Projekt Biologji.Analizimi i ndotjes me ane te bioindikatoreve. Thirrje sensibilizuese per mbrojtjen e mjedisit dhe te ajrit.Ky studim eshte kryer ne zonen e Suloves se Poshtme dhe si pik kryesore Mollas-in.Gjithashtu ne kete projekt eshte bere vleresimi i ndotjes se ajrit e mjedisit ne zone.
Projekt Biologji.Analizimi i ndotjes me ane te bioindikatoreve. Thirrje sensibilizuese per mbrojtjen e mjedisit dhe te ajrit.Ky studim eshte kryer ne zonen e Suloves se Poshtme dhe si pik kryesore Mollas-in.Gjithashtu ne kete projekt eshte bere vleresimi i ndotjes se ajrit e mjedisit ne zone.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
- Contributing to open source projects to build experience and network.
- Developing a personal brand through a website and social media presence.
- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
- Practicing interviews through mock interviews and whiteboarding coding questions.
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. TOKSIKOKINETIKA dhe TOKSIKODINAMIKA
Studion ndryshimet qe peson ne kohe
perqendrimi i nje substance toksike ne
organizem gjate marrjes-thithjes
(administrimit), distribuimit, metabolizmit
dhe ekskretimit.
Keto procese realizohen nepermjet te
membranave qelizore dhe barierave
fiziologjike
7. NDERTIMI I MEMBRANES MUNDSON
TRANSPORTIN
Filtrimi neper pore
Difuzioni pasiv
Transporti aktiv
Difuzioni i lehtesuar
Fagocitoza/pinocitoza
8. Toksikodinamika
Toksikodinamika eshte pjese e
toksikologjise qe studijon mekanizmin e
veprimit te substancave toksike ne
nivele te ndryshme te organizimit te
qenjeve te gjalla
9. EKOTOKSIKOKINETIKA
Ekotoksikokinetika eshte pjese e ekotoksikologjise
e cila studion fatin e ksenobiotikeve
(ekopolutanteve) ne mjedisin jetesor:burimet e
tyre,shperndarjen e tyre ne pjesen biotike dhe
abiotike te mjedisit,transformimin e ksenobiotikeve
ne mjedisin ne te cilin gjenden,eleminimi i tyre nga
mjedisi jetesor.
Identifikimi i burimeve te substancave ndotese
eshte hap i rendesishem ne karakterizimin
ekotoksikologjik
10. PROCESET NE MJEDISIN JETESOR
MUNDESIA E KOMPONENETES KIMIKE-ekopolutantit PER TU
PERFSHIRE NGA ORGANIZMI
ZBERTTHIMI BIOTIK DHE ABIOTIK I SUBSTANCAVE
NDOTESE
PERZISTENCA
BIOAKUMULIMI
BIOMAGNIFIKIMI
BIOTRANSFORMIMI
11. 1. Mundesia e komponetets kimike per tu
perfshre nga organizmi
Kusht baze per permbushjen e
ekotoksicitetit eshte qe gjallesat te
bijne ne kontakt me ekopollutantin
Dmth. mundesia qe komponenta kimike
(ekopolutanti) te merret nga organizmi.
12. 2. ZBERTHIMI BIOTIK DHE ABIOTIK I SUBSTANCAVE NDOTESE
Proceset biotike dhe abiotike te zberthimit te
substancave ne mjedidin jetesor qojne
drejte eleminimit ose largimit te
ekopolutanteve nga mjedisi jetesor.
Shume ksenobiotike qe lirohen ne mjedis
(ajer, uje , toke) mund te demtojne shume
pak ekostemet sepse koha e veprimit te tyre
eshte e shkurte
13. 3. QENRUESHMERIA(PERZISTENCA)
Shembuj: metalet e renda, hidroraburet policiklikj te polihalogjenizuara (
dibenzodioksinet e poliklorizuara ,dibenzofurani) disa insketicide
organoklorike (DDT, heksahlori, aldrini,lindani) ...
DDT, gjysemkoha e zberthimit 10 vjet ne toke
Atrazin,gjysemkoha e zberthimit 25 vjet,uje
ne pH=7
Fenantren ,gjysemkoha e zberthimit 138 dite
Toke
Karbofuran,45 dite,uje,pH =7
14. 4. BIOAKUMULIMI
Procesi i kumulimit te
substancave toksike nga
organizmat te cilit i marrin nga
mjedisi abiotik( uji, toka , ajri)
dhe ushqimi quhet bioakumulim
Faktori bioakumulaimit-
biokoncentrimit (BCF
BioConcentration Factor) –
paraqet raportin e koncetrimit te
substances ndotese ne indet e
peshqeve dhe ne uje ne raport
ekuilibrues
Bioakumulimi dhe
faktori i bioakumulimit
DDT-127.000
Endrin-6.800
15. SHEMBUL I BIOAKUMULIMIT NE NIVEL TE ORGANIZMIT
Bioakumulimi (kumulimi,
deponimi) paraqet
akumulimin e materieve
potencialisht toksike ne
organizem
Me bioakumulim
substancat toksike
largohen nga gjaku, me
çka zvoglohet efekti
toksik
Tendence te akumulimit
kane substancat te cilat
sekretohen ngadal, kane
afinitet per organizma te
caktuar dhe inde e tyre
specifike.
Indi yndyror eshte njeri
prej bioakumulatoreve
me te rendesishem te
pesticideve te shtazet
METALI Ka
Cd 2.260.000
Cu 3.000
Pb 5.300
Zn 28.000
Cr 200.000
Fe 291.000
KOEFICIENTI I BIOAKUMULIMIT
(Ka)TE METALEVE TE RENDA NE
GUASKEN E DETIT
16. Shembuj te bioakumulimit ne nivel te molekulave
Kur molekulat e toksikantit mbeten ne
lidhje me disa komponente, jane inaktiv
pa marre parasysh prezencen e shtuar
te tyre nuk shprehin efekte toksike.
Metalet toksike (Zn larte dhe Cu
poshte) kane afinitet ndaj proteinave ,
me to ndertojne molekula komplekse-
METALOTIONEINE.
Ne indin yndyror bioakumulohen
substancat lipofile , psh.insekticidet e
poliklorizuara dhe
bifenilet,heksaklorbenzeni,tiobarbiturat
etj.
17. 5. BIOMAGNIFIKIMI
Me qellim qe te zhduken
mushkajat ne afersi te nje liqeni
ne Kaliforni eshte perdore DDT.
Pas tretmanit perqendrimi i
pesticidit ne uje ka qene 0,02
ppm. Pas nje kohe te caktuar
perqendrimi i DDT eshte
konstatuar edhe ne plankton prej
10 ppm, ne inde te peshqeve qe
jane ushqyer me kete plankton
900 ppm, te peshqit grabitcar
eshte konstatuar perqendrim I
pesticidit 2.700 ppm, kurse ne
shpeze qe jane ushqyer me keta
peshq 21.000 ppm. Perkatsisht
sasia e pesticidit te shpezet te
cilat nuk i jane ekspozuar direkt
veprimit te pesticidit ka qene per
milion here me e larte se ne uje
,kurse per 20here me e larte se
ne organizmin e peshkut
BIOMAGNIFIKIMI I DDT (ppm) NE
EKOSISTEMIN AKVATIK
18.
19. 5. BIOMAGNIFIKIMI
BIOMAGNIFIKIMI I BIFENILEVE
TE POLIKLORIZUARA NE
ZINGJIRIN EKOLOGJIK TE
TEKOSISTEMIT TE ARKTIKUT:
NGJYRA E KUQE –
ZOOPLANKTON DHE
PELAGIJALI,
NGJYRA E GJELBET E ZBEHTE –
PESHKU,
NGJYRA E GJELBER E MBYLLET
– SHPENDET UJOR TE DETIT
21. 6. BIOTRANSFORMIMI I SUBSTANCES KIMIKE
TRANSFORMIMI fotokimik i
herbicidit 2,4,5-
trihlorfenoksiacidacetik
(1) ne mjedisin jetesor
mund te sjelle deri te
formimi ekopolutantit te
rrezikshem 2,3,7,8-
tetrahlordibenzo-p-
dioksina (2)
1
2
22. EKOTOKSIKODINAMIKA
EKOTOKSIKODINAMIKA ESHTE PJESE E EKOTOKSIKOLOGJISE QE
STUDION MEKANIZMAT KONKRET TE ZHVILLIMIT TE PROCESIT
TOKSIKOLOGJIK TE SHKAKTUAR NGA EKOTOKSIKANTET NE
BIOCENOZE OSE LLOJE TE VECANTA NGA TE CILAT PERBEHET
BIOCENOZA
KETA MEKANIZMA JANE TE SHUMTE DHE SPECIFIK,
MEGJITHEATE ATA MUND TE KLASIFIKOHEN ME VEPRIM:
DIREKT, INDIREKT DHE VEPRIM TE KOMBINUAR.
EKOTOKSICITET DMTH. AFTESIA E NJE KSENOBIOTIKU TE
CAKTUAR QE TE SHKAKTOJE EFEKTE TE DEMSHME NE
BIOCENOZE .EKOTOKSICITETI MUND KLASIFIKOHET EDHE SIPAS
NIVELIT TE ORGANIZIMIT NE EKOSISTEM
25. Veprimi i helmeve ne nivel molekular
a) mekanizmi i veprimit toksik te metaleve te cilat lidhen
ne menyre afatgjate per grupe kimike aktive : karboksil,
sulfhidril, fosfat, imidazol dhe purin, si rjedhoje zvoglohet
dhe pason nderprerja e aktivitetit te enzimeve,paraqitet
destabilizim ne acidet nukleike...(metalet grumbullohen ne
organizmem, ata nuk metabolizohen dhe lirohen veshtire
nga organizmi, kjo sjelle deri te efekti kronik toksik)...
b) alkaloidiet bimore veprojne si antimetabolit
psh.sinteza e gabuar e proteinave ose purineve te
gabuara gjate sintezes se acideve nukleike
c) helmet qe reagojne me radikalet e lira ne qelize,
benzopireni, dozat e larta te hekurit, kane efekt mutagjen
dhe karcinogjen.
d) acetilimi dmth.. Fosforilimi i enzimeve
acetilholinesteraze me komponimet organofosforike ne
uje dhe nekroze te qelizave.
26. Nderveprimi i ligandeve me proteinat rregullatore
Kater lloje te proteinave
rregullatore (RP) jane vende
target ne te cilat lidhen
ligandet (L):
Receptoriet
Enzimet
Molekulat transportuese
Kanalet jonike
Ligandet perpos me
molekula target te proteinave
rregullatore mund te lidhen
edhe me proteina tjera te
plazmes por pa efekte
L +
RP
L-RP
“Efekti"
27.
28.
29.
30. Veprimi i helmeve, shembuj te nivelit molekular dhe qelizor
e) lidhja reverzibile e helmit me enzimet membranore, nderron
metabolizmi intermediar ne qelize ,inhibohet funksioni (helmimi me
ure)
f) Nderveprimi me lengun nderqelizor dhe lengun qelizor dhe lipidet e
membranes qelizore, zvoglohet leshueshmeria e membranes per Ca
paraqiten cregullime nervore dhe motorike( roli i Ca ne
neurotransmision) psh. hidrokarburet e kloriruara
g) Nderrimi i struktures dhe permeabilitetit te mebranes qelizore(
helmimi me detergjente, biotoksine ( enzimet hidrolitike te helmit te
gjarperinjve)
h) Involvimi i helmit ndermjet qifteve te acideve nukleike si rrjedhoje leximi
i gabueshem i kodit gjenetik, efekte mutagjene dhe
karcinogjene.Mutacione somatike, ndryshime teratogjene, bretkosa
pa kembe ne lumin Iber ku derdhen ujrat eflunte te Trepçes ne
Mitrovicel
31. Veprimi helmit ne organe
Efektet toksike
manifestohen ne organe
specifike.Perfuzioni inteziv i
organit dmth., ekspozim me
te larte ndaj helmit
Cdo organ permban inde
dhe qeliza specifike ,ne to
jane te ndryshme receptoret
dhe proceset
Helmet kane rruge
specifike metabolike
Helmet nuk veprojne njesoj
ne te gjitha organet
Helmi mund te shpreh efektin
toksik ne nje ose shume
organe target
Ekspozimi ndaj shume
toksikanteve mund te
rezultoje me efekt vetem ne
nje organ target
Organi target nuk dmth se
eshte vend i deponimit te
helmit
Proceset toksikokinetike
determinojne koncentrimin e
helmit ne organin target
32. EKOTOKSICITETI – KLASIFIKIMI SIPAS KOHES SE EKSPOZIMIT
Varesisht nga koha e veprimit te ekotoksikanteve ne
ekosistem mund te behet fjale per ekotoksicitetin akut dhe
kronik.
Ekotoksiciteti akut ne biocenoze
zakonisht shfaqet pas havarive dhe katastrofave , ne
mjedis per nje kohe te shkurte arrijne sasi relativisht te
medha toksikanteve ,psh. havaria ne elektranen nukleare
ne Cernobil
Ne Irak me vitin 1972 jane hospitalizuar 6.530 te helmuar
si rjedhoje e pregaditjes se bukes nga farat e grurit te me
preparate te zhives organike,ku 500 prej tyre kane vdekur
33. Helmimi i lumit Tisa me cijanide
Koncetrimi i cijanideve ne uje ishte
400 mg/l. Bota e gjalle ne pjesen e
lumit qe i eshte ekspozuar cijanideve
plotesisht eshte zhdulur,jane zhdukur
mikrorganizmat , nuk eshte gjetur as
planktoni, shkalla e zhdukjes se
planktonit ne pjesen vojvodinase te
Tises eshte sjelle prej 10-90%
Ne Hungari ne lumin Tisa eshte shuar
bota e gjalle ne gjatesi prej 400 km
,duke perfshire edhe qindra tona te
peshqeve te ngordhur .Ne brigjet e
lumit jane gjetue kofomat e arinjve,
kuajve kafsheve te egra dhe disa
llojeve te mbrojtura te shpendeve
34. Koha e ekspozimit
Ekotoksiciteti kronik ne biocenoze
Nese elementet e biocenozes i ekspozohen
dozave subletale,atehere flasim per
ekotoksicitetin kronik, si rjedhoje cregullohen
funksionet reproduktive,defekte ne lindje,
reaksione alergjike,patologji endokrine madje
edhe vdekje te disa llojeve te caktuara
Veprimi kronik i ekopolutanteve eshte
problem baze ne ekologji
35. Deti i Zi si shembull i ekosistemit toksik
Qe nga vitet e 70-te shekullit te kaluar po rjedhe anoksioni i Detit te Zi,si
rjedhoje e sasive te medha te ujrave me kualitet jo adekua qe vijne nga
lumenjte e pjeses veriore .
36. Klasifikimi i ekotoksicitetit sipas
nivelit te ekspozimit
Ne nivel te organizmit (autekotoksiciteti) – manifestohet me
zvoglim te rezistences ndaj faktoreve mjedisor , zvoglim te
aktivitetit, semudje, vdekje te organizmave, karcinogjeneze,
cregullim te funksione reprodukuese, etj.
Ne nivel te popullates (demekotoksiciteti) – manifestohet me
vdekje te populacionit, rritje te semundjeve , vdekshmerise ,
zvoglim te natalitetit,rritje te numrit te lindjeve me defekte,
cregullim i karakteristikave demografike( raporti i
seksesve,struktura moshore) shkurtimi I gjatesise mesatare te
jetes, degradimi kulturor etj
Ne nivel te biogeocenozes (sinekotoksiciteti) –manifestohet me
ndryshime te populacionit te biocenozes, zhdukja e disa
llojeve, paraqitja e disa llojeve te reja jo tipike per ate
biocenoze, cregullimi I raporteve ndermjet llojeve etj. Jane
rjedhim i ekotoksicitetit.
37. Mekanizmat e ekotokscitetit
MEkANIZMAT E VEPRIMIT TE SUBSTANCAVE TOKSIKE NE BOTEN E GJALLE
MUND TE REALIZOHEN NE SHUME MENYRA
1. Veprimi direkt i toksikantit i cili sjelle deri te vdekja e
masovike e perfaqsuesve te llojeve te ndijshme
2. Veprimi embriotoksik i ekopolutanteve,
3. Veprimi direkt I produkteve te biotransformimit te polutanteve
me efekt te pazakonte,
4. Veprimi indirekt nepermjet ushqimit ne mjedisin jetesor
5. Eksplodimi numerik i popullates si rjedhoje e zhdukjes se
llojeve konkurente.
38. 4. Veprimi direkt i produkteve te biotransformimit te
polutanteve me efekt jo te rendomte
shembull i veprimit indirekt te metaboliteve
BIOTRANSFORMIMI I
FITOSTEROLIT (LARTE) I CILI
ESHTE SI PRODUKT I INDUSTRISE
PERPUNUESE ME TE DEPERTUAR
NE UJE, BIOTRANSFORMOHET ME
MIKRORGANIZMA NE
ANDROGjEN (POSHTE) I CILI KA
SHKAKTUAR MASKULINIZIM
MASOVIK TE PESHKUT troftes NE
RJEDHEN E POSHTME TE LUMIT
NEN FABRIKE
39. BIOINDIKATORET DHE BIOINDIKACIONI
Problem i vleresimit te kualitetit te tokes,ujit dhe ajrit (gjendja
aktuale dhe vijuese)
Qasja fiziko-kimike dhe biologjike
Bioindikacioni dhe biomonitoring-u (vleresimi I efekteve
antropogjene ne baze te reaksioneve te organizmit dhe
bashkesive qe jetojne ne ate mjedis
Bioindikimi eshte vleresim I gjendjes se ambientit me ndihmen e
e sitemeve te gjalla respektivisht qelizave (vleresimi i faktoreve
abiotik- temperatura, lageshtia, aciditeti, kripshmeria,,permbajtja e
pollutanteve, si dhe atyre biotik-ne mireqeninien e organizmave dhe
popullatave te tyre
Bioindikatoret- lloje bimore ose shtazore ose biocenoza te cilat me
prezencen ,permbajtjen dhe proceset fiziologjike reagojne ne
menyre specifike ne substancen ndotese, duke mundsuar qe
substanca ndotese te detektohet ne mjedisin e caktuar.
40. FAKTORET EKOLOGJIK
Te cilit me se shpehsti shkaktojne ndryshime ne funksionin e
organizmit ose ekostemeve, per kete arsyee paraqitet nevoja e
njohjes se bionidikacioneve dhe perdorimin e biomonitoringut
NDOTJA E ATMOSFERES
(oksidet e S, CO, Pb, Cd, Hg, F,
azbest)
Ndotja e ujit,ushqimit
(baktere, viruse, protozoe, metale
nitritei, nitratei, nitrozaminir, fenolei)
NDOTJA E TOKES
(ekskretet e njeriut, mbeturinat
familiare,plehrat,pesticidet
ENERGJIA E RREZATIMIT
(natyror,rentegen,elektranat
nukleare,rrezatimi elektromagnetik
me frekuence ekstreme te ulte
ZHURMA KOMUNALE
(Trafiku hekurudhor,
automobilistik,ajror,zhurma
teknologjike dhe familjare
FAKTORET URBAN
(planifikimi jo i mire, dendesia
e popullates , gazrat, pluhuri,
ngjyrerat, tretesit
41. Bioindikatoret dhe bioindikacioni
Perse per vleresimin e kualitetit te
mjedisit eshte e domosdoshme te
perdoren organizmat e gjalle? ( sepse
metodat fiziko-kimike jane me te
thjeshta...)???
Bioindikacioni eshte i pa zavendsueshem kur:
1. Faktori nuk mund te matet
2. Faktori veshtire matet
3. Faktori lehte matet por veshtire interpretohet
42. Tipet e bioindikatorve
1. te ndijshem
2. akumulativ
Test organizmat jane bioindikatore (bimet dhe shtazet) te
cilit ne kushte laboratorike perdoren per vleresimin e
kualitetit te ajrit, tokes ose ujit :
1.algat njeqelizore (Chlorella)
2. protozoaret
3.kembesegmentuarit
4.myshqet
5. bimet me lule
Devijimet e karakteristikave te bioindikatorit si rjedhoje
e veprimit te mjedisit te ndotur pa tjeter duhet te
krahasohen me “kontrollen”,normen.
43. Test objektet ne bioindikacion
- metodat e bioindikacio nit: pasiv dhe aktiv
a) hulumtohen demtimet e dukshme ose te
padukshme si dhe devijimi nga norma, qe jane
shenje e veprimit te pavolvitshem te mjedisit
b) biotestimet, perdoren reaksionet e pergjigjes se
organizmave me te ndijshem ne faktorin e dhene
Me biotestim nenkuptohet procedura e konstatimit te
toksicitetit te mjedisit me ndihmen e test objekteve
, te cilit na terheqin verejtjen per rrezik pavarsisht
nga cila substance dhe ne cilin kombinim
shkaktojne ndryshimin e funksioneve te
rendesishme jetesore te test objektit
Test objektet -likenet, myshqet, mikrorganizmat ujor
dhe tokesor (algat, bakteriet, mikrokerpurdhat,
gaforret, hironomidet, butaket, larvat ).
44. Biomarkers are are physiological or biochemicals measures, such as blood
holinesterase concentration, that may be indicative of exposure to
contaminants.
Environmental Restoration Risk Assessment Program, Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc.
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
In general, biomarkers are observable properties of an organism that can be used in a
number of ways: 1) to estimate the organism’s prior exposure to exogenous chemicals,
metabolite(s) or the products of interaction between a chemical and target cells that are
measured within an organism; 2) to identify changes or effects occurring in the organism-
measurable alterations of an organism that, depending on the magnitude, can indicate a
potential or known health impairment or disease; and, 3) to assess the underlying
susceptibility of an organismindicators of inherent or acquired properties of an organism
that may lead to an increase in the internal dose of a chemical or an increased level of
response from exposure.
US Environmental Protection Agency
Biomarkers are sensitive molecular, cellular, or organismal indicators of changes in
environmental conditions or organism health.
Stratus Consulting Inc. Environment and Energy Research
Biomarkers are measurable biological parameters which change in response
to xenobiotic exposure and other environmental or physiological stressors,
and can be indices of toxicant exposure or effects.
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Biomarkers are defined as indicators of variation in cellular or biochemical components or
processes, and in structure or function in biological systems or samples.
H. V. MORLEY, London Research Center, Agriculture Canada, Ontario, Canada
Biomarkers are a broadly classified group of methodologies, which include physiologic,
metabolic, genotoxic, immunologic, and other approaches to assessing toxicological
effects on organisms.
CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD
BIOMARKERET paraqesin NDRYSHIME TE MATSHME TE
PARAMETRAVE NE SISTEMET BIOLOGJIKE
45. MARKERET BIOLOGJIK
Sipas (EPA, cit. F o w l e i S e x t o n, 1992) ndahen ne:
a) marker ekspozimi; ekspozimi i nje sistemi biologjik
kushteve jo te volvitshme
b) marker te ndjeshmerise ;percjellja e ndryshimeve ne
rritje ose zvoglim te rezistences
c) marker te efekteve; manifestohen pasojat e fundtme te
shkaktuara nga efektet jo te volvitshme te faktoreve
mjedisor
46. Markeret biologjik
Markeret biologjik te
ekspozimit
Markeret biologjik te efektit
Ekspozimi
Doza interne Doze
biologjikisht
aktive
Efektet e
hershme
biologjike
Nderrimi i
struktures ose
funksionit
Manifestimet
klinike
Metaboliti Lidhjet me
ADN
Ndryshime
somatike
Hipo ose hiperplazia
Markeret biologjik te ndjeshmerise
47. Biomonitoringu
Biomonitoringu eshte pjese e monitoringut ekologjik – I cili bene
percjelljen e gjendjes se mjedisit jetesor ne baze treguesve fizik,
kimik dhe biologjik
Biomonitoringu eshte teresi e analizave te komponenteve
biologjike te mjedisit jetesor dhe reaksionet e tyre qe perdoren
per zbulimin e ndryshimeve ne mjedisin jetesor te shkaktuara
nga ndotja
Detyre e biomonitoringut eshte vleresimi i kualitetit te mjedisit
jetesor ,per te arrijtur kete qellim duhet te perzgjedhen ne menyre
te vecante sisteme bologjike.
greq.bios-jete, lat.monere – verejtje, perkujtim
qellimi: vleresimi i nivelit te ndotjes se biotes , me synim te te
perpunimit te sistemit te alarmit,prognozimin dhe diagnostiken.
48. Biomonitoringu i ujit nenkupton percjelljen e gjendjes se sistemeve
akuatike me ndihmen e parametrave te matshem te nensistemeve
biologjike (perkatesishtt biomarkeret).
Biomarkeret populacionit
- Begatia me lloje
-Perberja kualitative biocenozave
-Raportet e subpopul. kategorja
- Abundanca dhe shperndarja
Biomarkeret e organizmave
-parametrat biometrik
- Statusi indryshimeve anatomike
- Ndryshimet histologjike/status
- Ndryshime citologjike/status
Biomarkeret molekular
- inhibimi/indukimi i enzimeve
- Ndryshime ne AND/ARN
- iNHIBIMI/induIkimiMXR
- indukimi i metalotionineve
- Ekspresioni i gjenit vitelogjenik
49. Biomonitoring is the term scientists use to describe the use of plants, animals, or entire ecosystems to
tell if our environment is polluted. Biomonitoring has been used by biologists and scientists to give us
information about our surroundings for a long time.
EPA, Environmental Education
In the operational context, the term aquatic biomonitoring is used to refer to the gathering of biological
data in both the laboratory and the field for the purposes of making some sort of assessment, or in
determining whether regulatory standards and criteria are being met in aquatic ecosystems.
Hohls, D.R. 1996.
Biomonitoring is a testing procedure that measures effluent toxicity and provides an estimate of the
effects of effluents in stream environments. In conjunction with chemical testing, it provides a cost-
effective method of evaluating discharge performance.
Analytical Laboratory Services Inc.
Biomonitoring:biomonitoring is studying organisms in their environment to tell what characteristics the
environment has, for example, water quality.
http://sci-lab.onysd.wednet.edu/academics/science/subjects/ecology/water/home.html
Biomarkers are defined as indicators of variation in cellular or biochemical components or processes,
and in structure or function in biological systems or samples.
H. V. MORLEY, London Research Center, Agriculture Canada, Ontario, Canada
Biomonitoring is a process whereby responses to chemical contaminants are quantified in situ at the
cellular, physiological, and ecological levels to characterize health risks to resident organisms.
US EPA
Biomonitoring is a general term which refers to the use of living organisms to detect changes in an
effluent or waterbody and can be used to indicate whether aquatic life may be endangered. Ohio EPA
conducts two types of biomonitoring: biological surveys (typically a field test) and effluent toxicity tests
(typically a lab test).
Ohio EPA
Biomonitoring is a method by which scientists study the natural systems to determine their ecological
health.
STATE OF RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS, DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGMENT, OFFICE OF WATER
RESOURCES
Biomonitoring is the gathering of biological information in both the laboratory and the field for the
purpose of making an assessment or decision or in determining whether water quality objectives have
been met.
US National Eutrophication Monitoring Programme
MONITORINGU
Paraqet sistem te vrojtimeve sukcesive te elementeve te mjedisit
jetesor ne hapesire dhe kohe. Qellimi eshte mbledhja e te dhenave
kualitative dhe kuantitative per prezencen dhe distribuimin e
ndotesve, pastaj percjellja , emisioni,i misioni,burimi i ndotjes ,
shperndarja ,transporti i pollutanteve si dhe matja e koncetrimit te
tyre ne pika te caktuara ku behet matja (Munn, 1973).
50. Monitoringu BIOLOGJIK
MONITORINGU BIOLOGJIK NE
EKOTOKSIKOLOGIJI PARAQET
VLERESIMIN E EKSPOZIMIT TE
PLOTE NDAJ SUBSTANCAVE
TOKSIKE, NE BAZE TE MATJES
SE TREGUESVE TE
PERSHTASHEM NE MOSTRA
BIOLOGJIKE (BIOMARKER) TE
MARRUR NGA INDIVIDET E
EKOPOLUCIONIT EKSPOZUAR
PER NJE INTERVAL KOHOR TE
CAKTUAR
51. Gjasa per reparimin sistemit ne raport me kohen e detektimit te ndryshimit
Biomarkeret
molekular
Organizmat si
biomarker
Biomarkeret ne
nivel popullacioni
Rendesi te vgel primare
ekologjike
Efekt
afatshkurtur
Efekt
afatgjate
Rendesi te madhe primare
ekologjike
52. Bioindikacioni
Bioindikacioni mund te realizohet ne te gjitha
nivelet e organizmimit te jetes:
Makromolekulave biologjike
Qelizave
Indeve dhe organeve,
Organizmave,
Populacioneve,
Biocenozave,
Ekosistemit,
Biosferes ne teresi.
53. Bioindikacioni ne nivel qelizor dhe
subqelizor
1. efekti i polutanteve ne biomembrana (psh. qeliza
bimore– ozoni dhe SO2
2. ndryshimi I koncetrimit dhe aktivitetit te makromolekulave
3. akumulimi i substancave te demshme
4. ndryshimi i dimenzionit te qelizes
5. çregullimi i proceseve fiziologjike ne qelize – (
psh.plazmoliza)
54. Bioindikacioni – niveli i organeve
1. Bimet
Ndryshimet morfologjike ne bime qe shfrytzohen
per bioindikacion (ndryshimi i ngjyres se
gjetheve,nekrozat ,tharja e parakohshme , defolimi –
renia e gjetheve,
ndryshimi i dimenzionit te organeve, ndryshimi i
formes , sasia dhe pozita e organeve, ndryshimi i
formave jetesore te bimeve , ndryshime ne ferttilitet
55. Shembuj te bioindikacionit ne nivel te
organizmave (bimet dhe shtazet)
Bimet
1. Monitoringu i ozonit me ndihmen e
duhanit BEL W3
Shtazet:
1. Ndryshimet morfologjike (dimenzionet,
proporcioni, mbulesa, ngjyra, anomalite)
2. Ndryshimet fiziologjike
3. Shumezimi
4. Ontogjeneza dhe gjatesia e jetes
5. Sjellja
57. Indikatoet biologjik:ujrat(amull) tokesor
(Bakteret, Protozoret, Fitoplanktoni, Zooplanktoni ,Fitobentosi
Mezobentosi, Makrozoobentosi, Nektoni,.Llojet e zgjedhura me kujdes
te shpendeve dhe gjitareve , per shkak te ndjeshmerise mund te jene
bioindikator te mire te gjendjes se ujrave
Kolkwitz & Marsson (1902 – 1909) Gr.: sapros – shperberje; tregon
prezencen e sasise se caktuar te materieve organike te cilat me
veprimin e reducenteve i neneshtrohen shperberjes si psh. baktereve
dhe kerpurdhave .Si klasifiohen llojet ne baze te zones ne te cilen
jetojne
60. Shembuj te bioindikacionit ne nivel te
popullacionit-llojeve
Populacioni paraqet teresine e individeve te llojit te
caktuar te cilat jetojne ne nje hapesire te caktuar per
disa gjenerata me radhe. Populacioni ka disa tipare:
dendesia(madhesia), struktura (moshore, ekologjike),
specifiteti dinamik.
Te gjithe keta parametra mund te percillen si
bioindikator
61. Shembuj te bioindikacionit ne nivel te
biocenozes
Biocenoza paraqet sistem biologjik qe perbehet nga
llojet e ndryshme te bimeve, shtazeve, kerpurdhave
dhe mikrorganizmave
Per pershkrimin e biocenozes perdoren tregues : numri i
pergjithshem, begatia llojore dhe shumellojshmeria ,
struktura llojore, struktura ekologjike (spektri i
formave shtazore, grupet e biotopeve), ndryshimi ne
organizimin kohor.
Devijimi i ketyre treguesve nga norma eshte shenje e
demtimit te mjedisit jetesor
62. Shembuj te bioindikacionit ne nivel te
ekosistemit
Hulumtimine nivel ekosistemi nenkuton hulumtimin
e çarkullimit te materies dhe rjedhes se energjise
Prej treguesve te ndryshem merren tiparet me
interes per bioindikacion siq eshte struktura trofike
ndryshimet ne sukcesion.
Struktura trofike – çregullon raportin ndermjet
grupacioneve te producenteve , konsumenteve dhe
reducenteve
Sukcesionet – ndryshime natyrore te biocenozave
nga ato te thjeshta dhe jo te plota e deri te ato te
nderlikuara dhe rezistente e te qendrueshme
63. Bioindikacioni ne nivel te biosferes
Shembuj te indikacionit per ndryshime globale ne mjedis
1.Eutrofikimi “jargor”. Prezenca e ujrave te ndotura ne detra
gjithenje e me teper shkakton batica te algjeve te kuqe dhe te
murrme. Ato jane rjedhoje e numrit te madh te algave njeqelizore
toksike dinoflagelata ( te kuqe) dhe dijatomea (murrme).
2. Ngrohja globale , dukuri e rendomte „bora e kuqe“. Bie ne male
gjate rritjes se insolimit per shkak te rritjes se numrit te algave
njeqelizore kryesisht hemokoke)
3.Zhurma si form e ndotjes . , si rjedhoje eshte zvogluar
llojllojshmeria dhe numri i shtazeve. Perdorimi i vazhdueshem i
pesticideve ka sjelle per disa here deri te zvoglimi i numrit te
pakurrizoreve
– BIOMARKERET e sistemeve te ulta biologjike i karakterizon
shpjetesia e detektimit te ndryshimeve por me mundesi te
vogel prognostike,kurse bimarkeret e sistemeve te larta
biologjike karakterizohen me detekcion te vonshem,por me
potencial te larte prognostik