3. What is an ANN Describe various types of ANN. Which ANN do you p.pdf
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3. What is an ANN? Describe various types of ANN. Which ANN do you prefer amidst of the variety of ANNs? Justify the reason beyond this. Solution What is ANN?: An artificial neuron network (ANN) is a computational model based on the structure and functions of biological neural networks. Information that flows through the network affects the structure of the ANN because a neural network changes - or learns, in a sense - based on that input and output. ANNs have three layers that are interconnected. The first layer consists of input neurons. Those neurons send data on to the second layer, which in turn sends the output neurons to the third layer. Types of artificial neural networks: There are two Artificial Neural Network topologies FreeForward and Feedback. FeedForward ANN The information flow is unidirectional. A unit sends information to other unit from which it does not receive any information. There are no feedback loops. They are used in pattern generation/recognition/classification. They have fixed inputs and outputs. Feedback.: Here, feedback loops are allowed. They are used in content addressable memories. Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Network – Radial basis functions are powerful techniques for interpolation in multidimensional space. A RBF is a function which has built into a distance criterion with respect to a center. RBF neural networks have the advantage of not suffering from local minima in the same way as Multi-Layer Perceptrons. RBF neural networks have the disadvantage of requiring good coverage of the input space by radial basis functions. Kohonen Self-organizing Neural Network – The self-organizing map (SOM) performs a form of unsupervised learning. A set of artificial neurons learn to map points in an input space to coordinates in an output space. The input space can have different dimensions and topology from the output space, and the SOM will attempt to preserve these. Recurrent Neural Networks – Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are models with bi-directional data flow. Recurrent neural networks can be used as general sequence processors. Various types of Recurrent neural networks are Fully recurrent network (Hopfield network and Boltzmann machine), Simple recurrent networks, Echo state network, Long short term memory network, Bi- directional RNN, Hierarchical RNN, and Stochastic neural networks. Modular Neural Network : Biological studies have shown that the human brain functions not as a single massive network, but as a collection of small networks. This realization gave birth to the concept of modular neural networks, in which several small networks cooperate or compete to solve problems. Physical Neural Network : A physical neural network includes electrically adjustable resistance material to simulate artificial synapses. Feed Forwad is mostly used ANN Network due to its different applications: 1)Physiological feed-forward system:In physiology, feed-forward control is exemplified by the normal anticipatory regu.
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![directional RNN, Hierarchical RNN, and Stochastic neural networks.
Modular Neural Network : Biological studies have shown that the human brain functions not as a
single massive network, but as a collection of small networks. This realization gave birth to the
concept of modular neural networks, in which several small networks cooperate or compete to
solve problems.
Physical Neural Network :
A physical neural network includes electrically adjustable resistance material to simulate
artificial synapses.
Feed Forwad is mostly used ANN Network due to its different applications:
1)Physiological feed-forward system:In physiology, feed-forward control is exemplified by the
normal anticipatory regulation of heartbeat in advance of actual physical exertion
2)Feed-forward systems:In computing:In computing, feed-forward normally refers to a
perceptron network in which the outputs from all neurons go to following but not preceding
layers, so there are no feedback loops. The connections are set up during a training phase, which
in effect is when the system is a feedback system.
3)Automation and Machine Control[edit]
Feedforward control is a discipline within the field of automatic controls used in automation.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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A04401001013
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity
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insert a staggered break in the DNA strand, means the strands become unequal, one become
large and another become small. The short DNA sequence can be found on both sides of a
transposable element, these are known as flanking direct repeats, and its sequence is
characteristic of each transposable element.
4).
Polyploidy is a state of having more than two paired homologous chromosomes. For example,
fusion of two diploid gametes of the plant or species in their 2n state result in tetraploids, we can
observe this in potato. Bananas and apples also pres.
Describe the Darwinian theory of evolutionDescribe the Darwi.pdf
Describe the Darwinian theory of evolution
Describe the Darwinian theory of evolution
Describe the Darwinian theory of evolution
Solution
Darwins thoery of evolution have the statement that life exists and life is related and arise from
common ancestor.All the traits are passed from generation to generation.There will be some
modifications or mutations which are beneficial to the organisms and they will adapt these
changes for their survial.These changes pass from or inherited from one generation to other
generation.As these changes are beneficial the organisms which are inherited will survive better
and others will slowly die leaving the better organisms.This is called as natural selection..
Consider any organization where you’ve worked in the past, where you.pdf
Consider any organization where you’ve worked in the past, where you currently work, or where
you might like to work in the future. Describe the type of data used by this organization, and tell
us how the data are processed and transformed into useful information, such as reports prepared
for management or queries executed for users within the organization. Also, is this data
processed using manual or automated means?
Solution
Organizations use two types of data including the structured and unstructured data. Structured
data can be represented with the help of numbers, tables, charts, etc. Structured data includes
record of inventory, production, and labors. Unstructured data includes textual data from reports,
emails, medical records, etc.
Both structured and unstructured data can be converted into information using various
information systems like MIS, DSS, etc. Currently, most of the organizations use automated
systems to process the input data into information..
Analyze the detected attacks and create a report that describes each.pdf
Analyze the detected attacks and create a report that describes each attack, explains the threat it
presents, and if an IDS or an IPS is suited to dealing with it. Specifically, your report should
include: ANSWER THE 3 QUESTION IN BOLD BY LOOKING AT THE CHART BELOW
1 A description or name for each attack
2 A description of what the attack is trying to do
3 Whether an IDS could or should be used to detect it and whether it can be blocked using an IPS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Network Attacks and IDS/IPS Analysis
The following is a compiled list of odd network behaviors reported by network engineers and
system administrators of Aim Higher College:
1) Network traffic analysis shows that a single host is opening hundreds of SSH sessions to a
single host every minute.
2) Network traffic shows that hundreds of hosts are constantly sending only SYN packets to a
single Web server on campus.
3) A system administrator reports that a single host is attempting to log on to a campus SSH
server using a different username and password combination thousands of time per day.
4) A new PDF-based exploit is announced that uses a malformed PDF to exploit Windows XP
systems.
5) Spam e-mail is being sent to campus users claiming to be from the campus helpdesk. It asks
them to send their username and password to retain access to their e-mail.
6) A DNS changer malware package has been detected on several workstations.
7) A JavaScript vulnerability is being used to exploit browsers via ad networks on major news
sites, resulting in systems being infected with malware.
8) A zero-day vulnerability has been announced in the primary campus backup software’s
remote administration interface.
9) A virus is being sent via e-mail to campus users.
Solution
1) As the host is trying to open so many sessions to the other host this thing is denial of service
(DOS) attack. The security mechanism to use for this is IDS(intusion detection system as well as
IPS(intrusion protection system) .
2) Network traffic shows that hundreds of hosts are constantly sending only SYN packets to a
single Web server on campus.so this attack is TCP SYN Flood attack a kind of DOS attack only
which is used to shut down the user’s Internet Web server and can do to even other servers also
if the host operating system is not patched(make the connection) .The attack disturb the feature
of the (TCP), which in return makes the server processes unable to answer the client request for a
TCP connection . As TCP is a secure medium the application mostly affected is email. The best
thing to use is IDS/IPS for security.
3) This is a like a Brute Force Attack. A Brute Force Attack is like a simplest kind of attack to
gain access to a website. The technique is like it tries random usernames and passwords, over
and over again, until it gets in and if the userna.
Collect 50 or more paired quantitative data items. You may use a met.pdf
Collect 50 or more paired quantitative data items. You may use a method similar to the Module 1
discussion to collect and enter data into StatCrunch. You will enter the explanatory variable (x-
value) in column var1. Then, enter the response variable (y-value) in column var2.
a.) Using StatCrunch, compute the sample linear correlation coefficient, R. The Technology
Step-by-Step box at the end of Section 4.1 (page 194) explains how to do so. Do not forget the
video explanation in the Module Notes, if you need it.
b.) Using StatCrunch, find the least-squares regression line equation and plot the scatter diagram,
along with the line. Page 207 (Technology Step-by-Step box) explains how to determine such a
linear equation using StatCrunch. Please note: In order to plot the scatter diagram along with the
line, before clicking Calculate in step 3 of page 207, scroll down to Graphs and make sure Fitted
line plot is selected. Then click Calculate. Then click the right-arrow at the very bottom right
hand side of the results page for the scatter diagram and regression line plot. For an example of
the steps taken and what to expect, click here.
c.) Paste your scatter diagram (with the regression line drawn) and StatCrunch results in the
discussion (by clicking on Options and then Copy. Use Ctrl V to paste it into the discussions).
Try not to use the same data set that another student in the class has used, so your results will be
unique. Make sure your data set is large enough (50 items).
d.) Then, answer the following two questions:
What type of correlation do you observe between the two variables? For ideas, see Figure 4 on
page 181 (Section 4.1).
Would you recommend using this linear model to make predictions about the y-value for a given
x-value? Why or why not?
Solution
Technology Step-by-Step Using StatCrunch:
------------------------------------------------------
Section 1.3 Simple Random Sampling
...........................................................
1. Select Data, highlight Simulate Data, then highlight
Discrete Uniform.
2. Fill in the following window with the appropriate
values. To obtain a simple random sample for the
situation in Example 2, we would enter the values
shown in the figure. The reason we generate 10 rows
of data (instead of 5) is in case any of the random
numbers repeat. Select Simulate, and the random
numbers will appear in the spreadsheet. Note: You
could also select the single dynamic seed radio
button, if you like, to set the seed.
Section 2.1 Drawing Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
Frequency or Relative Frequency Distributions from Raw Data
.....................................................................................................
1. Enter the raw data into the spreadsheet. Name the column variable.
2. Select Stat, highlight Tables, and select Frequency.
3. Click on the variable you wish to summarize and click Calculate.
Bar Graphs from Summarized Data
...............................................................
Assume you have decided to implement DFS so remote sites can access .pdf
Assume you have decided to implement DFS so remote sites can access files and folders. What
are the requirements for DFS? What are benefits of using DFS? What are the shortcomings and
limitations?
Please provide reference in APA format
Solution
There are many benefits:
Unified namespace A DFS namespace links together shared folders on different servers to create
a hierarchical structure that behaves like a single high-capacity hard disk. Users can navigate the
logical namespace without having to know the physical server names or shared folders hosting
the data.
Location transparency DFS simplifies migrating data from one file server to another. Because
users do not need to know the name of each physical server or shared folder that contains the
data, you can physically move data to another server without having to reconfigure applications
and shortcuts, and without having to re-educate users about where they can find their data.
Storage scalability You can deploy additional or higher-performance file servers and present the
storage on the new servers as new folders within an existing namespace.
Namespace scalability Servers running Windows Server 2003, Enterprise Edition or Windows
Server 2003, Datacenter Edition can host multiple domain-based DFS roots and stand-alone DFS
roots. This feature improves the scalability of DFS, enabling you to build many large
namespaces without having to add file servers to host the roots.
Increased availability of file server data When multiple servers running Windows Server 2003
host a domain-based DFS root, clients are redirected to the next available root server if any of
these servers fail, providing fault-tolerant data access. To ensure the availability of stand-alone
DFS namespaces, you can create the root on a clustered file server.
Alternate site selection based on cost By default, if a target in the same site as the users fails, or
if no same-site target exists, DFS refers clients to a random target. If you configure the optional
site costing feature, DFS can use the site information in Active Directory to locate an alternate
target that has the lowest-cost network connection as defined by the administrator in the Active
Directory Sites and Services snap-in. After site costing is enabled, clients can access data on
DFS targets over the optimum network connection.
Load sharing DFS provides a degree of load sharing by mapping a given logical name to shared
folders on multiple file servers. For example, suppose that \\\\Company\\StockInfo is a heavily
used shared folder. By using DFS, you can associate this location with multiple shared folders on
different servers, even if the servers are located in different sites.
Intelligent client caching When a user requests access to a target that is a part of a DFS
namespace, a referral containing the target’s information is cached on the client. The next time
the client requires access to that portion of the namespace, the client uses the cached referral
instead.
Are the following events SOURCES or USES of cashDecrease in Accou.pdf
Are the following events SOURCES or USES of cash?
Decrease in Accounts Receivable
Decrease in Notes Payable
Increase in Inventory
Increase in Accounts Payable
Installment Loan payment
Solution
Are the following events SOURCES or USES of cash?Decrease in Accounts Receivable
SOURCESDecrease in Notes Payable
USESIncrease in Inventory
USESIncrease in Accounts Payable
SOURCESInstallment Loan payment
USES.
A. What are two advantages that the use of green fluorescent protein.pdf
A. What are two advantages that the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) has over the use of
fluorescent-labeled antibodies for studying the location and movement of a protein in cells?
B. What is meant by empty magnification when taking images on a microscope?
C. The lipid bilayers found in cells are fluid, yet asymmetrical in the composition of the
monolayers. Is this a paradox? Explain your answer.
D. Why do transmembrane domains of proteins typically fold into alpha helices or beta-barrels
rather than exist as disordered chains?
Solution
A. The two advantages of GFPs over the use of fluorescent-labeled antibodies for studying the
location and movement of a protein in cells are
1. They provide a means for identifying the genetically modified cells for physiological studies
in unadultrarted living cells thus aviod artefacts arising due to permebilisation and cell fixation.
2. For the expression of other fluoroscent proteins a cofactor is required while GFPs exhibit
intrinsic fluoroscence due to cyclisation of three amino acids Ser65-Tyr66-Gly67 and then
undergo maturationm process.
B. Empty magnification refers to the magnification of an image beyond its resolution power but
without any improvement in the details of the image due to the limitations of the resolving power
of the optical system..
A species has a diploid number of 2n. Meiosis I fails during spermato.pdf
A species has a diploid number of 2n. Meiosis I fails during spermatogenesis, the cytoplasm
does not divide, and only one daughter cell is produced The resulting sperm fertilizes a normal
ovum. What is the chromosomal complement of the 10pts embryo?
Solution
Answer : Meiosis 1 is a reductional division which results in two daughter cells with half the
number of chromosomes.
If the Meiosis 1 fails the resulting sperm is still a diploid, and when it fertilized the haploid ovum
the embryo will carry 3 sets of chromosomes (polyploidy).Sperm contributes (XY) and ovum
(X) resulting in polyploid.
The chromosomal complement will be XXY.
A New Look at Bread and RosesIn Bread and Roses, Bruce Watson argu.pdf
A New Look at Bread and Roses
In Bread and Roses, Bruce Watson argues that events of the Lawrence, Massachusetts, 1912 mill
strike have long been \"relegated to history\'s ghettos\" (p. 3). Watson asserts that in the decades
following the strike, fear of mill bosses prevented workers from revisiting the events of the
winter of 1912. With the passing of time and the death of first-hand witnesses, the details faded.
Watson seeks to rectify this and bring closer attention to the events in Lawrence. Even the name
\"Bread and Roses,\" according to the author, is incorrectly identified as a slogan of this labor
struggle (p. 3). Watson tells an engaging story of this strike that captured national attention from
January to May 1912. The book moves from the beginning of the strike to its conclusion,
concentrating on the actions and events of the laborers and their families, as well as the union
leadership, specifically the International Workers of the World (IWW) and the American
Federation of Labor. The author also includes examinations of mill owners, particularly William
Wood of the American Woolen Company. Watson, however, is intent on unearthing the
obscured details of the strike and union activity to provide the perspective of the workers and
their families as they struggled to make a living.
Bread and Roses is a history of working-class immigrants who came to Lawrence in hopes of
obtaining a better life. Watson ties this experience into the larger concept of the American
dream, as his subtitle suggests. The workers at the Lawrence mills struck because of a cut in pay.
The Massachusetts legislature had mandated a reduction in work hours as of January 1, 1912.
The mills, however, continued to pay the same hourly wage to their workers, resulting in a
smaller pay envelope. The workers, while happy with the reduction in hours, desired the same
weekly pay they received prior to the reduction. By 1912, most male textile workers did not
make enough to support their families and required the labor of others within the family to make
ends meet. This struggle to make a living and to support families in the United States is at the
heart of Bread and Roses, and it informs each dramatic example provided by the author as he
carries the reader from the combative beginning of the walkout through the desperately cold
weeks as tension rose in Lawrence, and to the last negotiation that ended the strike five months
later. As Watson moves through the major events of the strike, he dots his narrative with stories
of individual workers and their families.
One of the strengths of this work is the manner in which Watson presents the facts of the strike.
After finding few memories within Lawrence among descendents of the strikers, the author
strives to paint a sweeping picture of the conditions in Lawrence in the winter of 1912 as
workers struck against the American Woolen Company. Drawing heavily from newspaper
accounts of the strike and other secondary sources of the p.
A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a.pdf
A protein, called PHD (protein for retinoblastoma) a synthesized by a gene (Rb) on chromosome
13 in humans. When mutant or absent in the homozygous state in a retinal cell, there is a high
likelihood of developing a cancerous condition of the eye called retinoblastoma. Nonmutant pRb
binds with and temporarily inactivates E2F, a transcription factor that stimulates genes to
produce proteins that initiate S phase of the mitotic cell cycle (thus, Rb is a negative regulator of
cell division). When phosphorylated in response to a variety of normal stimuli, pRb normally
releases E2F and cell division is stimulated. Thus, Rb is a tumor suppressor gene. (For a recent
review, see H. Liu et al. (2004). \'Novel functions of the RB tumor suppressor.\" Current
Opinions in Genetics and Development 14: 55-64. When retinoblastoma occurs in fannies, the
disease tends to have an early onset and express bilaterally (both eyes). When sporadic
(spontaneous, not inherited), it tends to show later onset and be unilateral (one eye only).
Individuals who inherit a predisposition for the disease are Rb +/Rb- and may got retinoblastoma
by having a mutation in the Rb+ allele Assume that two heterozygous parents have children. One
would expect the Rb-/Rb- genotypic combination in a zygote (one-cell stage of an individual) to
be characterized as: lethal (in viable or lasting a relatively short time) completely normal having
a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma having unilateral retinoblastoma only
Solution
3. Having a very low likelihood of developing retinoblastoma
although, Rb-/Rb- is a normal genotype, but here while answering we would keep the possibility
of somatic mutations alive. Children born with the normal gene can have some spontaneous
mutations such that the function of Rb- with be mutated or lost resulting in loss of the function of
the pRb protein resulting in uncontrolled cell growth..
What were the driving forces behind the creation of the FAA and ICAO.pdf
What were the driving forces behind the creation of the FAA and ICAO?
Solution
FAA The Federal Aviation Administration is the aviation authority of the united states of
america. It is responsible for setting up the federal aviation regulations (FAR), which are binding
for all flight operations in the US. The FAA also provides air traffic control service at most
control towers and all en-route air traffic control centers.
FAA is the Federal Aviation Administration. As the Civil Aviation Authority of the USA, it is
responsible for establishing aviation regulations in the US. These are known as FARs (Federal
Aviation Regulations).
In addition to its regulatory role, the FAA is also responsible for Airspace and Air Traffic
Management, maintenance of Air Navigation Facilities infrastructure and has an active role in
Research and Development of aviation related systems and technologies.
ICAO - The International Civil Aviation Organization is was founded to set up international
standards in aviation. When international air travel became more and more present (1947) there
was a need have international regulations. The ICAO counts 191 member states and all have to
adopt their guidelines or advice the ICAO of regional differences, which will then published by
the ICAO.
ICAO is the International Civil Aviation Organization, a specialized agency of United Nations. It
was created after the Convention on International Civil Aviation (the Chicago Convention) of
1944 was ratified in 1947. The purpose of ICAO is according to the convention:
\"WHEREAS the future development of international civil aviation can greatly help to create and
preserve friendship and understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet its abuse
can become a threat to the general security; and
WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote that co-operation between nations and
peoples upon which the peace of the world depends;
THEREFORE, the undersigned governments having agreed on certain principles and
arrangements in order that international civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly
manner and that international air transport services may be established on the basis of equality of
opportunity and operated soundly and economically;
Have accordingly concluded this Convention to that end.\".
write two paragraphs on the polices to reduce income inequality and .pdf
write two paragraphs on the polices to reduce income inequality and poverty. Explain the content
of these policies and make a comparative assessment.!
Solution
Poverty is of two type-primary and secondary. In the former people face lack of resource and
wealth to meet up the subsistence. On the otherhand, the later is one where people face
impediment to have command and control over his rights. Former one is more severe. To reduce
that many policies could be taken. For instance reduction in umemployment. This mainly
belongs to LDCs. Disguised, cyclical unempyoment is an acute phenomenon of LDCs. Hence,
poverty can be reduced by providing the unemployed people a justified employment. Next,
progressive taxation can also be prudential to redistribute wealth but whether that can actually
happen in reality without any obstacle or not is questionable as rich tax payers will not be too
happy with it and even they are sources of finance of politics. When politics enter into cost-
benefit analysis economy gets distorted from his efficient point. Most important point is to give
benefits to poor, viz. subsidy, rationing etc. Even they can be provided minimum wage
programme for specific time, viz. MNREGA in India. Lastly, in many cases producers exploit
labourer. Hence, by implementing minimum wage law this can be cure out.
Inequality refers to the unequal distribution of wealth among people. Payment must be equal to
marginal product ensures inequality in the economy. But there should be a certain upper bound
to that, beyond that it can be boomerang for the economy and it can act as an obstacle to growth.
To reduce this progressive tax is an important tool. Taking wealth as a form of tax and
redistributing that via expenditure for a certain group or for all reduce the inequality. Providing
employment programme, implementing minimum wage laws, benefits in kinds, levying direct
and indirect taxes on certain commodities can be effective to redistribute the wealth and reducing
poverty.
Inequality and poverty are to some extent overlapped and complements of each others. Hence,
targetting to reduce one can be fruitful and its effect can tricle down to the other as a bless.
Normative economics support the above views with no doubts but implementation of it in
practice in many times often become difficult due to self centered persons, politics, social and
emotional reasons and so on..
Where might you find the gametophytes of… Where might you find the g.pdf
Where might you find the gametophytes of… Where might you find the gametophytes of... a
bryophyte? a seedless vascular plant? a seed plant? a moss? a liverwort? a fern? a lycophyte?
a pine tree? growing on (or in) the soil inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Solution
Bryophyte : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Seedless vascular plant : growing or in the soil
A seed plant : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Moss : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Liverwort : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Fern : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Lycophyte : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain
Pine tree : inside a seed or inside a pollen grain.
What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be conside.pdf
What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be considered most animal - like ? Fungus
- like ? Plant - like ?
What single , unique characteristic of a protist would be considered most animal - like ? Fungus
- like ? Plant - like ?
Solution
Kingdom protista iis the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms. They exhibit most diverese
forms of obtaining nutrition, movement etc.
Like animals, protozoan protists, do not make their own food, rather they obtain food from their
environment. Thus they are heterotrophs, that move around and obtain food.
Like fungus, protists occur in both unicellular and multicellular forms, feeding on decaying
organic matter, and reproducing by forming spores.
Also,some protists resemble plants and algae as they are autotrophs and they produce their own
food. Presence of chloroplast have been found in some species of protists..
What are the indications that Sarcodina, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora .pdf
What are the indications that Sarcodina, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora may have been derived
from ancestral Phytomastigophorea?
Solution
Normally Phytomastigophorea is composed of species such as \"phytoflagellates\" in which these
species have associated with presence of chloroplasts so that they are photosynthetic. Sarcodina
have some ancestral indications similar to that of Apicomplexa and Ciliophora & related to
species in Phytomastigophorea, mainly Sarcodina, Apicomplexa and Ciliophora are lacking,
mitochondria and some of them have \"photosynthetic pigments\". Some of the cilipohornas are
associated with cilia where species of Apicomplexa have parasitic nature similar to
Phytomastigophorea.
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Do you believe great leaders are born or madeSolutioni believe.pdf
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- 1. 3. What is an ANN? Describe various types of ANN. Which ANN do you prefer amidst of the variety of ANNs? Justify the reason beyond this. Solution What is ANN?: An artificial neuron network (ANN) is a computational model based on the structure and functions of biological neural networks. Information that flows through the network affects the structure of the ANN because a neural network changes - or learns, in a sense - based on that input and output. ANNs have three layers that are interconnected. The first layer consists of input neurons. Those neurons send data on to the second layer, which in turn sends the output neurons to the third layer. Types of artificial neural networks: There are two Artificial Neural Network topologies FreeForward and Feedback. FeedForward ANN The information flow is unidirectional. A unit sends information to other unit from which it does not receive any information. There are no feedback loops. They are used in pattern generation/recognition/classification. They have fixed inputs and outputs. Feedback.: Here, feedback loops are allowed. They are used in content addressable memories. Radial Basis Function (RBF) Neural Network – Radial basis functions are powerful techniques for interpolation in multidimensional space. A RBF is a function which has built into a distance criterion with respect to a center. RBF neural networks have the advantage of not suffering from local minima in the same way as Multi-Layer Perceptrons. RBF neural networks have the disadvantage of requiring good coverage of the input space by radial basis functions. Kohonen Self-organizing Neural Network – The self-organizing map (SOM) performs a form of unsupervised learning. A set of artificial neurons learn to map points in an input space to coordinates in an output space. The input space can have different dimensions and topology from the output space, and the SOM will attempt to preserve these. Recurrent Neural Networks – Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are models with bi-directional data flow. Recurrent neural networks can be used as general sequence processors. Various types of Recurrent neural networks are Fully recurrent network (Hopfield network and Boltzmann machine), Simple recurrent networks, Echo state network, Long short term memory network, Bi-
- 2. directional RNN, Hierarchical RNN, and Stochastic neural networks. Modular Neural Network : Biological studies have shown that the human brain functions not as a single massive network, but as a collection of small networks. This realization gave birth to the concept of modular neural networks, in which several small networks cooperate or compete to solve problems. Physical Neural Network : A physical neural network includes electrically adjustable resistance material to simulate artificial synapses. Feed Forwad is mostly used ANN Network due to its different applications: 1)Physiological feed-forward system:In physiology, feed-forward control is exemplified by the normal anticipatory regulation of heartbeat in advance of actual physical exertion 2)Feed-forward systems:In computing:In computing, feed-forward normally refers to a perceptron network in which the outputs from all neurons go to following but not preceding layers, so there are no feedback loops. The connections are set up during a training phase, which in effect is when the system is a feedback system. 3)Automation and Machine Control[edit] Feedforward control is a discipline within the field of automatic controls used in automation.