27. SAME-SEX MARRIAGE & SAME-SEX PARENTING -Biologically Uncomplimentary, Psychosocially Unhelpful to Children, and Philosophically Misguided
1. SAME-SEX MARRIAGE & SAME-SEX PARENTING
Part 27-Antonio Bernard
Biologically Uncomplimentary, Psychosocially Unhelpful to
Children, and Philosophically Misguided
2. redefining marriage will undermine the institution of marriage.
âHow does redefining marriage affects society ?â
SAME-SEX MARRIAGE
Part 27-Antonio Bernard
3. Diluting the Meaning of Familyâ
âInstead of marriage we want to promote a co-
habitation law that ignores gender and allows more
than two people in a partnership.â
â Tiina Rosenberg, Sweden.
4. âGays should ďŹght for same-sex marriage and its beneďŹts and
then, once granted, redeďŹne the institution of marriage completely,
because the most subversive action lesbians and gay men can
undertakeâŚis to transform the notion of âfamilyâ entirely.â
- Michelangelo Signorile, âBridal Wave,â Out 42 (December-January 1994), 161
5. âAnd after all, we are advocating the
destruction of the centrality of marriage
and the nuclear family unit... .â
- Ryan Conrad, xtra.ca
6. Gay Rights Activist Masha Gessen from 2012:
âItâs a no-brainer that [same-sex couples] should have the
right to marry, but I also think equally that itâs a no-brainer
that the institution of marriage should not exist.â
â -Robert P. George, âWhat Few Deny Gay Marriage Will Do,â First Things, April 16, 2013, http://
www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2013/04/what-few-deny-gay-marriage-will-do.
7. âFighting for gay marriage generally involves lying about what we are
going to do with marriage when we get thereâbecause we lie that the
institution of marriage is not going to change, and that is a lie. The
institution of marriage is going to change, and it should change.â
-Robert P. George, âWhat Few Deny Gay Marriage Will Do,â First Things, April 16, 2013, http://
www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2013/04/what-few-deny-gay-marriage-will-do.
8. âAnd again, I donât think it should exist. And I donât like taking part in
creating ďŹctions about my life. Thatâs sort of not what I had in mind when I
came out thirty years ago. I have three kids who have ďŹve parents, more or
less, and I donât see why they shouldnât have ďŹve parents legally. . . . â
-Robert P. George, âWhat Few Deny Gay Marriage Will Do,â First Things, April 16, 2013, http://
www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2013/04/what-few-deny-gay-marriage-will-do.
9. âI met my new partner, and she had just had a baby, and that babyâs
biological father is my brother, and my daughterâs biological father is a man
who lives in Russia, and my adopted son also considers him his father. So
the ďŹve parents break down into two groups of three. . . . And really, I would
like to live in a legal system that is capable of reďŹecting that reality, and I
donât think thatâs compatible with the institution of marriage.â
-Robert P. George, âWhat Few Deny Gay Marriage Will Do,â First Things, April 16, 2013,
http://www.firstthings.com/blogs/firstthoughts/2013/04/what-few-deny-gay-marriage-will-do.
10. âAnti-equality right-wingers have long insisted that allowing gays to
marry will destroy the sanctity of âtraditional marriage,â and, of course,
the logical, liberal party-line response has long been âNo, it won't.â But
what ifâfor onceâthe sanctimonious crazies are right? Could the gay
male tradition of open relationships actually alter marriage as we
know it? And would that be such a bad thing?â
- Ari Karpel, âMonogamish,â The Advocate
11. âIf same-sex marriage becomes legal, the venerable
institution will ever after stand for sexual choice, for cutting
the link between sex and diapersâŚSame-sex marriageâŚ
announces that marriage has changed shape.â
- Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con, edited by Andrew Sullivan, p. 135
12. - Ryan T. Anderson, âMarriage Matters, and RedeďŹning It Has Social Costsâhttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11880/â¨
"Marriage exists to unite a man and a woman as husband and wife to then be
equipped to be mother and father to any children that that union produces. Itâs based
on the anthropological truth that men and women are distinct and complementary.
Itâs based on the biological fact that reproduction requires a man and a woman. Itâs
based on the sociological reality that children deserve a mother and a father.â
13. - Ryan T. Anderson, âMarriage Matters, and RedeďŹning It Has Social Costsâhttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11880/â¨
"Whenever a child is born, a mother will always be close by. Thatâs a fact of biology. The
question for culture and the question for law is whether a father will be close by. And if
so, for how long? Marriage is the institution that different cultures and societies across
time and place developed to maximize the likelihood that that man would commit to
that woman and then the two of them would take responsibility to raise that child.â
14. âResearch clearly demonstrates that family structure matters
for children, and the family structure that helps children the
most is a family headed by two biological parents...â
â Kristin Anderson Moore, Susan M. Jekielek, and Carol Emig, 2002.
âMarriage from a Childâs Perspective: How Does Family Structure Affect Children, and What Can Be Done About It?â
Research Brief, June 2002. Washington, DC: Child Trends, p. 6.
15. âMarriage is everywhere the word we use to describe a publicly acknowledged
and supported sexual union between a man and woman which creates rights and
obligations between the couple and any children the union may produceâŚMarriage
is the fundamental, cross-cultural institution for bridging the male and female
divide so that children have loving, committed mothers and fathers.â
â Maggie Gallagher, âWhat is Marriage For? The Public Purposes of Marriage Law,â
Louisiana Law Review, 62 (2002), 773-75.
16. MARRIAGE AND CULTURE
â [Traditional] marriage laws
reinforce the idea that the union of
husband and wife is, on the whole, the
most appropriate environment for
rearing childrenâan ideal supported
by the best available social science.â
- Sherif Girgis, Ryan T. Anderson, Robert P. George. What is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense, p. 58, 8
17. MARRIAGE AND CULTURE
âRecognizing same-sex relationships
as marriage would legally abolish that
ideal.
No civil institution would reinforce the
notion that men and women typically
have different strengths as parents; that
boys and girls benefit from fathers and
mothers in different waysâŚâ
- Sherif Girgis, Ryan T. Anderson, Robert P. George. What is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense, p. 58, 8
18. MARRIAGE AND CULTURE
âRedefining marriage would thus
soften the social pressures and lower
the incentivesâalready diminished by
these last few decadesâfor husbands
to stay with their wives and children, or
for men and women to marry before
having children. All this would harm
childrenâs development into happy,
productive, upright adults.â
- Sherif Girgis, Ryan T. Anderson, Robert P. George. What is Marriage? Man and Woman: A Defense, p. 58, 8
19. âBut how can the law teach that fathers are essential if it redeďŹnes marriage to make
fathers optional? RedeďŹning marriage diminishes the social pressures for husbands to
remain with their wives and children, and for men and women to marry before having
children.RedeďŹning marriage to include same-sex relationships makes marriage primarily
about emotional union, more about adults' desires than children's needs.â
REDEFINING MARRIAGE
20. âFirst, it fundamentally reorients the institution of marriage away from the needs of children
toward the desires of adults. It no longer makes marriage about ensuring the type of family
life that is ideal for kids; it makes it more about adult romance. If one of the biggest social
problems we face right now in the United States is absentee dads, how will we insist that
fathers are essential when the law redeďŹnes marriage to make fathers optional?â
REDEIFINING MARRIAGE
21. If that's how we understand marriage, marital norms make no
sense as a matter of principle. Why require an emotional union to
be permanent? Or limited to two persons? Or sexually
exclusive (as opposed to "open")?
REDEIFINING MARRIAGE
22. - Ryan T. Anderson, âMarriage Matters, and RedeďŹning It Has Social Costsâhttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11880/â¨
"Second, if you redeďŹne marriage, so as to say that the male-female aspect is irrational
and arbitrary, what principle for policy and for law will retain the other three historic
components of marriage? In the United States, itâs always been (1) a monogamous
union, (2) a sexually exclusive union, and (3) a permanent union. Weâve already
seen new words created to challenge each and every one of those items.â
23. âThroupleâ is a three-person couple. New York Magazine reports about it. Hereâs the question: if I were to sue
and say that I demand marriage equality for my throuple, what principle would deny marriage equality to the
throuple once you say that the male-female aspect of marriage is irrational and arbitrary? The way that we got
to monogamy is that itâs one man and one woman who can unite in the type of action that can create new life
and who can provide that new life with one mom and one dad. Once you say that the male-female aspect is
irrational and arbitrary, you will have no principled reason to retain the number two.â
THROUPLE MARIAGE
- Ryan T. Anderson, âMarriage Matters, and RedeďŹning It Has Social Costsâhttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11880/â¨
24. The term âwedleaseâ was introduced in the Washington Post in 2013. A wedlease is a
play on the term wedlock. Itâs for a temporary marriage. If marriage is primarily about
adult romance, and romance can come, and it can go, why should the law presume it to
be permanent? Why not issue expressly temporary marriage licenses?â
WEDLEASE MARIAGE
- Ryan T. Anderson, âMarriage Matters, and RedeďŹning It Has Social Costsâhttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11880/â¨
25. âmonogamish.â Monogamish was introduced in the New York Times in 2011. The term
suggests we should retain the number two, but that spouses should be free to have
sexually open relationships. That it should be two people getting married, but they should
be free to have sex outside of that marriage, provided thereâs no coercion or deceit.â
MONOGAMISH MARIAGE
- Ryan T. Anderson, âMarriage Matters, and RedeďŹning It Has Social Costsâhttps://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2014/01/11880/â¨
26. âSame-sex marriage would further undercut the idea that procreation is intrinsically connected to
marriage. It would undermine the idea that children need both a mother and a father, further weakening
the societal norm that men should take responsibility for the children they beget. Finally, same-sex
marriage would likely corrode marital norms of sexual ďŹdelity, since gay-marriage advocates and gay
couples tend to downplay the importance of sexual ďŹdelity in their deďŹnition of marriage.â
SAME-SEX MARRIAGE
- Marriage and the Public Good: Ten Principles. The Witherspoon Institute. Kindle Edition.â¨
27. SEX AND CULTURE
âNow, whatever you think about group marriage, whatever you think about
temporary marriage, whatever you think about sexually open marriage, as far as
adults living and loving how they choose, think about the social consequences if
thatâs the future direction in which marriage redeďŹnition would go.â
28. SEX AND CULTURE
âFor every additional sexual partner a man has and the shorter-lived those
relationships are, the greater the chances that a man creates children with
multiple women without commitment either to those women or to those kids.
It increases the likelihood of creating fragmented families, and then big
government will step in to pick up the pieces with a host of welfare programs
that truly drain the economic prospects of all of our states.â
29. How does same-sex parenting affect
children and society at large ?.
SAME-SEX PARENTING
30. âNot a single study has found children of lesbian or gay
parents to be disadvantaged in any significant respect
relative to children of heterosexual parents.â
â¨
- Charlotte Patterson, âLesbian & Gay Parenting,â American Psychological
Association, p. 15, http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/parenting-full.pdf
31. THE TRUTH
WHAT DO STUDIES ACTUALLY SAY CONCERNING SAME SEX
MARRIAGE, DOES IT WEAKEN OR STRAIGHTEN THE FAMILY?
32. Perhaps youâve heard that it makes âno
differenceâ for children whether they are
raised by a same-sex couple or by their
married mom and dad. Donât believe it. A lot
depends on how social scientists interpret
the data and on their comparison group, but
not a single scientifically rigorous study
establishes that conclusion.
THE SOCIAL SCIENCE
33. The scientifically rigorous studies of same-
sex parenting all conclude that as a rule,
the best place for children is in the home
of their married mother and father.
THE SOCIAL SCIENCE
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40. âSame-Sex Parenting and Childrenâs Outcomes: A Closer Examination of the
American Psychological Associationâs Brief on Lesbian and Gay Parenting,â Social
Science Research 41 (July 2012): 735â751, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.
2012.03.006.
âHow Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships?
Findings from the New Family Structures Study,â Social Science Research 41(4) (July
2012): 752â770, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.009;
âParental Same-Sex Relationships, Family Instability, and Subsequent Life Outcomes
for Adult Children: Answering Critics of the New Family Structures Study with
Additional Analyses,â Social Science Research 41(6) (November 2012): 1367â1377, http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.08.015.
41. âMethodological Decisions and the Evaluation of Possible Effects of Different Family
Structures on Children: The New Family Structures Study (NFSS),â Social Science
Research 41 (November 2012): 1357â1366, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.08.011.
âNontraditional Families and Childhood Progress through School: A Comment on
Rosenfeld,â Demography 50 (June 2013): 955â961, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-012-0169-
x; âNormal Progress through School: Further Results (white paper, June 2, 2014), used with
permission of Douglas W. Allen, Catherine R. Pakaluk, and Joseph Price.
 âHigh School Graduation Rates Among Children of Same-Sex Households,â Review of
Economics of the Household 11 (December 2013): 635â658, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/
s11150-013-9220-y
42. âComparative Relationship Stability of Lesbian Mother and Heterosexual
Mother Families: A Review of Evidence,â Marriage & Family Review 46:8
(2010): 499â509, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2010.543030.
âNontraditional Families and Childhood Progress through
School,â Demography, Volume 47-Number 3, August 2010: 755â775.Â
43.
44. * Londregan, âSame-Sex Parenting.â
Professor Londregan offers his own
summary of the research: âA picture
emerges: in a cross-section of children raised
by parents in same-sex relationships, life
outcomes tend to resemble those of children
raised by single and divorced parents.â
SAME-SEX COUPLES
45. SAME-SEX COUPLES
This isnât surprising. While marriage
offers the advantages of biological ties,
sexual complementarity, and stability, the
households of same-sex couples share the
deficiencies in these areas of single or
divorced family structures.
46.
47.
48. Same-sex parenting seems to affect children in sex-specific
ways. Girls with two fathers and boys with two mothers had the
poorest outcomes. Commenting on Allenâs study of Canadian
census data, Regnerus observes: âThus although the children of
same-sex couples fare worse overall, the disparity is unequally
shared, but is instead based on the combination of the gender
of child and gender of parents.â
- Regnerus, âA Married Mom and Dad Really Do Matter: New Evidence from Canada,â Public Discourse
(Witherspoon Institute), October 8, 2013, http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2013/10/10996/.
49. âBoys fare betterâthat is, theyâre more likely to
have finished high schoolâin gay households than in
lesbian households. For girls, the opposite is true.
Thus the study undermines not only claims about
âno differencesâ but also assertions that
moms and dads are interchangeable"
- Regnerus, âA Married Mom and Dad Really Do Matter: New Evidence from Canada,â Public Discourse
(Witherspoon Institute), October 8, 2013, http://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2013/10/10996/.
50. Are the outcomes for children of gay, lesbian, or bisexual parents in general the
same as those for heterosexual parents? That controversial question is
discussed here in a detailed review of the social science literature in three parts:
⢠(1) stability of same-sex parental relationships,
⢠(2) child outcomes, and
⢠(3) child outcomes in same-sex adoption.
Relationship instability appears to be higher among gay and lesbian parent
couples and may be a key mediating factor inďŹuencing outcomes for children.
51. With respect to part 2, while parental self-reports usually present
few signiďŹcant differences, social desirability or self-presentation
bias may be a confounding factor.
While some researchers have tended to conclude that there are no
differences whatsoever in terms of child outcomes as a function of
parental sexual orientation, such conclusions appear premature
in the light of more recent data in which some different
outcomes have been observed in a few studies.
52. Studies conducted within the past 10 years that compared child
outcomes for children of same-sex and heterosexual adoptive
parents were reviewed.
Numerous methodological limitations were identiďŹed that make it
very difďŹcult to make an accurate assessment of the effect of
parental sexual orientation across adoptive familiesâŚThere
remains a need for high-quality research on same-sex families,
especially families with gay fathers and with lower income.
59. The ACP brief puts it this way: âAt this time, the
three largest statistically representative datasets
used to address the questionâRegnerusâs New
Family Structures Survey, with 3,000 cases; the
National Health Interview Survey, with 1.6 million
cases; and the National Longitudinal Survey of
Adolescent Health, with 20,000 casesâhave all
found that children with same-sex parents fare
substantially worseâmost measures show at least
twice the level of distressâthan do children with
opposite-sex parents on a range of psychological,
developmental and emotional outcomes. The
longer social scientists study the question, the
more evidence of harm is found.â
-ACP Brief, 4.
60. Regnerus makes the point eloquently when he sums up one of
Sullinsâs studies: â[T]here is no equivalent replacement for the
enduring gift to a child that a married biological mother and father
offer. Itâs no guarantee of success. Itâs not always possible. But
the odds of emotional struggle at least double without it.â
61. Same-Sex Couples
âWhile outcomes for children with opposite-sex parents improved if
their parents were married, outcomes for children with same-sex parents
were notably worse if their parents were married. . . . [A]mong opposite-
sex parents, moving from an unmarried to a married state improves
outcomes for children; but among same-sex parents, moving from an
unmarried to a married state substantially degrades child well-being."
-ACP Brief, 35,42.
The longer and more formalized the same-sex union,
the worse the outcomes for kids. The ACP brief notes:
62. Same-Sex Couples
What does this all mean? The most recent research from
Sullins suggests that the longer children reside with same-sex
parents, the worse the outcomes. The ACP brief concludes:
âContrary to the suggestion that child emotional harm with same-
sex parents would be reduced with more stable parents, . . . the
longer the adolescents were with same-sex parents, the worse
they fared.â
-ACP Brief, 43-44
63. Same-Sex Couples
âThose who resided with married same-sex
parents for over ten years, on average, fared much worse
than those residing with unmarried, mostly divorced, same-
sex parents for only four years, on average. Child harm
with same-sex parents may be amplified by a longer time
spent with them, or by marriage itself, or both.â
-ACP Brief, 43-44
64. âWe know by definition that in no same-sex coupleâs household will a child
have a biological connection to both parents. Likewise, by definition there
will be no sexual complementarity in parenting. No same-sex household
will provide a child with both a mother and a father. So with respect to two
of the three main childrearing advantages of marital households, same-sex
parenting cannot provide what a married mother and father can.â
- Anderson, Ryan T.. Truth Overruled: The Future of Marriage and Religious
Freedom (p. 158). Regnery Publishing. Kindle Edition.
65. â˘Have lower educational attainment
â˘Report less safety and security in their family of origin
â˘Report more ongoing ânegative impactâ from their family of origin
â˘Are much more likely to have received welfare
Compared with children raised by their married biological parents, children
of homosexual parents, either lesbians or male homosexuals:
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships?
Findings from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
66. â˘Are more than twice as likely to suffer from depression
â˘Are up to 5 times more likely to think about suicide than children
raised by their biological parents
Children raised by lesbians or male homosexual parents:
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
67. - Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
Children of Gay Parents:
Suicide Comparison
68. Children raised by lesbians or male homosexual parents:
â˘Have been arrested more often
â˘If they are female, have had more sexual partnersâboth
male and female
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
69. Children of lesbian mothers, compared with children raised by their parents:
â˘Are more likely to be currently cohabiting
â˘Are almost 4 times more likely to be currently on public assistance
â˘Are more than 3 times more likely to be unemployed (28% vs. 8%)
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
70. âChildren raised by lesbians are seven times more likely to
become lesbians than children raised by heterosexualsâ
- Fiona L. Tasker and Susan Golombok, âAdults Raised as Children in Lesbian Families,â
Developmental Psychology, 31 (1995), 213
71. âChildren raised by homosexual men are three times
more likely to practice homosexuality than children
raised by heterosexualsâ
- J. Michael Bailey, et. al., âSexual Orientation of Adult Sons of Gay Fathers,â Developmental
Psychology, 31 (1995), 124-28
72. The proposition that children fare best when raised by their biological mothers and
fathers in an intact family was aďŹirmed in a recent peer reviewed study by researcher
Mark Regnerus (the âRegnerus studyâ). Regnerus found that children raised by
lesbian mothers (âLMâ) and gay fathers (âGFâ) fared far worse than did children
raised by their biological intact families (âIBFâ) in numerous ways.
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 752, 761 (2012).
73. The Regnerus study is a population-based cross-sectional study of
3000 young adults between the ages of 18 and 39.55 The study
revealed that:
74. âSixty-nine (69) percent of (Lesbian Mothers) LMs and 57% of (Gay Fathers)
GFs reported that their family received public assistance at some point while
growing up, compared with 17% of (Intact Biological Families) IBFs; 38% of
(Lesbian Mothers) LMs said they are currently receiving some form of public
assistance compared with 10% of (Intact Biological Families) IBFs.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 761-62 (2012).
75. âJust under half of all (Intact Biological Families) IBFs reported being
employed full-time at present, compared with 26% of (Lesbian Mothers) LMs.
While only 8% of IBF respondents said they were currently unemployed, 28%
of (Lesbian Mothers) LM respondents said the same.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 761-62 (2012).
76. â(Lesbian Mothers) LMs were statistically less likely than (Intact Biological Families) IBFs
to have voted in the 2008 presidential election (41% vs. 57%), and more than twice as
likely --19% vs. 8%--to report being currently (or within the past year) in counseling or
therapy 'for a problem connected with anxiety, depression, relationships, etc.,' an
outcome that was signiďŹcantly diďŹerent after including control variables.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 761-62 (2012).
77. Regnerusâ study also found that children raised by lesbians:
â˘Are Are 3 times more likely to have had committed
adultery while married or cohabiting (40% vs. 13%)
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
78. âChildren of lesbian mothers, compared with children raised by their parents:
â˘Are almost 4 times more likely to be currently on public assistance
â˘Are more than 3 times more likely to be unemployed (28% vs. 8%)â
https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/sexual-health/sexual-health-for-lesbian-and-bisexual-women/
79. These statistics convey a strong government interest in encouraging biological intact
families through marriage policy. Children raised by biological intact families are much
more likely to become productive citizens who vote, are mentally stable, have more stable
relationships, and who are less likely to become dependents of the state. In addition, the
children in biological intact families are more likely to enter relationships in which they
can organically produce children of their own.
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 762 (2012).
80. In the Regnerus study, 90% of respondents from (Intact Biological Families)
IBFs identiďŹed as entirely heterosexual, whereas only 61% of those raise by
(Lesbian Mothers) LMs and 71% of those raised by (Gay Fathers) GFs
reported identifying entirely as heterosexual.
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 762 (2012).
81. Similarly, âa greater share of daughters of lesbian mothers reported
being ânot sexually attracted to either males or femalesâ ... 4.1% of
female (Lesbian Mothers) LMs compared to 0.5% of female
(Intact Biological Families) IBFs.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 762 (2012).
82. Similarly, those raised by lesbians âfare worse on educational attainment, family-of-
origin safety/security, negative impact of family-of-origin, the CES-D (depression)
index, one of two attachment scales, report worse physical health, smaller household
incomes than to do respondents from still-intact biological families, and think that
their current romantic relationship is in trouble more frequently.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 762-3 (2012).
83. âChildren raised by homosexual fathers
also fared worse than children raise
in intact biological families.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 763 (2012).
84. âWhen contrasted with those raised by intact biological families, those raised by
homosexual fathers âreported more modest educational attainment, worse scores on the
family-of-origin safety/security and negative impact indexes, less closeness to their
biological mother, greater depression, a lower score on the current (romantic) relationship
quality index, and think their current relationship is in trouble more frequently.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 763 (2012).
85. In addition, those raised by both lesbian mothers and
homosexual fathers were more likely than those raised in
biological intact families to smoke, have been arrested, and
to have pled guilty to non-minor offenses.
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 764 (2012).
86. In addition, children are apparently safer in (Intact Biological Families) IBF
homes. â23% of (Lesbian Mothers) LMs said yes when asked whether âa parent
or other adult caregiver ever touched you [sic] in a sexual way, forced you to
touch him or her in a sexual way, or forced you to have sexual relations,â while
only 2% of (Intact Biological Families) IBFs responded aďŹrmatively.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 763 (2012).
87. âAmong female respondents, 3% of (Intact Biological Families)
IBFs reported parental (or adult caregiver) sexual contact/
victimization, dramatically below the 31% of (Lesbian Mothers)
LMs who reported the same. Just under 10% of female (Gay
Fathers) GFs responded aďŹrmatively to the question.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 763 (2012).
88. â[C]hildren appear most apt to succeed well as adults -- on multiple
counts and across a variety of domains -- when they spend their entire
childhood with their married mother and father, and especially
when the parents remain married to the present day.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 766 (2012).
89. â It appears that children even grow up to mimic the sexual practices
of their parents, as âwhile [only] 13% of (Intact Biological Families)
IBFs reported having had a sexual relationship with someone else
while they were either married or cohabitating, 40% of
(Lesbian Mothers) LMs said the same.â
- Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 763 (2012).
90. - Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
Children of Gay Parents:
Adultery Comparison
91. - Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
Children raised by lesbians:
⢠Are 10 times more likely to have been âtouched
sexually by a parent or other adult caregiver.â
92. - Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
Children of Gay Parents:
Molestation Comparison
93. - Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
Children raised by lesbians:
â˘Are almost 4 times as likely to have been raped
â˘Are more likely to have âattachmentâ problems related to the
ability to depend on others
â˘Use marijuana more frequently
94. - Mark Regnerus, How Different are the Adult Children of Parents Who have Same-sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study, 41 JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH (2012).
Children raised by lesbians:
â˘Smoke more frequently
â˘Watch TV for long periods more frequently
â˘Have pled guilty to a major offense more often
95. âWhen compared with outcomes for children raised by an
intact biological family, the children raised by homosexuals
did worse on 77 out of 80 outcome measures.ââ¨
â¨
- Mark Regnerus, âHow Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships?
Findings from the New Family Structures Study,â Social Science Research, Vol. 41, No. 4 (June 2012),
pp. 752â770, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049089X12000610
96. âEven after including controls for age, race, gender, family income, and things like being
bullied as a youth, or the gay-friendliness of the state in which they live, such respondents
were more apt to report being unemployed, less healthy, more depressed, more likely to
have cheated on a spouse or partner, smoke more pot, having trouble with the law, report
more male and female sex partners, more sexual victimization, and were more likely to
reflect negatively on their childhood family life, among other things.â
â¨
- Dr. Mark Regnerus, âDoes it really make no difference if your parents are straight or gay?ââ¨
http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2012/06/gay_parents_are_they_really_no_different_.html
97. âBy comparison, children of homosexual couples did the
worst, in 9 of the 13 academic, moral, and social categories
compared with children of heterosexuals.ââ¨
- Sotirios Sarantakos, âChildren in Three Contexts: Family, Education and
Social development,â Children Australia 21, No. 3 (1996): 23-31.
98. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âHave more than twice the risk of emotional problems,
including depression, anxiety, misbehavior, poor relationships
with peers and inability to concentrate. They are twice as
likely to have seen a doctor or to have taken medication for a
psychological condition in the past yearâ
- Sullins, Donald Paul, Emotional Problems among Children with Same-Sex Parents: Difference by Definition
(January 25, 2015). British Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science 7(2):99-120, 2015. Available at
SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2500537 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500537
99. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âTwice as likely to have been diagnosed with a
developmental disability such as a learning disability
or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).â
-Sullins, âEmotional Problems among Children with Same-Sex Parents: Difference by Definition.â
100. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âTen times more likely to have been sexually touched
by a parent or other adult and four times more likely to
have been forced to have sex against their will. Abuse
is more likely if the same-sex parents are married.â
-Regnerus, âHow Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships?
Findings from the New Family Structures Studyâ; Sullins, âSullins, Unexpected Harm.â
101. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âMuch more likely to have already experienced one parental
breakup prior to landing with their same-sex parents, and
remain more likely to experience yet another breakup of the
same-sex couple and transition to a third set of parents.â
-Schumm, âComparative Relationship Stability of Lesbian Mother and Heterosexual Mother Families.â
102. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âIn adolescence, they are less likely to have romantic
relationships or to envision themselves in a future
relationship involving pregnancy or marriage.â
-Sullins, âFamily Formation and Sexual Identity Development among Children with Same-Sex Parentsâ.
Unpublished research in process; details available by request via sullins@cua.edu.
103. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âProblems persist into adulthood. As adults, persons who report
having same-sex parents are more likely to be depressed, smoke, use
marijuana, to have been arrested and to have pled guilty when they
were arrested. They are over three times more likely to have had a
marital affair or to be unemployed and receiving public assistance.â
-Regnerus, âHow Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships? Findings
from the New Family Structures Study.â
104. Compared to opposite-sex parents, children
in the care of same-sex couples are:
âBy age 30, women who had same-sex parents are
only half as likely to be married or to be in any
relationship that has lasted three years or longer, and
only a third as likely to have ever been pregnantâ
-Sullins, Family Formation.
105. âSame-sex marriage would enshrine in law a public judgment that the
public desire of adults for families outweighs the need of children for
mothers and fathers. It would give sanction and approval to the
creation of a motherless or fatherless familyâŚâ â¨
â¨
- Maggie Gallagher, âWhat Is Marriage For?,â Weekly Standard, 11 August 2003, 23.
106. âWe should disavow the notion that âmommies can make good daddies,â just as we
should disavow the popular notion of radical feminists that âdaddies can make
good mommiesââŚThe two sexes are different to the core, and each is necessaryâ
culturally and biologicallyâfor the optimal development of the human being.â â¨
â¨
- David Popenoe, Life Without Father: Compelling New Evidence That Fatherhood and
Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society, 197.
107. Dolce & Gabbana
On March 16 2015, the famous designers Dolce &
Gabbana, caused a huge stir when they said, "We oppose
gay adoptions. The only family is the traditional one... No
chemical offsprings and rented uterus: life has a natural
flow, there are things that should not be changed...
You are born to a father and mother
-or at least that's how it should be."
108. Dolce & Gabbana
This statement was particularly remarkable
considering that both Dolce and Gabbana are
gay themselves. Yet, even they recognised that
children ideally need both parents.
109. "It should be noted that children necessarily have different experiences with
their mothers than with their fathers, for the physical and psychological
differences between the two parents are greater than those between two
individuals of same sex: mothers and fathers do not have the same odour,
voice, face, or muscle tone, and do not give out the same messages.â
- Daniel Paquette, âTheorizing the Father-Child Relationship: Mechanisms and Developmental
Outcomes,â Human Development, 47 (2004): 193-219, p. 200.
110. There is no such thing as "parenting." There is mothering and there is fathering.
Although men and women are each capable of providing their children with a
good upbringing, typically there are differences in how mothers and fathers
interact with their children and the functional roles that they play.
-Ryan T. Anderson ,Why Marriage Matters Most Jul 10th, 2013