exhibited the most noticeable signs. They personalized
their work spaces heavily using familiar drinking cups, stick-
ers, and cushions. They also used possessive pronouns to i-
dentify the machines they were responsible for at the plant.
All three demonstrated characteristics of the typical
cotton textile mills. Those form determinants are one level
construction, windowless arrangements, and single building
usage. Each plant is built with very durable and economic ma-
terials. At Post Burlington uses the walls for advertisement
quite successfully. The Postex Plant also illustrates com-
plete unity between manufacturing and administration while
Littlefield shows a dicotomy.
In each plant the most significant building system is the
mechanical system. The required working conditions vary but
almost all of the process require air conditioning. The
Littlefield system seem to the best because while supplying
fresh air through overhead ducts, lint filled air is being
sucked into the return air duct grilles located near the
machinery. Plants with dyeing ranges must contend with cor-
rosion and condensation.
Each plant met complex electrical supply and distribution

106 Case Studies
problems. At the Postex Plant two sub-stations are required
while at Littlefield only one is needed. Both of these plants
have their own generators in the event of power failure. Post
even has its own power plant complete with boilers and smoke-
stack though it is not used.
Abernathy and Littlefield use the city-owned water treat-
ment facilities but Post has its own waste effluent ponds
which the city uses. The mix of city to factory effluent
serves to dilute chemical concentrations allowing easier treat-
ment. All three plants use city water. The Postex Plant
however does have its own water treatment plant and reservoir.
All three plants have life safety systems that include
fire hoses, alarms and sprinklers. Post and Littlefield go
much further and provide rolling fire doors and rated fire
walls. Only Littlefield provides a tornado shelter.
Each site is relatively similar. All are flat to gently
sloping with good surface drainage. Each plant has direct
access to major highways and rail sidings. The site zoning
at Post includes numerous amenities. Only Abernathy is re-
strictive in the site's zoning and aesthetic possibilities.
The cost analysis must unfortunately rely on only one
figure, $42/sq.ft. at the Littlefield Plant in 1975. Aber-
nathy and Post company policies prevented attaining a unit
area cost of construction.

107 Case Studies
Critical Issues
Summarizing the analysis one finds these critical issues
common to all the plants:
Financial feasibility
Basis of operation
End product requirements for primary, secondary and
support activities
Flow and circulation paths
Form, aesthetics versus practically
Stringent building system requirements
Good site drainage, rail siting, and transportation
Unit area costs, payback period, net profit after taxes
and depreciation schedule

108 Chapter Seven
SPACE SUMMARY

109 Space Summary
Contents
Introduction 110
Manufacturing Division 111
Administration Division 114
Service Areas 115
External Facilities 117

110 Space Summary
Introduction
The space summary lists each space grouped functionally
and by cost of construction. The assignable square footage
and the manner in which it was determined is provided for each
space. Then subtotals, total net area, net to gross ratio,
and the total building area are derived. For the cotton tex-
tile mill the spaces have been divided into three sections:
manufacturing, service and administration.

Ill Space Summary
A. Manufacturing Division
1. Raw Product Storage
1. Unloading 600 sq.ft,
3 bays (docking) (
a 200 sq.ft. e
a
.
"
'
'
"
'
"
^
2. Bale Storage 2162 sq.ft,
470 bales @ 4.6 sq.ft. e
a
.
"
'
•
-
'
•
•
'
•
Subtotal 2762 sq.ft,
2. Waste Bailing 640 sq.ft.
1 waste bailer (
§ 640 sq.f t. "
'
"
"
'
"
^
3. Opening
1. Cutting Bale Straps 200 sq.ft.
113
1 "strap-zapper" @ 200 sq.ft.
2. Unwrapping the Bale 200 sq.ft.
114
1 work area @ 200 sq.ft.
3. Feeding the Bale 960 sq.ft.
1 bale plucker (
a 960 sq.f t. "
'
"
"
'
"
^
Subtotal 1360 sq.ft.
4. Carding
1. Feeding the Cotton to the Cards 50 sq.ft.
116
100 ft. of conveying duct (
3 0.5 sq.ft.
2. Card Production of Slivers 1650 sq.ft.
6 cards @ 275 sq.ft. e
a
.
-
"
-
-
"
-
^
3. Movement of Card Cans 972 sq.ft.
118
6 can changers @ 162 sq.ft. ea.

112 Space Summary
5. Drawing
1. Sliver Refinement 1900 sq.ft.
119
2 drawing frames @ 950 sq.ft.
2. Movement of Drawing Cans 324 sq.ft.
120
2 can changers (
a 162 sq.ft.
6. Spinning
360 rotors @ 11.8 sq.ft."^^-^ 4248 sq.ft.
7. Warping
1 warper @ 2667 sq.ft.-"-^^ 2667 sq.ft.
8. Slashing
1 slasher (
§ 4000 sq.ft."''^•^ 4000 sq.ft.
9. Weaving
34 looms (
a 157 sq.ft."^^"^ 5338 sq.ft.
10. Finishing
125
1 finishing range @ 12,288 sq.ft.
1. Cloth Inspection 2288 sq.ft.
2. Cutting 2000 sq.ft.
3. Packaging 4000 sq.ft.
4. Shipping 4000 sq.ft.

113 Space Summary
Manufacturing Division Subtotal 38199 sq.ft.
net to gross ratio 85% 5730 sq.ft.
Manufacturing Division Gross Subtotal. 43929 sq.ft

114 Space Summary
B. Administration Division
1. Reception Room and Lobby 200 sq.ft.
1 @ 200 sq.ft.-^^^
2. President's Office 300 sq.ft.
1 @ 300 sq.ft.-'-^'^
3. Personnel Management Office 150 sq.ft.
1 (
a 150 sq.ft.-^^^
4. Supervisor Offices 160 sq.ft.
2 @ 80 sq.ft.^^^
5. Industrial Engineer's Office 150 sq.ft.
130
1 @ 150 sq.ft.-^-^^
6. Purchasing and Sales Office 130 sq.ft.
1 (
a 130 sq.ft.-"-^-^
Administration Dividsion Subtotal 1090 sq.ft.
Administration Division Gross Subtotal 1363 sq.ft.

115 Space Summary
C. Service Areas
1. Canteen 500 sq.ft.
56 people (max.) (
a 8.9 sq.ft.""""^^
2. Men and Women's Toilets
1. Men's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing 66 sq.ft.
3 fixtures (
a 22 sq.ft.""""^^
2. Women's Toilet - Yarn Manufacturing 44 sq.ft.
2 fixtures (
a 22 sq.ft.
3. Men's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing 88 sq.ft.
4 fixtures (
§ 22 sq.ft.
4. Women's Toilet - Weaving and Finishing 88 sq.ft.
4 fixtures @ 22 sq.ft.
5. Men's Toilet - Administration 44 sq.ft.
6. Women's Toilet - Administration 44 sq.ft.
Subtotal 374 sq.ft.
3. First Aid Station 100 sq.ft.
134
1 (
a 100 sq.ft.
4. Quality Control Laboratory 200 sq.ft.
1 (
3 200 sq.ft.-^^^
5. Storage 382 sq.ft.
13 6
1% of the production area

116 Space Summary
6. Mechanical 3820 sq.ft.
137
10% of the production area
Service Areas Subtotals 5376 sq.ft,
Service Areas Gross Subtotals 7258 sq.ft.
Total Building Area
Manufacturing Division
Service Division
Total Building Gross Area
43929
1363
7258
52550
sq.
sq.
sq.
sq.
,ft.
,ft.
,ft.
.ft.

117 Space Summary
D. External Facilities
1. Parking 18600 sq.ft.
13 8
62 autos (
a 0.3 autos/thousands sq. ft.
2. Service Roads 3720 sq.ft.
139
20% of the parking area
3. Plazas 5255 sq.ft.
140
10% of the building area
External Facilities Gross Subtotal 27575 sq.ft.

118 Chapter Eight
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA

119 Systems Performance Criteria
Contents
Introduction 120
Structural Issues 121
Enclosure Issues 122
Mechanical Issues 123
Electrical Issues 124
Transportation Issues 125
Health Hazards/Life Safety Issues 126

Introduction
The systems performance criteria presents in performance
language and performance outcomes those issues which are im-
portant to the design of the industrial cotton textile plant.
Those issues presented are: structural, enclosure, mechanical,
electrical, transportation, and health hazards/life safety.

Structural Issues
1. Provide a structure resistant to tornado force winds.
One capable of withstanding 120 mph winds.
2. Provide a roofing system not easily damaged by hail
storms. One capable of withstanding 30 psi impact.
3. Provide a floor system capable of withstanding large
concentrated loads. Allow for live loads of up to 125
141
pounds per square foot.
4. Provide a structural system capable from which overhead
lifts and cranes could be used.
5. Provide contingency plans for expansion to the structural
system.
6. Provide a roofing system that allows natural light with-
out adding to the heat gain. The source of the illumin-
ation should be indirect light such as a northern expo-
sure.
7. Provide a roofing system that reduces the accumulation
of dust.
8. Provide an open-concept plan for yarn manufacturing di-
vision except where noted.
9. Provide a roof/ceiling clearance of the height of
142
machinery plus 150%.
10. Provide a foundation system capable of supporting build-
ing loads despite that some of the soil is non-bearing.

Enclosure Issues
1. Provide work spaces that are stimulating, comfortable
143
and durable.
2. Provide floors that lessen worker's foot fatigue.
3. Provide an enclosure that is resistant to impacts, sound
absorbing, attractive to the eye (stimulating), odorless
and sanitary, and economically feasible.
4. Provide an enclosure capable of minimizing temperature
and relative humidity extremes.

Mechanical Issues
1. Provide a system capable of supplying the proper tem-
perature and relative humidities to the various areas
as specified in the Case Studies.
2. Provide a thermostatic monitor for the mechanical system
in each of the spaces.
3. Provide a system of filters capable of removing large
amounts of dust from the air.
4. Provide a system of air grilles that draws the dust and
lint into the return air ducts.
5. Provide a system capable of handling temperature fluctu-
ations, - 50° F.
6. Provide roof and wall insulation to minimize the mechan-
ical load. Use R-19 or greater value insulation.
7. Provide a system capable of being maintained and serviced.

Electrical Issues
1. Provide voltage of 110, 220 and 480; and the necessary
distribution system.
2. Place all electrical outlets in the floor or 4 foot 6
inches above the floor.
3. Lessen the visual impact where possible of the electrical
utilities.
4. Provide a 250 kw DC generator and batteries for periods
of power failure or disruption.
5. Provide a lighting system that minimizes heat gain and
loss while providing the illumination levels specified
in the Detailed Space List.

Transportation Issues
1. Segregate the parking facilities between visitors and
salaried personnel and wage personnel.
2. Segregate truck deliveries, rail deliveries, and wage
employee parking.
3. Provide proper clearances and heights for truck and rail
platforms as specified in the Detailed Space List.
4. In developing the site minimize the visual impact by
providing landscaping.
5. Provide clearances for forklifts and can dollies as
specified in the Detailed Space List.
6. Provide sidewalks from the parking areas.
7. Provide clear access from Hwy. 80 to the plant.
8. Provide floor-level operation for the warehouse.
9. Provide a clear division between the shipping and re-
ceiving areas.
10. Provide protective canopies if the docks are located on
the south, east, or west sides.
11. Provide a means of security for the parking areas of
employees.
12. Use natural grades to facilitate site drainage.
13. Provide a paving surface that is durable and maintenance
free.

Health Hazards/Life Safety Issues
1. Provide isolation of dangerous chemicals such as caustic
starches, acids, oil and waxes.
2. Provide safety from high voltage sources such as the
transformers, power lines and circuit breakers.
3. Provide protective surgical masks for workers.
4. Provide protective hearing equipment such as ear plugs
or ear phones.
5. Provide battery powered emergency exit lighting system,
exit lights, passage lights and safety lights.
6. Provide a tornado shelter for 100 people.

12 7 Chapter Nine
COST ANALYSIS

128 Cost Analysis
Contents
Introduction 129
Cost Estimate Analysis 130
Project Development and Construction Schedule 132

129 Cost Analysis
Introduction
The Cost Analysis is focused on future prices and is
provided for the client's use. The Cost Analysis (estimate)
is derived from Pena's Problem Seeking. It involves: Building
Cost, Fixed Equipment, Site Development, Total Construction
Cost, Site Acquisition, Movable Equipment, Professional Fees,
Contingencies, Administrative Costs, Permanent Financing Costs,
Interin Financing Cost and Total Budget Required. The chapter
144
also includes a project development and construction schedule.

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