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Abstract:
The study, using the descriptive deductive analytical method tries to
discover the strategies and planning adapted by Malaysian students in
learning conversation skill in order to overcome the problems which they
encounter during the process of learning this skill. A questionnaire
comprising 18 questions and phrases was deployed and distributed to 20
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male and female students. Among the most significant conclusions of the
studies: An average use of strategies, among which were the most
widespread: compensation, recalling and cognitive.
Key Words: Strategies-Planning-Conversation Skill-Questionnaire-Analysis
Abstrak:
Kajian ini yang menggunakan kaedah analisis deduktif dan deskriptif
cuba untuk menemukan strategi-strategi dan perancangan yang
digunakan oleh pelajar Malaysia dalam pembelajaran kemahiran
bertutur dalam mengatasi masalah yang mana mereka temukan semasa
proses mempelajari kemahiran ini. Satu soal selidik mengandungi 18
soalan dan frasa-frasa digunakan dan diagihkan kepada 20 lelaki dan
penuntut wanita. Antara kesimpulan-kesimpulan yang penting setelah
kajian dilaksanakan: Pelajar-pelajar menggunaka strategi-strategi
secara sederhana, yang mana ialah paling kerap digunakan ialah:
teknik penggantian, mengingat kembali dan kognitif.
Perkataan kunci: Perancangan strategi, kemahiran bertutur, Soal
selidik, Analisa
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3 ling3 saleh

  • 1. !": ! "# $! %&%'() *% + & &,# $-./0123456 7 8 9% , : 2;& : ! <08# 29 =>8+56?8@ 4 A B CDE7*04 A FGHGH 68>8IJK$L0DEK7M N<O0%G &GPQ RSG T0 K T.V! ,0'(" H>8WD:4 AT#YDG & + & &,# 5Z [E] 8#^_D0+ & &,# $&`T#YDG & :EG&a2 !EG2#_ b 0Gb&Y# 0. $ % & ':+ & &,# $c-./c456 7 8cGH $c V&% Abstract: The study, using the descriptive deductive analytical method tries to discover the strategies and planning adapted by Malaysian students in learning conversation skill in order to overcome the problems which they encounter during the process of learning this skill. A questionnaire comprising 18 questions and phrases was deployed and distributed to 20 5. :0L? & d" H de 8 & F VP?20 E+ P% ;_# #=2;& G& G&85 f G 8 g h.
  • 2. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k lR male and female students. Among the most significant conclusions of the studies: An average use of strategies, among which were the most widespread: compensation, recalling and cognitive. Key Words: Strategies-Planning-Conversation Skill-Questionnaire-Analysis Abstrak: Kajian ini yang menggunakan kaedah analisis deduktif dan deskriptif cuba untuk menemukan strategi-strategi dan perancangan yang digunakan oleh pelajar Malaysia dalam pembelajaran kemahiran bertutur dalam mengatasi masalah yang mana mereka temukan semasa proses mempelajari kemahiran ini. Satu soal selidik mengandungi 18 soalan dan frasa-frasa digunakan dan diagihkan kepada 20 lelaki dan penuntut wanita. Antara kesimpulan-kesimpulan yang penting setelah kajian dilaksanakan: Pelajar-pelajar menggunaka strategi-strategi secara sederhana, yang mana ialah paling kerap digunakan ialah: teknik penggantian, mengingat kembali dan kognitif. Perkataan kunci: Perancangan strategi, kemahiran bertutur, Soal selidik, Analisa $ (: !& m$ # no >8 7# p GPQ% q O,r s T #YD ti V ! . i !9 2 1 G u, T d[ 6O, ! m v ?H Y 3w [HfG!& m$ 7 &x h V. dH g :D yF520)*+,>8 @z{ > ! #? | %A ;& O2 GPQ% >8 % + P% >8 | . dH g d%P20 E+ * %A@-*}#2# , Y E 6[H &%I ~ F F0 &[H0 H( h :D •=0D€SS8 6 8 Ve2 $ GPQ T #?.
  • 3. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t l• ‚ V ! !9 2 Z#ƒD V" 0 „ Vi Ez % 7 &F G%& GPQ% M[& 0 … EKa2D:[g GPQbody languagei 7 `( 0D Et i ; { >8_0 E Wz{0 & r&. [2 . i0 †* 7 & GPQ% Vo, >6 0 EV ! G&% h @ 0T 9 #% + { >8 2#2 ! 0D E:;F 0D ‡#Y >8 u[ H h b 2 :D : [Hf.GPQ% # o,0 h # o, 8 #^_DEGPQ% + D % † H G&m Hf 7 @ Y E80 B ?H( % ˆ ! 7 * Z 80 Eˆ % P% :0;A 0 E9&P ,0 H >8 F e2 GPQ% uH ,( ‰ 2 456% ˆ ! : ,( Š:D t^F 9o 8 20 EG &% G&i# d&_#, G&,‹ v h 456 9n% , + 0#= G* ;m0D *0 E9n% r= 8:R I.9n% 2 : [Hf :Du& ( ) 2 8 ]0D G& mD GPQcd P hc 456. R.Œ ,(0 • n% , '( rY 2 G!& mj GPQ% i 456 9n% , h ‡ :D. •.9Ž% Y E 2 x % , 9Ž% >8 7T $ 0 •• GPQ% 9n% , G&% :D t ! B .ƒD u & e,0 u[2 , h)K2 `(6 4 A [245. €.7B # ]5ƒ >8 G& mj GPQ% : n% 2 >2 9o 8 :D + N M CD GPQ% G2 ` G “ ]0D : %? 2 Gi 6 0. V& T _D @ F0 h0 EGi 6 % G Y ? G %{ 0 K i @ H#_• K5aY i ” b h V? 2 ˆ ! 0 E456 7 8 G&WD %ui TL2 * ) • GPQ% GPQ% –%, 9n% , h u { B .H '( V?. G* @ h [> Gi mf '( ! %&% ! ! " # $ ! . /W0 E:456 7 8 + & &, # 80 —ˆ ! 2 1 + & &, # $ 8 7 8 9n% , ! ;&—G!&i# 456 '( G @ ) •07 8 h GPQ% 9n% , + & &,# 4 A G& Y Z 8 p( 4560 E! ;& ˆ ! 2 1 + & &, # $ % ) *.
  • 4. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k l€ + & &, # GY# 8 7 0#= '( t Ž% #oH M h Gb&WD # o, K5aY Et !G!&i# 456 7 8 h ! ;& ˆ ! + & &, # $ ue&A?, >. 9[ 8D EG8 + 8 % 8 ]0j 9[ Et [* >8 GH 68 GH F 4 A : Y w ^:% ˜0 EG!&i# 456 7 8 9n% , h + & &,# > + 8 % 8 IJ™ >8 d%Qš0 E7# Y 0D $ LG85 ra2 :D)(u , 1 7# 4 8D >8 : 68 & 8l+ m T.# o * 0 EGH $ G&F5 2 › VmD >80 )Facevalidity(% GH $ ‡#.i F 4 *IIG!&i# 9&% , h teeA >8 G&H C GPQ i0D2 , nœ teeA B • B = h0 EG& mDKGY =( GH $ T i V KY F0.'( GH $ M!8 Q* *0l_ž % 3ˆ j G & h t_# ? z{ >8 t T *0 EZ#ƒD G m >8 • C Z 8 G% ) * 0 EG m >8 G % A T i 9 Y G >8 GH $ BV8 h Gi 0 Ÿ t b B$L Š:D •a,. 0 ) &1 $2: + d&,#, % ¡ ,&[ ,0'(30 4:Gi _0 E7B#*0 E45_0 E¢.*0 G&m 6& % B i 9&[ B m516 $78.r= 8 7 ]0 ,D :D V *0 ~ x i G &C0 G% >8 u E7 0 GY# ti |# '( z`D :D T0D E. $2E+ &[ 7T &* – ] ^8 •=0D0 EK2#oH B ? V& i 4 f ‰ , 7 &[ ‡ 8 7 T( >8 %&P?, G & š > ) 8 0D + 8 % 8 u2 : 62 * £A? Y GF b¤6 % -Pa 0 E7 &[ T •8 % ¥ 0 E„#¦ V&P?)G%8#(e* §>¨8 V_ ©&%Y E Y 2(7 &[ 7T &* ] x G & .i u 6ª + 8 % @ –% ªE#8j0 E m « G& &_0 GPQ% + D G 7# F h % 2 Y GPQ% ˆ T % ¡ . 2 u[ H *0 EGPQ% + T# 8 >8 z _ i Ka2D q9%20 E9&P ,0 H >8 456 B CD # o2 80 $T0 EK …0 KY# GPQ%$ GY# @ 0 EGY# 8 u& [H „ Tf0 4 f >8 Y EG
  • 5. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ll 456 >8 F >6 O,.¡& .,0 G Gi e8 : 6, :D dŸ GY# Y0 E>6ª rm# [O,0 9 O, :D. b8D0 i 7 9[ ,0 EG [ 6 GY# G “0 ¡& ., % 7 Y '(. '9::• DcG&_ T( 7 8cG&% , 7 8 516:y % % K T * ˆ ! : 62 :D D ¢ m# $0 „ Tf % 7 ‰ , ) • GPQ% tH K Y0 G2 P% d&_# B i0 E+ j ¡.H0.456 ] x G & .i0 0 + T# & ƒ '( – • Z 2 Vi E+ j † 2 $4 7 #80 Ed&_# $ E¬VQ*0 §#oHQ + &i ,0 EG .e + x + 2 , :ži ] '( HT 2 0 E] x 0 '( ˆ ! -N# O, $ 7# * + 2 , Œj 3) • GPQ% i 2 x >8 ˆ ! >Ž6 O, KG!& * 0 #^_D G&, &F †* 8. $ ; <:0 G&% 7—] H • ¨8 >2#ƒ‹ r8 V b G&% i Ve , 1 456 b [2 ®F0 —t [ r8 & H :D 2#H 1 G*5 ¨80 —] H ®¨80 —¨†&_ >2#8D >8 u ! i 5Y K85_: DcG ` u[ H h b z % ˆ ! 7 *. c#[i GPQ% V D r8 GCT ¦ ]T , % ˆ ! 7 *8 9 2 :D0 EG 8 G ] O2. =: K2 PQ K8 oH ¯ E 2 % KH a8 ¯ E9%6 % K Y T > a , G&_ T( G&% > 7 456 45_ V6` h rY 9m# O2 u š i.€ _ 8 %°D + .± q#ª 456 Š:D ‰ 2 0l h: Ic7 ^Rcz6 ,•cG{ &€c¡.H
  • 6. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k l² T m0 z{ >8 456 h ¡%. 2 :D >6ª $ ˆ ! Y E7 ^ $ B G. Y K..ƒ b 2 8 B i d%. 2 8 0 E456 % u% ³ G&m ƒ 7 ^ :ži – •0 EG&" % G%F#8 '( ui Ve¨2 :D '( 456% ˆ ! rY , G!&F + & &, # 0 456% %ƒT rY T @ 2E'( ´ ˜ ˆ ! Y Ez6 G%F#8 G& G%F# 0 % -Pa2 5Y †* 9 2 :D 9Ž% >8 d%. 2 0 E456 ´ Hf M*0 KzƒD0 Ew % G + 0 µ j > 0 G{ &e G%F#8 ¯ Eˆ ! [ &% † 2 1 G%F# 0 ¡. G%F#8B .ƒj >8 %ƒ d%. 2 “ ErEK5aY EtY#š ti q9 , Gb& H Gb&% 456 :D >0W:]T , &Y q9 20 Er [ 0 ” KC 8 r [ 0 EK [8 ” : 62 :ži †*.² 8”G #r [8 r [8” 8 V6?)I( E456 7 8 + H 68 :D ¡ “ •ab2: Dc+ T# 0 E9&P 0 0 E+ j % V ?20 P% Z ¦ 0. cE •T m Gm T0 E 6Yj >2 6, % V ?20 #6 Z ¦ z{ V" 0 4 A i &= ,0 =# G 2#š0 E &o , G& &_0 G2 PQ[g GPQ V^8 G N# ‡ a2f. > ?4: ¶ž2 8 456 7 8 ) D >80 E z{ > ;&· ) ži G!2 PQ 7 8 ¸V_ q£ ¹:º
  • 7. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t lº I.9&P 0 E ¢ HD TL2 :D0 EG!&i# GPQ% + D 9Ž% ¡. 2 :D G!&i# B iD Z G 8 G 2#.i – •0 EG % A. R.G‚ ? 0 7 0 + j ¡. 2 :D. •.G%2 . 0 E7ze + _#x ti |# „ 2 :D. €.G!&i# h G %6 d&_# •& be 4 o K8 A [8 @ 6YD > O2 :D. l.u, *0 u aOH Z [80 E@# G 8 G2 PQ 70#C d[ 62 :D. ².Gb&i# GY Š^ ] 6`D ¥ i 4 A [2 :D. º.:DG 8 G& 8< + # ‚ ” ! 0 G!&i# i z6 >8 ¨>Šn6 2. @: I.0 EG # ] ( '( u Y 2 K.P= ˆ % d [2 ‡ M* #e* G = H z{. R.>8 ) / 0 EV / 0 #, 0 EG&H ^ GP¸% 9n% 7T dF e ¡% 80 Et [ 4 8D ž./– a 0 G2#A[ >8 zƒj % d,# 2 t ! ¥ i G ^ : Y > K5aY E9%6 %. •.#Cj ª KH &FD0 E+ j ¥ i h # o20 E'0j GPQ% »%![ #Cj d&_# 0 + T# '(. €.9n% , ˆ ! Y ©2 ! G 2#.i 456 #Cž,G!& ![ G 2#. !?G 2#.i GPQ% 9n% , „ • >8 456 % *D : 62 K5^8 G!2 G°# 0. l.„ Y E¼ 6 4 oN > G!&i# GP¸% h n¶ be 4 oN )5 ƒ 6, $0 ¡. O, + Dd½ Vi h0 E>¾# 0 h † j _ 0 0 i † j _ ¡. O, $0 Ed 6O, K, D… = V h G g: %_D.
  • 8. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k lJ : , 8 ŒD h : _# ?, Gi 6 7 80 456 7 8 :D u& ( 7 `f dŸ “0 A B ;C7 8 Y E´ Hf % 7 ˆ ! >8 : %. ,: 62 :D dŸ 0 G&Y#e ¿&e >8 K 6 80 EG* i + j 4 A % K T *% K T *0 EG2 GPQ% K Y0 &,#, % 7 u2 u[ H M* h0 EG + T# & ƒ 4 0 ] x 7 #80E7 8 h &i$0ti ;&& % K T * : 62 :D u 8 r* 2 7 u2 : 62 :D0 EGi 68 < 8 '( %2 ³ G& &_0 G&, e < 8#K Y0 z[ % > : m#À * 2 x 7z^_ |0#Y &i0 EG!8 G ei GPQ% ! P% 4 o % ¢ = 8.J : > @;&· 1 |0# '(0 u,56?80 Eu, H 680 E456 †2# , '( ¡ &Y =# , $( &WD >8 9{# % 8j @ 0 EGi 63456 7 8 G&WD nV*D 0 , ŒD % ) * 0 Eˆ ! r8 V 0 $D – • >8 ÁD G2 { '( : Y 2 9Œj ” 0 E4 # ) • '( ui K$ 0 Ž%F h u, [8 % V 0 Eu,56?8 GPQ% B iD , 7 h G!&i# GPQ% i. D yx >[OF >80h G 0 Â+ .ƒ .ƒ * ¸% ,0 G& mj + P% 9&% , : &8 : n% ,0 G&H ^ GPQ% 9&% , +56?8 V& ,E4 8 : & h b 8 >[FD >80 9n%E9n% G& &, # i e O20Learning StrategicG&% + &% 8 A [2 1 + 6& 6 0G&H ^ GPQ% 9n% , G&% z[&, VmD >8 : !.p0 Ki e8 B m 9n% G& &,# 4 8D *(0# % V ?,à h #Y , :D -# O2 % K T * : 62 :D # –%, >8 EG&H ^ GPQ% ¢ i ˆ T ŽV_'"Eu2 0 E _Š h G {#F GHIb 0T $ u2 0 E>2#ƒ‹ r8 VJ "'>8 ´# b 4 0 E % K T *0 EG%^8j0 ´• b % ;_#20 EG!2 P% B .ƒj 6,K7#.&[ 0 Ä % K 0 K8 %O2 :D0 Eu85_ %.>8 G&H ^ GPQ% 9¸% , dF e2 KG [H0LM :
  • 9. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t là ˆ ! Š:ÅY #.= 0– • :0T ] ˜ ¢N OP Q E 0†* u, • ¥2# ,0 E GPQ% G “ u •& , G!& e,. G i [ + M CD *0$ 2“0 EG&H ^ GPQ% 9n% , h zCž,0 + & &, # $ u CD:IS I.Gb2 P¸% G2 6 rY '( T 2 G 9n% + & &, # 4 A. R.:D r&. [20 EG[H + & &, # $ & ƒ h d{#2 ¢ GPQ% ˆ T •= 2 :D r&. [2 t ! >8 ¢ b 0 EO P¸% V r8 &62 — 8 A ¨9•0 E 8 A 1 G& &, # $ •.VaYD " H '( T 2 F ! P% V h G& &, # >8 #^_D 4 A _GY# G& &, # 4 ACognitive StrategicG& &, # i Gi e8 GY# | Y 8Metacognitive.>8 #^_D P¸% V r° %6Y 7 m# 7 " M [b, G& &,#. 1 I: §M%• ¨T [_D 6&iRebecca Oxford II + & &, # $ 9&[ , %'( ¶ž2 &Y -# [H ) 0 E7#` 8 z{ + & &,# 0 E7#` 8 + & &,# 456 7 G%e + • 7#` + & &, # $. RI14:$ SP I 0 E+ & &,# $ >8 G % « K HD q9a,: IcG& • +5 ¡%ƒ:Dc+ k h †& e!. c!-i#! 0. ´c+ * & h 7 2 g + 0 + %6 r=0. Rc+ !e 0 7 !e ti -i!#:Dce!
  • 10. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ²S cGb&, 6 -" #/. ´cGb&F + %6 4 A. TcŠ h 7T m + j B7#_. •cG m# €c_#x †&p b:DcÄ V&^· cG&6&H 6&8 d& D 4 A G!2#_ ! + & &, # $ >8 456 7 8 h 4 A [O2 “0' " V^8 + %_ ˆ ! r [2 8 K5^ Y E+ * & h 7 2 g + 0:E7#" . E . [ < mh : i ¢ = 8 > ” 2 :D @ 0 i r&. [2 d" x E:0#Y [ E# 7 2 g + %6 Æ& #, '( T & G! / u, ˆ ! 4 A :D –`$0 E . u • h. S P T U*B* *V6 W X% t ! G& &, # $ @ [O,0 E G i [ + / ti -i!#• • ) • GPQ% h – •0 E- Y + e % ÇB i 7 2 g 0 ˆ ! Y# 2 Z#ƒD GPQ D h 0DE%6 ti -i!# _t)bÈ(E@É 8 #Q^¤_ t 0)ÆY(G!&i# G %6 ti -i#2 :D 0D E7 &§e•8 Ä )?Y(G2;&%½f 0 E)fashion.(*0 G 2#š '( t ! ¥ i ž %2Y, 1 3 E9K5 Om + %_ G%[% >8 † L&Y ¢ 2( • G [8)< Ÿ E;P E< 6 E<:( < ¶ m 2 < 6 G6 8 2 ;P HD —< Ÿ u * V ¶ m 2 $ Bu[ H r8 ˆ ! TT#2 :ži 7 2 g zi 0 E+ %6 G m #8 ‰ , 0 % « G& 8< ¤V i:D '( + %6 @ ‚ G% % Vo&Y ¢ D '( 4 2 '( G >8 G 8 A h G&" % G%F#8 Ve¨2.
  • 11. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ²I G2#_ + & &, # $ [,0%ˆ ! Y E o F ¡ 1 + 8 % ¢ m# G%° h % § O2 GC5^ 4#Ff um0D y F)Šœ # Y(_ j rm# [2 :D r&. [&: GC5^)r · E:#•* ET #Y((x > 2 x qT 2 8. R ; Z:1 $ 2 I 8 + & &, # $ >8 G k q9Oa,: I.HGPQ% i K š H % 2 8 ˆ ! & ( ž %2 E PQ ´• Ê 7 _ 0D 2(0 E+ e% um #ƒ( G 2#š % &Y E) •:N 6O2 ®F 9&P b 0 b ¢ V j >8 G 2#* 0D EKG%C “ K7. R.[E Q E:ži G& &, # $ @ 4 A [O,0 GPQ% ¶ e 4 o % ) • GPQ% i t š b Fj r [2 ¯ Eu, ei K = 8 ˆ ! V [O2 b ti GH 8 2 ¯ Eu[ H ¢ = > ” 2t%& [.+ j h0 : j ti 8 + ž_ m#ƒ( Gb ƒ G& &_ '( ´ ³ 1 /”/E/•/7•# 4 A >6ª.´ #ƒÅi u8; Z 8 u[ i ˆ ! Zz t, e >2 ¡.H uH [. •.] ^ 0 _ X > E~ i0 E456 B ;mD -i h 7 [ 2 # : =… 2 x G:456 V°D 8 K F!V_ % — • 8 ¯ ] F....K š E....Í B ` :( š Ez/ i –F Í D E h @ 0<ž..... €.`0 U XCEV * >8 ˆ ! Z GY0# 8 + 0D + %_ ti : 62 … 7 2 m G%° >2 6 G 0 h &i -i#2 ¯:K šEd [ )#O •(0 E 8 :!6&Y:Od ¤V.¨i d [ )# •(0 EM*0 ©& K š. l.$ + $ 'Y E) • GPQ% i t š H r8 ˆ ! V 2 8 q9 ,0 ˆ ! Z ©& 0 EG2T G #[ i 456 ¢ 2( h 9 2 O2 :D ]0 ˜
  • 12. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ²R ži Ä v G 0 &ƒ3G&o z{ 0D MH _ G&o 7 u& 8 0D u&C ti0 u &i GCT ¦ G2 # > a&. ².$ F (a C1W0 Et & &, # > a ,0: DcU G "8 ¡2#š > – • q9 20 E • ( 0D G # ] $ V^8 ¢ .8:dOQ_0 E+ T# 9" *0 E©&8...4 A 0D ˆ 8 % ž %2 * ˆ ! Y EV& [ Gš#`D V^8 G . z{ T e 0D E .H0 + %6 ¥ i w 8 % † &Y 7#= B f u[ H T f 2 % u[ H T f bQ6 7 D ¥ i r &Y † qe '( ž %2 * @ 0 , ui ?8 ¢ = 8 >. -bI 1 K EFI7 [8 '( ) • + & &, # ©Î q9a,0 K8 A [8 EG8 % 9 . z6 4 A % ˆ ! >6 0 E • G& &, # 0 E) • GPQ% + T# 80 EG2 ) • GPQ% 9¸% , |N 2 * 8 A h v #Yf.IR + • + & &, # $ @ >80456 7 G%e: $ J , IP -Ê ´ H( h G i G2 P ) 8 >8 7T $ ‰ ,0 3 … E 2 m:GY =Åi 9 , 1 ¢ Y# Ä^ 7 *):(v#YD •ÅY ET# % ¢ H >8 V OÏ ” 2 :ž_ ž./ h r 2 * ˆ ! &Y::5m : : m : z Y : 0 E: ?.. c$dE456 7 8 h t" Z K &` #^_D G& &, # 0 *0 E) • GPQ% 9¸% , % !»% T0T#8 u G&Y#x G°# % T $0 G%° ! ;& 9m# 2 :ž_ E 2 ` ´#F h ˆ ! r* 2Sayatelah makan ubatB 0 M%_D HD '(.] 2 :D •& e 0:0 ,B 0 OM.
  • 13. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ²• K(,G2 PQ GY# 8 9 4j GPQ% h G i G2 PQ GY# 8 4 A 0 E V^8 ) • GPQ% h 7 2 m:G& &, # Y *0 E &HT0 E¢ j 4 2D ¡.H h -&[ #2 ! '( ¨>•.¤Y •( G! ƒ G ei0 E! ;& ˆ % 7 & 8 + %6 @. < Z: Ic'"8 7T 8 K ƒž20 E _:I• c:ž_ ) • GPQ% O, 7 ei 4j u P >8 G %_ ˆ ! ¡. 2 :D ! ;& ˆ ! ] 2:EG 8 g 9 .8 h B P G m0 0 , *0 : _ 0O>6¤K 2.4 . D. c:D K58• _ . 20 E4j u P >8 G %_ ˆ ! †% [2 :D ! ;& ] 2 :ž_ Er8 [ u 2:Y ¾D 8DTG m >8 ¡& ` z{ ÈD D - Y j. c>8 T # '( r8 [ Ve2 :D K58• @ >8 7 2 m G %_ G{ & | &[ ]5ƒ.…:h 2;& 8 r ,&HT& •Ee 27 *. RcX 9 Q J $u&m , '( u85_ B CD ˆ ! ž %2 &Y0 E … Eu F §>¨8 '( ] L:E ax FD '( @ &i Kz?8 0D — b [O2 • 8 ‰ , 0... •c9e $78+ [*0 E+ `f0 EV&^ _ + _#x i z ‰ ,0 E t & G_#F0 Eum. €c0I[ 14 [D e Už./ >8 ) / u : 62 *0 EG # > r8 B . >i V 0 u% 2 : _ _ GPQ% + D >8 + ¡.H h G & H ¶ž2 * 0D E” HÐ r g z = 4 A >8 ) / 0D EB b# + G&?ƒ 2 x > u¨[ H ˆ ! –[ O&Y 8 ¢ = 8 > + T# † a
  • 14. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ²€ *ž./ h ¢.] ( B CD + 6[ 0 4 m i : 6&Y %6 T i$ 8D G #.G2 P% u, *0 d 3G # V2 , '( ž %2 t ! ¥ i0 :D z{ >8 u ¡2 r8 u 0 , 4 š % ‰^O2 :ž_ K8 #^_D % Ÿ :ž_ EuÁ ¡.H h ž./ >8 KY ƒ u & i ¡ š '( -# 2u 0 0D. lc2U 14 =V* "B ? † 0 '( ˆ ! ž %2 &Y0 3 V^8 u KYT #8 )# 2 $0 uY# 2 $:uH 0 E #" B ? – • – i ‰ 2 0 EK5& B [ _ h # o20 E¥&iD)#.(4 A [2 *0 G %_ 4 A _ ¡&*T z{ KYT #8)T [Y(K5" *:_“ 7#2;{ .8j MH + & V_ T [Y '( Z!TDE‚#ƒ ‰ 2 0. $ 0 0 fX g h %C - 4: F yF$!†62 uHD ! ;& d . ©2 , h K8 #? G[ / + 8 7 ƒ >8 #^_D 0D d [ G!&i# GPQ% i V ! h TT# 2 0D 456 >G&,‹ j: Dc> 4 Ff h G[&"# j >8 q O20 EG2 P% 7zƒ † = + 8 % 8 u2 0 E¢ = # K_ 8 : 62 * ˆ ! Y E456 ) • GPQ% h G2 P% u,zƒ• † = d [i >6 0 E4j u P%i u G&Y _ 456 > 9 ˜. ch V^ , G&[ H D:/ 0 EV /Eu&% B58; – = Ež./ >8 ) © i G ^ 4 Eu"58< 0D u % 8 Z u, <;. ´c4 gÅi G%& _ G e @ Y d% y&%{ KnoY 9Ž% : _ •( E9Ž% G&eA` B CD d2 e >8 #^62 9Ž% – _0 E456 > t ! š > K5aY E456 h ˆ ! |5.H0D ‡ B ( h 9Ž% G 2# u[6.
  • 15. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ²l Tc1 7#6 G 2#. §>¨ †% À › H G2 &% G 2#. Y E©2 G 2#š Z [ 0 E>N[ 0 EGÑ& #,. c0D ) / ;m F #[6H Gi 8 t ! D MH _ %_ E# O †& = @#CžY ¢ V8 8D E456 >8 V /h G! ƒ 8 ! F '( G!2;& GÑ&. 0c+ 8 >8 ©& Ò % ‡0#. ¢ = : 62 * E¢ = G & š u G&Y _ + 8 % 8 –% ª $ 0D Eˆ !. <c456 & V^8 EG& +56?8)7žYž 0 7ž,ž(Wz{0. G* @ >8 w ^ ] L[ b8DYc# $ 8! ;& ˆ ! & 2 1 + & &, —G!&i# GPQ% 9%6 2 8c% u Gi mf h F Y$;% b<0 RSŠœ0 E456 7 8 Gb ƒ G ei0 EGPQ% + 8 G T % _D >2 >8 K T EG % « G& T + V^· Y K&" ? G & & ƒ:ži K % KC H(0 K _• M%Ó0 K T t i D >8 : 6 2 r k. $ U4: ET [_D 6&i GH % G +Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) Version 5.1(Ve % K Y0 456 7 •%e2 8 8 ƒQD *0 ^:Applying Direct Strategies to the Four Language SkillsI€ . [*0GC5C '( GH $1 i+ & &, # $ 4 [*D >8 K [* 8 B;m V_ V^ª 0 E7#`: Ic$ SP IMemory Strategies#_ , '( ) •0 E G. i G& • +5 ¡%ƒ ¡2#š > – •0 E m# 0 + 8 % e¡2#š > 0D Ey x V [2 “ + k h †& G m # 0D E _#x †&p 0D E-i# 0...
  • 16. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ²² Rc$ 2 ICognitive Strategies'( 8#, 0 E ¡2#š > m H(0 E7 2 m G2 PQ v ÊD 9 t ! 7 [8 T e 4 A 0 v $0 V&%...Ô(. •cI$ j *Compensation Strategies'( ) •0 E 9• e GŠ%•* >8 9{# % GPQ% 4 A % t ! 7 [8 †e2 :ži – •0 E† 4 A 0D Et A G. i P% G2#_ + & &, # $ ³0 EuÁ #_• > K$ i B ? ˆ !– GH $ h–%$ 0 4% G&Y# + & &, # $0 EG%Ñ D$ ; k & Y G&a2 ! 8D EG%Ñ D$G%Ñ D–ˆ ! >8 %. 0 )™(B CD K5 Y ui 4 2 8 r8 7 G Y 8 Z 8 '( z?O2 :D ©Î >8 : 68 & 8 ]5ƒ G!&i# GPQ% h 456 7 u n% , % 0 E+ m T¶‹ !: IcG %_ %^· 7 F0 Gm T)K iD(¡ . , $ 7 :D ‰ ,0 K m K T H 0D EK iD u&%. RcG %_ %^·0 : m T)K5&%*(3u&% ¡ . , $ 7 :D ‰ ,0 >8 nV*D V^· ŒjlSG" h. •cG %_ %^·0 + m T ”5C)KH &FD(¡ . , 7 :D ‰ ,0 ( u&%0 [2 u% Y D 8 F 'lSG" h. €cG %_ %^·0 + m T ri D)K {(Eu&% ¡ . , 7 :D D E % 2;2 „ %[ • u% YlSG" h. lcu&% ¡ . , 7 :D D K " T G %_ %^·0 + m T ©Î ] Fj ŽV_ h0 K " T.
  • 17. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ²º [_D 6&i G^F & 8 F 4 A9* ]0 g i h u& ( ? T )I(" eFf V&% 4 A > K5aYANOVA. lD , 1 $; I K m: GH 5 i >2 T ¿%iRSG [ i _• GC5C 9 8 K TIl%r 0 E G [ i KG š 7#?Jl%G!2;& G&[ g '( : 2 9 %_0 E. 9* ]0 m)I( + 2 [ T [_D 6&i †& e, + & &, # 4 A + . 8 ] 9n% ,RGH $ h ` ** 9 €,lcl,SK m r ,#8 •,l–€,€r ,#8 R,l–•,€] 8 I,l–R,€¥ A 8 I,S–I,€K m ¥ A 8 9* ]0 m)R( Z ”5^ + &›# $ 4 A $ %6 -! ;& ˆ !Il :$ I n*;F IG2#_ + &›# $•,I RG&Y# + &›# $•,I •+ & &, # $ G&a2 ! •,²
  • 18. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ²J 9* ]0 g 7B #* HT D •()R(]0 g h •= T [_D 6&i & 8 t8 A [8 9*)I(r , +$ r&° :D •ab2Z [ 7#" T hF- 8 B m •( E ¶‹ % r= 8 + & &, # 5 4 A $:G&a2 ! + & &, # $ •,²0 F0 K. 8 ,<#FD G&Y# 0 EG2#_ + & &, # $0 E•,I8 V6. ,# % G&a2 ! + & &, # $ ]5 F :ÅY 4 , 8 % ÇB i0'0j GI² - )•,²('( z?2( (%W0 E: Ic'( 7 `( u&Y G&a2 ! + & &, # $ % t ! T= o $ U1 i1$ *7 2.+ %_ V H 0 Et A '( 9 Y 2 “ – • z{0 7 `f 4 A 0 E4j GPQ% >8. RcG& &, # $ @ G 8!(, pH 9456 B CD # o2.G& %,0 >2#ƒ‹ r8 V ! h ” G {K+9F 0 E456 GPQ V" Í: §MØ š ƒ 45Ø6 GPQ §M%. , b %Y„ &ØØ Z ØØ• GPQ h &Ø 1& &, # Ùk 8D)GY# 0 #_(2 t ! :D '( z?&Y G&H ^ G ,# h9 h e*$ *7 ]qP ` o4 A i #_ G& &, # '( B % 9 Y 2 “ >80 E4j 0D ) • GPQ% h Z#ƒD G %_0 E7 2 m G %_ ¡.H ti -i!# 0D Er ![ :D >8 T [_D 6&i u& ( §M • 8 r* • G2#_ ]5 F _L2 Z#ƒD G m 5. ti r" ` -t2 & ‹.Iº G ,# h G2#_ % GY# G& &, # G_ ?80 Ÿ $ ˆ ! Y um ƒ0 Ve VƒT GPQ% G “ † = '( •= 0 #`L8 u&Y G&H ^ 4j u P 4 A Ve >8 ´#ƒ •(0 EVe VƒT 456 G M* >8 G [QY. 45_ h •= 0 V6?i yF52 G 4 0GPQ% ] eY VƒT t!2;& t ! 9 H h z h G2;&%½f '( :0ž %2 8 Kz^6Y G!&i#.r8 ” G 0 Y + z _0 E7 2 m V Om h + %6 >8 µ ¦ ¡& .,0 E9Ž% 7 _ 0D Et š
  • 19. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ²Ã & &, # q ¨O, n%_ G!&i# + %.e 0E456 7 *!# h G &š 7 " Y + • + ] e VƒT 7 80 E e8 V * >8 G2 '( ´ ³0. : F1 B)s( GH $ G%Ñ D >8 ] L nV_ + & &, # 4 A - 8 F /9U X 9 ` * " I F /9U X 9 ` * " I IRS•,ISSSISRS•,ºlSS RRS•,RSSSIIRS•,•SSS •RSR,ºSSSIRRS•,•SSS €RS•,€SSSI•RS•,•lSS lRSR,lSSSI€RS€,IlSS ²RS•,RlSSIlRS€,IlSS ºRSR,JlSSI²RS•,JlSS JRSR,²lSSIºRSR,²lSS ÃRS•,•SSSIJRS•,ºSSS 9* ]0 g >8 yF52)•(:Dd%P2 GH $ >8 ] L nV_ 4 A +$ 8 &%F XI4 A - 8 £ Y &% *0 1 [ H G & 0 E 456 7 G%e + • ”5^ + & &, # $)G&a2 ! 0 EG&Y# 0 EG2#_($( E T $ H * K$L #? G&H ^ >8 Út L Š:D yF5H HDG ,#8 Gm)€,I(W0 AI /9:uvb]x W ,Z4 R , R] B4 I1 y$ 0 0 z m4 ,X 6 {7 f $' S " 4 14 |} " 4.[1u€b]$ , $' B4 • ‚C ƒ z m4 f„ | F… 4 [< % W ,Z4[.[g GPQ G %{ '( G = 0 7 `( – • h0 Gg 8 % V [2 “ G&i# µ ži | . =0 EG % A ‚0#ai 456 7 8 rYT % : [, t % G&% + 2 0 + x >8 2; e t ! Z #2 .,0 G!&i# i.
  • 20. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ºS : F1 B)v( ” Hf 0 _ 4 A - 8 9*#G& &, # $84 A - _ 4 A - 8 ” Hf IG2#_R,••,R RG&Y#R,I•,• •G&a2 !•,R•,² 9* ]0 g >8 •a 2)€(” Hf0 _ 4 A :D)G & T #YD t!2;&( 8 A [2 9 8 _ :D EG!&i# GPQ% i ” 456 7 8 + & &, # $: - G2#_ + & &, # $R,•” Hf &i E•,R&i ¥ A 8 ]0j - Y E _ <#FžY G&Y# + & &, # $ h 8D E] 8 w ^R,I” Hf0 E•,•KzƒD0 E _ ] H Y G&a2 !•,R:<#FD ” Hf &i E•,².:D •a 2 GH i0z ;} A #^_D_ >8 G % A ‚0#ai 456 7 8 + & &, # $ K8. $† ‡: G&WD : _ 2 G & T #YD :D '( V , F :D '( 4 ƒ h z?H &Y G " ] °( >6ª0 E456 7 8 9¸% , h G % A ‚0#ai + & &, # $ ¶ž2: Ic8 T 4 A :D4 V6?i B m + P% ;_# 456 7RIh ”5^ + & &, # $)G2#_–G&Y#–G&a2 !(456 7 G%e + •. RcG%Ñ j >8 ] L V_ Z [8 % ”5^ + & &, # $ 4 A :D ti ‡0 #,3& 1 F. •c+ & &, # $ 4 A :D G •M b&i% # p G & @ T #YD Z ¶‹:
  • 21. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t ºI DcG&a2 ! + & &, # $Compensation strategies cG2#_ + & &, # $Memory StrategiesG&Y# + & &,# $0 E Cognitive Strategies e¨,0$ j *2 x G “ G&o z{ V" 0 : &Pš '( z?2 G " % iG!&i# h 9 = # 2 Z#ƒD G m >80 EG m >8 G & T #YD Z G!&i# GPQ% 4 V6?i._0 Æ&` ¾D G T & ( M% , [ H G & 0)RSSl4.(IJ €c:Dz ;}_ >8 + & &,# 5 K8 A #^_D. lc:D $( E#ƒ• '( ˆ T >8 †% À + P% 9¸% , :D >8 9{# %– >8 Kz _ K *3D | It ! r&° ti 4 A $. 4; %2 :D G* @ G2 Œ h H0ˆG&,‹ v iƒ97 456: Dc†* 8 Ve Vƒ T 9Ž% †* 8 : 62 :DƒB*|GŠY Y 0 E456% t ! rYT G 0 0 E456+ z i 9µ j0 Gm x 7 &. cKq X†* dŠ%., •(0 E456 B CD t ! G š 8 0D u^2 F >8 ˆ ! B H i >6&%Y EK & e, 0D K &% ,. ´c3 @9 85_ G & i 9 `(0 E456 % t !. Tc9Ž% 4; %2 :D$ 0 0] (0 E e3G 8 G #[i u^2 F &% 0 7 _ % K &m Km• Ê : 6&. c>8 G 8 ¢ Hži t ! T 8($ ' KD *E O >8 + { G& %, r&. [2 ®F z{0 2 &Y Gš#`D0 EV& [, Gš#`D0 z{0 ! #ei 0D E! F 0D E! [F ˆ T >8 t ! r&° – •.
  • 22. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k ºR 0_% ) *©2 + & &, # ¨§O % t ! d2 , Z#ƒD G&F H >80 EG&F H >8 &% 7 " Y #^_D G&Y =( + & &,#. <ct ! T 8(n*o* V , 00D EG%Ñ D 7 CÅi – •0 •= 0 % ži 6Yj ¥ i 9 20;,. ‡c! #oH M %2 :D 9Ž% %G& &_ '( t>M J y I¶ž2 8 9 &% ‡# 2 :D >6ª0:Ià c7 2 + #8 }] + ei + %6 ¡.H TT. c7#8 _ & ( r ¯ E+ %6 ÚV!. c}] + ei TT 0 E§r)+ 0D EG!&i# i ¡š H + ei G% [8 7T „• D.( ct š FD >8 §©¡% 2 ¯ E–, ei G%! [O8 7bT ¨8 '( r [2 :D G!&i# i h +ž.ƒD 1 + %6 i G " * ¬V ¯ E7 0 † a >š 8 % &% b ,0 &P , 0D E H h ¡Y O, 1 V Qg 0D E .H. c9%6 G!&i# GPQ% i t š >8 –Hži §# o,. c–85_ ti ¬: *-2#` % : 62 – •0 EG!&i# i ¡š H 45_0)VÚ ¨[O8( Ú>2 [8 •. c1 + & &, # $ 80 EG!&i# GPQ% 9¸% , h 9 F ½ N#• > –H #*D ¬V — &% 0 c¥2#8 0 d& š x h : _ •( K5^8 K&_• K & ¹ > AO, †&_ 9n% , > : C 2 ŒD >o d%{žYh Vm ti : _ •(0 EB 0 0 -# 6 0 >_ 8j ¥ i0 + ›$ > Y •" 0 ¢ ?...% ;n_ – 6ª •( W 8 )# , $ t %_ 0D G %_ '( M %, $0 EG[&"# v +$ F$ 4 A [, :D –&% 0 E| &[ >8 Ä > ¹ :D.
  • 23. Z 456 7 8 9% , + & &,#t2;&t º• c„ , :D dŸ K i KC 8 : 6, 67zƒ• –% · :D0 E + & D E7 &x + = 8 >8 ¢ = 8 D h 2 x – & , G 0 G&, T# 8 –&% !»% #CD u : 62 $D dŸ ž./ Y Ù.AO, * – • r80. c0 E9 Y C GY# 8 % , 9‚ – *5 :j 3 # GY C % §†* G!&i# 9n% i 7 &š0 G% + •. cD_ :D '( t ! #oH M9 T 8f 9 O 3B ` ŽV_ % ˜ uHD * 2 $D dŸ0 E7 @ 9¸% + & j i 9 &% dŸ!(,VƒT • j 2 F >8 Gb / 9• #_ x 7 _ G 0 ¨80 E9 &% N< 2 1 + #_ 0D EVeE+ + T# 0 + z i G " * 9& e, 0D E 6 h 7T m £e 0 G 0 0 E F0 : 68 h 6 VƒT 7#C + 8 % r° 0D E7 2 g #ƒ‹ M*0 >8 m#8.:D '( t ! uNH0-c: _ 8c‰ 0 ( ´ ³0 7 8 7 8 Y E456 7 8 h 9 * ƒ( >8>8 z _ m ' ˆ !. Š *a: I #oH:2 H>E‡0 “ E$04 % 8 E ‚ t š zP G!&i# GP% 9&% , h um E T E &[H0 H( EG!&i# G!&85 f)•(EI€II™ E€S. R #oH:T EG* !EEG & š0E `‹ MD JŒ (J , ]7 $ 0 $7E)v i#:G&85 f G o GY ^ 0 4 % 0 G!&i# %)6[&[2((ERSS•4(™ EIRlcIR²))#e i.( • #oH: Bygate, Martin: Speaking, Oxford University Press, 1987, p. 3-9. € #oH:T EG* !EEG & š0E `$7 ‹ MD JŒ (J , ]7 $ 0E™IR². l #oH:E ¾D % E _ 8T $ D 0I $ % 0 $ 0 $7 U * 1U1 $ 6 • 1 $ 0 $7 A*,2 ',![ 6 EG!&[ 0 G!2 i# 4 % % G!2T ![ G!& g E•G& , h 7 0T0 " i$ 9&% ! E ™ E &85! Z G!& j +Il€.
  • 24. G&iTj0 G2 P% + G%k º€ ² >8 V6? 9 h F T:Underhill Nic: Testing Spoken Language, Cambridge, 1988, p.2. º #oH:ET EG*"j 6 †& ž,"E$ *7 $ 0 $ Ž%s E)I(ET)R(#2 Y EE IÃJ•E4™•Jc•Ã.T EG* !EEG & š0E `Œ (J , ]7 $ 0 $7 ‹ MD J™ E I•S. J #oH V&e >8 2;:Bygate, Martin: Speaking,™ EIScIR.02 H>E‡0 “ E $0™ E€². à #oH:T [_DE6&iELanguage Learning Strategies: An update Eric DigestEÆ2 iR& 2E RSS€4Ehttp://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed376707.html IS #oH:u[ H ¡i [. II #oH: Oxford, Rebecca, Language Learning Strategies, New York, Heinle Publishers, 1990, p.58 IR #.H:Oxford, Language Learning p.80 E E 0RB‚*• $ 0 W ( $ ; < $7h G^2 x + ›$ 70 H E 8 G& G&85 f G 8 g E F ) 8 G&%_ E+ & 80 2 a* ‚ T•0 G!&i# G TE 2;& RSS€™ E4I€0Il. I• V&e >8 2;#oH:Bygate, Martin: Speaking™ E€REi 80. I€ #oH:Oxford, Language Learning, p.57 - 133 Il G%Ñ j T % u §[•* Š¯ E7¨ •F % ”5^ + & &, # $ >8 G& &, # V_ B ;mD r° Šœ)IJ(E e %- % ]. I² 70 '( M8 * G&^Ý G* 0 h [ H G & '( _ G˜ 80 45[ Æ&` ¾D : ^F V , *0 EG&H ^ GP% 9&% , h G&H ^ G& š•c€[2TRSSl4.: i:"h #CD0 G!&i# GP% 9% , + & &,# G!&i# % G2 P% B .ƒj2;& 8 h G& G&85 f G 8 g h." Iº #oH:™ – • ¥& H '( : ^F V , u&Y0 Eu[ H ¡i [I•.Ka2D #oH 0:E F• ™ E². IJ #oH:¡i [u[ H. Ià _ >8 v @ 9 h F T: Rubin, Joan, How to be more successful Language Learner, Heinle Publisher, 1982.