The document is a thesis proposal for examining flame spread over various fuels. It begins by introducing the theory of flame spread and how heat transfer from the flame leads to pyrolysis and propagation. Previous work on upward flame spread over corrugated cardboard is summarized, finding flame and pyrolysis heights grow more slowly than models predict. The non-homogeneity of cardboard's corrugated structure is hypothesized to extend the thermal boundary layer, slowing growth. Future work is proposed on inclined flame spread over homogeneous PMMA at various angles to systematically vary the heat flux profile. Understanding heat flux is critical for flame spread models.
Iafss New Technology Subcommittee Update June, 2013Michael Gollner
The document provides an update from the IAFSS New Technologies Committee from June 2013. It summarizes recent committee activities including starting a LinkedIn group with over 585 members, an online newsletter called Fire Safety Science News that has seen increasing readership, and developing a new IAFSS website. The website features recent news, upcoming events, membership registration, open positions, publications, and the newsletter. It also provides statistics on website usage and membership registrations through the new site.
Gollner PhD Dissertation Defense: "Studies on Upward Flame Spread"Michael Gollner
The document summarizes Michael Gollner's PhD defense on studies of upward flame spread. It discusses three parts of his research: 1) Flame spread over corrugated cardboard, where he found the flame height grew slower than theories predicted due to the curled structure of the cardboard altering the boundary layer. 2) Inclined flame spread, where experiments showed spread rate depends on angle and is fastest between 0-30 degrees. 3) Estimating heat flux profiles and radiant flux for inclined surfaces, finding radiant contribution is significant. The work improves understanding of upward flame spread over solid fuels.
2009 sfpe san diego - a fundamental approach towards fire hazard classifica...Michael Gollner
The presentation discussed limitations with current commodity classification methods and proposed a more fundamental approach. Small-scale testing was being conducted to study upward turbulent fire propagation theory and develop nondimensional parameters. This work would inform experimental approaches and help establish a scientifically valid classification system. Full-scale modeling and testing were envisioned to validate concepts from smaller-scale work. The goal was to improve predictability in fire scenarios and ensure protection levels are based on understanding worst-case fire conditions.
Gollner masters thesis presentation final jan 2010Michael Gollner
This document summarizes a research collaboration studying commodity classification for fire protection purposes. The collaboration includes professors and students from WPI. The research aims to develop a new engineering-based approach to commodity classification using a nondimensional parameter called the B-number. Small-scale experiments are conducted to measure heat release rates and determine B-numbers for different commodities like corrugated cardboard and polystyrene cups. Future work includes developing models to predict flame height, studying correlations with other flammability parameters, and incorporating suppression effects into the B-number framework.
Pathways to Building Fire Spread in the Wildland-Urban InterfaceMichael Gollner
Presentation from Michael Gollner at the University of Maryland at the NFPA Webinar on Pathways to Building Fire Spread in the Wildland-Urban Interface on April 21, 2015. Project sponsored by the NFPA Fire Protection Research Foundation
This document summarizes research on the rate of fire spread for inclined surfaces like forest fires and warehouse fires. The researchers measured heat flux profiles, pyrolysis heights, and spread velocities for inclined polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples burning at various angles. Key findings include:
- Maximum spread rates occurred between -30 to 0 degrees, due to heat flux profiles ahead of the pyrolysis zone.
- Maximum mass loss rates occurred near 60 degrees, due to increased heating rates close to the pyrolysis zone.
- Heat flux profiles decayed as a power law function of distance from the pyrolysis zone, with a steeper slope at lower spread rates.
Iafss New Technology Subcommittee Update June, 2013Michael Gollner
The document provides an update from the IAFSS New Technologies Committee from June 2013. It summarizes recent committee activities including starting a LinkedIn group with over 585 members, an online newsletter called Fire Safety Science News that has seen increasing readership, and developing a new IAFSS website. The website features recent news, upcoming events, membership registration, open positions, publications, and the newsletter. It also provides statistics on website usage and membership registrations through the new site.
Gollner PhD Dissertation Defense: "Studies on Upward Flame Spread"Michael Gollner
The document summarizes Michael Gollner's PhD defense on studies of upward flame spread. It discusses three parts of his research: 1) Flame spread over corrugated cardboard, where he found the flame height grew slower than theories predicted due to the curled structure of the cardboard altering the boundary layer. 2) Inclined flame spread, where experiments showed spread rate depends on angle and is fastest between 0-30 degrees. 3) Estimating heat flux profiles and radiant flux for inclined surfaces, finding radiant contribution is significant. The work improves understanding of upward flame spread over solid fuels.
2009 sfpe san diego - a fundamental approach towards fire hazard classifica...Michael Gollner
The presentation discussed limitations with current commodity classification methods and proposed a more fundamental approach. Small-scale testing was being conducted to study upward turbulent fire propagation theory and develop nondimensional parameters. This work would inform experimental approaches and help establish a scientifically valid classification system. Full-scale modeling and testing were envisioned to validate concepts from smaller-scale work. The goal was to improve predictability in fire scenarios and ensure protection levels are based on understanding worst-case fire conditions.
Gollner masters thesis presentation final jan 2010Michael Gollner
This document summarizes a research collaboration studying commodity classification for fire protection purposes. The collaboration includes professors and students from WPI. The research aims to develop a new engineering-based approach to commodity classification using a nondimensional parameter called the B-number. Small-scale experiments are conducted to measure heat release rates and determine B-numbers for different commodities like corrugated cardboard and polystyrene cups. Future work includes developing models to predict flame height, studying correlations with other flammability parameters, and incorporating suppression effects into the B-number framework.
Pathways to Building Fire Spread in the Wildland-Urban InterfaceMichael Gollner
Presentation from Michael Gollner at the University of Maryland at the NFPA Webinar on Pathways to Building Fire Spread in the Wildland-Urban Interface on April 21, 2015. Project sponsored by the NFPA Fire Protection Research Foundation
This document summarizes research on the rate of fire spread for inclined surfaces like forest fires and warehouse fires. The researchers measured heat flux profiles, pyrolysis heights, and spread velocities for inclined polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) samples burning at various angles. Key findings include:
- Maximum spread rates occurred between -30 to 0 degrees, due to heat flux profiles ahead of the pyrolysis zone.
- Maximum mass loss rates occurred near 60 degrees, due to increased heating rates close to the pyrolysis zone.
- Heat flux profiles decayed as a power law function of distance from the pyrolysis zone, with a steeper slope at lower spread rates.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/how-axelera-ai-uses-digital-compute-in-memory-to-deliver-fast-and-energy-efficient-computer-vision-a-presentation-from-axelera-ai/
Bram Verhoef, Head of Machine Learning at Axelera AI, presents the “How Axelera AI Uses Digital Compute-in-memory to Deliver Fast and Energy-efficient Computer Vision” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
As artificial intelligence inference transitions from cloud environments to edge locations, computer vision applications achieve heightened responsiveness, reliability and privacy. This migration, however, introduces the challenge of operating within the stringent confines of resource constraints typical at the edge, including small form factors, low energy budgets and diminished memory and computational capacities. Axelera AI addresses these challenges through an innovative approach of performing digital computations within memory itself. This technique facilitates the realization of high-performance, energy-efficient and cost-effective computer vision capabilities at the thin and thick edge, extending the frontier of what is achievable with current technologies.
In this presentation, Verhoef unveils his company’s pioneering chip technology and demonstrates its capacity to deliver exceptional frames-per-second performance across a range of standard computer vision networks typical of applications in security, surveillance and the industrial sector. This shows that advanced computer vision can be accessible and efficient, even at the very edge of our technological ecosystem.
The Microsoft 365 Migration Tutorial For Beginner.pptxoperationspcvita
This presentation will help you understand the power of Microsoft 365. However, we have mentioned every productivity app included in Office 365. Additionally, we have suggested the migration situation related to Office 365 and how we can help you.
You can also read: https://www.systoolsgroup.com/updates/office-365-tenant-to-tenant-migration-step-by-step-complete-guide/
"Frontline Battles with DDoS: Best practices and Lessons Learned", Igor IvaniukFwdays
At this talk we will discuss DDoS protection tools and best practices, discuss network architectures and what AWS has to offer. Also, we will look into one of the largest DDoS attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure that happened in February 2022. We'll see, what techniques helped to keep the web resources available for Ukrainians and how AWS improved DDoS protection for all customers based on Ukraine experience
"Choosing proper type of scaling", Olena SyrotaFwdays
Imagine an IoT processing system that is already quite mature and production-ready and for which client coverage is growing and scaling and performance aspects are life and death questions. The system has Redis, MongoDB, and stream processing based on ksqldb. In this talk, firstly, we will analyze scaling approaches and then select the proper ones for our system.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
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This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
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https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
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How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
Creative operations teams expect increased AI use in 2024. Currently, over half of tasks are not AI-enabled, but this is expected to decrease in the coming year. ChatGPT is the most popular AI tool currently. Business leaders are more actively exploring AI benefits than individual contributors. Most respondents do not believe AI will impact workforce size in 2024. However, some inhibitions still exist around AI accuracy and lack of understanding. Creatives primarily want to use AI to save time on mundane tasks and boost productivity.
Organizational culture includes values, norms, systems, symbols, language, assumptions, beliefs, and habits that influence employee behaviors and how people interpret those behaviors. It is important because culture can help or hinder a company's success. Some key aspects of Netflix's culture that help it achieve results include hiring smartly so every position has stars, focusing on attitude over just aptitude, and having a strict policy against peacocks, whiners, and jerks.
PEPSICO Presentation to CAGNY Conference Feb 2024Neil Kimberley
PepsiCo provided a safe harbor statement noting that any forward-looking statements are based on currently available information and are subject to risks and uncertainties. It also provided information on non-GAAP measures and directing readers to its website for disclosure and reconciliation. The document then discussed PepsiCo's business overview, including that it is a global beverage and convenient food company with iconic brands, $91 billion in net revenue in 2023, and nearly $14 billion in core operating profit. It operates through a divisional structure with a focus on local consumers.
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
This document provides an overview of content methodology best practices. It defines content methodology as establishing objectives, KPIs, and a culture of continuous learning and iteration. An effective methodology focuses on connecting with audiences, creating optimal content, and optimizing processes. It also discusses why a methodology is needed due to the competitive landscape, proliferation of channels, and opportunities for improvement. Components of an effective methodology include defining objectives and KPIs, audience analysis, identifying opportunities, and evaluating resources. The document concludes with recommendations around creating a content plan, testing and optimizing content over 90 days.
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
The document provides guidance on preparing a job search for 2024. It discusses the state of the job market, focusing on growth in AI and healthcare but also continued layoffs. It recommends figuring out what you want to do by researching interests and skills, then conducting informational interviews. The job search should involve building a personal brand on LinkedIn, actively applying to jobs, tailoring resumes and interviews, maintaining job hunting as a habit, and continuing self-improvement. Once hired, the document advises setting new goals and keeping skills and networking active in case of future opportunities.
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
The document provides career advice for getting into the tech field, including:
- Doing projects and internships in college to build a portfolio.
- Learning about different roles and technologies through industry research.
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- Networking through events, communities, and finding a mentor.
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Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
1. Core updates from Google periodically change how its algorithms assess and rank websites and pages. This can impact rankings through shifts in user intent, site quality issues being caught up to, world events influencing queries, and overhauls to search like the E-A-T framework.
2. There are many possible user intents beyond just transactional, navigational and informational. Identifying intent shifts is important during core updates. Sites may need to optimize for new intents through different content types and sections.
3. Responding effectively to core updates requires analyzing "before and after" data to understand changes, identifying new intents or page types, and ensuring content matches appropriate intents across video, images, knowledge graphs and more.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
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The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
2011 Senate Exam Presentation
1. University Senate Exam for
Michael Gollner
Adviser:
Professor Forman A. Williams
Supported by: Society of Fire Protection Engineers
Educational and Scientific Foundation Grant 1
2. Outline
I. Introduction
I. Theory of Flame Spread
II. Flame Spread Over Inhomogeneous Fuels
I. Upward Spread: Corrugated Cardboard
III. Flame Spread Over Homogenous Fuels
I. Inclined Flame Spread: PMMA
IV. Conclusion
2
4. 1. Thermal boundary layer
Fire Spread 2. Heat flux from flame to virgin fuel
3. Influence of orientation
g
q ( x, t )
f f ~ xn
Excess Vp
Pyrolyzate
yf
q
p
m HcQ
f
y xf
x
xp
Fire spread occurs because of a transfer of thermal energy from a burning
region to a region of virgin fuel 4
5. xp
xp
“Wall Fire”
xp xp
xp
xp
xp
“Ceiling Fire” “Pool Fire” 5
6. Motivation
The rate of fire spread is central to fire safety design –
it describes the rate a fire will grow and hence its fire
hazard
Flame spread is still not well understood for:
Forest fires (e.g. inclined slopes)
Warehouse fires
Undersides of burning roofs
6
7. Objectives
Understand the influence of the following parameters
on the rate of fire spread, Vp,
Non-homogeneity of fuels (modifying the thermal
boundary layer, δf)
Fuel orientation angles, θ
Heat flux profiles ahead of the flame, q ( x, t )
f
7
8. II. Flame Spread Over
Inhomogeneous Fuels:
Upward Spread: Corrugated Cardboard
(Previous Work)
8
9. Previous Work
Upward flame spread over Corrugated Cardboard
What influence does the non-homogeneity of the fuel
have on the flame spread rate?
Motivations
Upward flame spread is the initial stage in warehouses, where
later stages involve more material (plastics)
Motivation: The smallest amount of suppressant necessary to
extinguish any fire occurs at early times (fire involves less
material, lower burning rate or HRR)
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005
9
10. Upward Flame Spread
For upward flame spread
Heat transfer is by radiation and convection from the
flame to virgin fuel
On continuous fuels, flame spread is unsteady and
extremely rapid
10
11. Upward Flame Spread - Laminar
• Flame height <25 cm
Boundary layer
Buoyant Plume
Plume Radiative +
Convective Heat Transfer
Combusting Plume
Excess Flame Radiative +
Pyrolyzate Convective Heat Transfer
Pyrolysis Zone flame xf
mF (~ 20 to 25 cm Laminar
xp Flame Propagation)
Y-axis
Fuel
• Study important because it provides physical understanding
of the problem 11
12. Upward Flame Spread - Turbulent
Buoyant Plume
Plume Radiative +
Boundary Convective Heat Transfer
layer
flame
Combusting Plume
Flame Radiative +
Convective Heat Transfer
Excess
Pyrolyzate
mF
Pyrolysis
Zone xp xf
• Flame height >25 cm (Turbulent flame height >25 cm)
• Realistic fire situation
• Cardboard still intact Y-axis
Fuel 12
13. Mechanisms of Fire Spread
Important quantity: heat flux ahead of pyrolysis region
q( x, t )
Approximately, forward heat flux is all imparted over
combusting plume ( x f xp )
Therefore, flame height (xf) and pyrolysis height (xp)
become relevant parameters for study
13
14. Definition of Flame Height
Heat flux
imparted to fuel
q( x, t )
MOST heat flux
imparted to fuel
14
15. Results of Upward Flame Spread Theories*
Annamalai & Sibulkin: x f ~ A1( B1 t ) 2
(Laminar)
t
Saito, Quintiere, Williams: x f ~ A2e (Turbulent)
Sibulkin & Kim: x f ~ A3t 2 (Laminar)
x f ~ B3e t (Turbulent)
Where A, B, and α are constants
1. Annamalai, K. and Sibulkin, M. Flame spread over combustible surfaces for laminar flow systems. Part I & II: Excess fuel and heat flux. 1979,
Combust. Sci. Tech., vol. 19, pp. 167-183.
2. Saito, J.G. Quintiere, and F.A. Williams, "Upward Turbulent Flame Spread," Fire Safety Science-Proceedings of the First International
Symposium, 1985, pp. 75-86.
3. The dependence of flame propagation on surface heat transfer II. Upward burning . Sibulkin and Kim, Comb. Sci. Tech. 1976
*NOTE: Results for non-charring fuels.
15
16. Cardboard Spread Experiments
Cardboard ignited uniformly at
base by burning wick
Flames propagate up
Insulated board above sample
Sample is filled with
plastics, but this study only
addresses the behavior before
these plastics ignite
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005 16
17. Flame Height Observations
x f ,max
50
40
x f ,avg
Height (cm)
30
x p ,avg
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time from Ignition (s)
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
17
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005
18. Flame Height Observations
2
x f ~ t fits x f ,max
50
Predicted using
current models
40
x f ,avg
Height (cm)
30
20
x p ,avg
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time from Ignition (s)
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
18
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005
19. Flame Height Observations
xf ~ t 3/2
fits x f ,max
50
Observed Trend
40
Why does the pyrolysis front and flame x f ,avg
Height (cm)
30
height grow SLOWER than what current
theories would predict? x p ,avg
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time from Ignition (s)
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
19
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005
20. Pyrolysis Height Observations
x p ~ t 3/2
Same trend
observed in
flame heights
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
20
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005
21. Burning-Rate Observations
Laminar Q 20kW / m
2
x f ~ (Q)4/3
Turbulent Q 20kW / m
2
x f ~ (Q)2/3
Observations are
expected.
What causes the
x~t3/2
dependence?
21
22. What is Corrugated Cardboard?
1. Grant, G. and Drysdale, D., Numerical Modeling of Early Flame Spread in Warehouse Fires. Fire Safety Journal, 1995. 24(3):
p. 247-278.
2. T. Jayaweera, H.Z. Yu, Water absorption in horizontal corrugated boards under water sprays, Fire Safety Journal. 41 (2006)
22
335–342.
32. Heat Flux in Flame Spread Models
q Constant
q = constant One of few models with q(x) [1]
1. Sibulkin and Kim, Comb. Sci. Tech. vol. 17, 1977 32
33. Heat Flux in Experiments
Simplifications of the description of the spatial
dependence of q are prevalent, often q( x, t ) const
Transient measurement
of dynamic heat flux at
height xp < x < xf on a
sample of corrugated
cardboard
q( x, t ) 20kW / m2
selected in their study
Grant, G. and Drysdale, D., Numerical Modeling of Early Flame Spread in Warehouse Fires. Fire Safety Journal, 1995.
24(3): p. 247-278. 33
34. ‘Constant’ Heat Flux in Models
Tsai, K. (2009). Width effect on upward flame spread. Fire Safety Journal, 44(7), 962-967.
34
35. Boundary Layer Extension
Traditional Boundary Hypothesized Modified
Layer Boundary layer
y~x 1/4 y ~ x1/3
q ~ 1 / x1/4
q ~ 1/ x1/3
x
y
Curled
Cardboard
35
36. How would this affect xp & xf ?
Temperature of a thick fuel with time-dependent heat flux:
(Carslaw & Jager and Mitler et al.)
q
t
1
T T0
kc
0 t t
dt
Assuming material pyrolyses at fixed Tp, substitute τ=t/t’, integral becomes
a constant dependent on material properties:
q t
1
I d
0 1
Assuming a new q(x) power-law variation based on boundary layer extension:
q C / x1/3
H. Mitler, Predicting the spread rates of fires on vertical surfaces, Symposium (International) On
Combustion. 23 (1991) 1715-1721. 36
37. How would this affect xp & xf ?
The time, t of arrival of pyrolysis front will obey:
x p At 3/2
Assuming x f ~ m ~ x p
, where m is the burning rate per unit width:
x f Bt 3/2
You recover what was observed in experiments!
Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005 37
38. Critical Point
The heat flux ahead of the flame front,
q( x, t )
is critical toward understanding flame
spread phenomena
38
39. III. Flame Spread over
Homogenous Fuels
Inclined Flame Spread: PMMA
(Future Work)
39
40. Current Work
Gravity-Assisted Flame Spread over PMMA at
various Angles of Inclination
The heat flux profile can be consistently modified by
changing the buoyancy direction (tilting the sample)
This introduces less uncertainties than changing
materials, which sometimes have less understood
properties
A material, Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) is
chosen to first be tested because its combustion
properties are well understood for fire problems.
40
43. Rates of Flame Spread
Spread Rate from Previous Studies
0.9
Pizzo Model [5]
Pizzo Experiment [5]
Drydale and Macmillian (6cm) [6]
0.8 Xie and DesJardin Model [7]
Drysdale Avg [6]
0.7
0.6
Spread Rate (cm/s)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Angle of Inclination, (-90o = ceiling, 0 = wall, 90o = pool)
o
43
44. Previous Literature
1. S.M. Ali, V. Raghavan, A. Rangwala, A numerical study of quasi-steady burning characteristics of a
condensed fuel: effect of angular orientation of fuel surface, Combustion Theory and Modelling. 14
(2010) 495-518.
2. P.L. Blackshear, M.A. Kanury, Some effects of size, orientation, and fuel molecular weight on the
burning of fuel-soaked wicks, Symposium (International) On Combustion. 11 (1967) 545-552.
3. de Ris, J, and L. Orloff. “The role of buoyancy direction and radiation in turbulent diffusion flames on
surfaces.” Symposium (International) on Combustion 15, no. 1 (1975): 175-182.
4. H. Ohtani, K. Ohta, Y. Uehara, Effect of orientation on burning rate of solid combustible, Fire and
Materials. 18 (1991) 323-193.
5. Y. Pizzo, J.L. Consalvi, B. Porterie, A transient pyrolysis model based on the B-number for gravity-
assisted flame spread over thick PMMA slabs, Combustion and Flame. 156 (2009) 1856-1859.
6. Drysdale, D, and a Macmillan. “Flame spread on inclined surfaces.” Fire Safety Journal 18, no. 3 (1992):
245-254.
7. W. Xie, P. Desjardin, An embedded upward flame spread model using 2D direct numerical
simulations, Combustion and Flame. 156 (2009) 522-530.
Relevant but not plotted:
1. Y. Wu, H.J. Xing, G. Atkinson, Interaction of fire plume with inclined surface, Fire Safety Journal 35
(2000) 391-403
2. ITO, A, and T KASHIWAGI. “Characterization of flame spread over PMMA using holographic
interferometry sample orientation effects.” Combustion and Flame 71, no. 2 (February 1988): 189-204.
44
45. Gaps in Existing Data
No previous data on spreading flames under inclined
angles has been performed (only steady)
Hazards at underside angles has not been assessed
experimentally and may have a wide application for
future flammability tests and standards
Measurements of heat flux profiles and standoff
distances ahead of the flame front have not been
performed
Critical to finding critical mechanisms and development
of analytical theories. Only performed for wall fires (0°)
45
47. Apparatus
Insulation Board
Thin-Skin Calorimeters
Side-View DSLR Camera
Rear
View
PMMA Sample Camera
(7 Surface Thermocouples)
Load Cell
Data Acquisition System
Not Shown: Front Video Camera, Optional IR Camera
47
49. Non-Uniformity in Heat Flux
Preliminary test on
PMMA at 30 degrees
Increasing
time and xp
49
50. Acknowledgements
Most of all, Prof. Forman Williams and Ali Rangwala
for their advice and guidance
Kristopher Overholt (WPI), Simon Xie (WPI), Todd
Hetrick (WPI), Cecelia Florit(WPI), Xinyan Huang
(UCSD) and Chuck Marcacci (UCSD) for their
assistance in the laboratory
Prof. Jose Torero (Edinburgh), Dr. Adam Cowlard
(Edinburgh), Jonathan Perricone and many others for
their advice, assistance and hospitality
50
52. Next Steps
Running tests at -60,-45,-30,0,30,45,60 degrees
Will analyze
Heat flux profiles
Flame Standoff Distance
Burning Rates
Flame Spread Rates
Look at influence of heat flux profile on spread and
burning rates
52
53. Papers and Current Projects
Peer-Reviewed Publications
1. Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., and Rangwala, A.S. Upward flame spread over corrugated
cardboard. Combustion and Flame. DOI: 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.12.005
Publications Under Review and in Preparation
1. Gollner, M.J., Overholt, K., Williams, F.A., Rangwala, A.S. and Perricone, J., Warehouse commodity
classification from fundamental principles. Part I: commodity and burning rates, Under
Review, Fire Safety Journal. 2010.
2. Overholt, K., Gollner, M.J., Williams, F.A., Rangwala, A.S. and Perricone, J., Warehouse commodity
classification from fundamental principles. Part II: flame height prediction. Under Review,
Fire Safety Journal. 2010.
3. Gollner, M.J., Xie, Y., Lee, M., Nakamura, Y., Rangwala, A.S., Burning behavior of vertical
matchstick arrays, In Preparation for Combustion Science and Technology
Current Projects
1. Tilting Flame Spread – Apparatus at UCSD. Advising Graduate Student, Xinyan Huang
2. Influence of backing on upward flame spread over corrugated cardboard – Advising 2 undergraduate
students at WPI for their Senior Project: Amanda Keller and Ben Travis.
53
56. Additional Applications of Work
Comparing measuring B-number with both the mass-
loss rate and standoff distance methods [1,2]
Determine the worst-case angles for flame spread
Implications to design of buildings and small-scale
“worst-case scenario” testing
Development of analytical upward (and tilted) flame
spread models that use a variable heat flux profile
1. Gollner, M.J., Overholt, K., Williams, F.A., Rangwala, A.S. and Perricone, J., Warehouse commodity classification from
fundamental principles. Part I: commodity and burning rates, Under Review, Fire Safety Journal. 2010.
2. A.S. Rangwala, S.G. Buckley, J.L. Torero, Analysis of the constant B-number assumption while modeling flame spread,
Combustion and Flame. 152 (2008) 401-414. 56
57. Measurement of Heat Flux
Thin-Skin Calorimeter
Combined heat flux from calorimeter
(accounting for losses)
qi qc qr qsto qc,st qi
qc
qr
qc,st
qsto
American Society of Testing and Materials, Standard ASTM E 459-97 57
58. Cardboard Experimental Setup
Standard Group-A Plastic Commodity
Polystyrene cups in compartmented cardboard carton 58
59. Previous Literature
1. de Ris, J, and L. Orloff. “The role of buoyancy direction and radiation in turbulent diffusion flames on
surfaces.” Symposium (International) on Combustion 15, no. 1 (1975): 175-182.
2. H. Ohtani, K. Ohta, Y. Uehara, Effect of orientation on burning rate of solid combustible, Fire and
Materials. 18 (1991) 323-193.
3. P.L. Blackshear, M.A. Kanury, Some effects of size, orientation, and fuel molecular weight on the
burning of fuel-soaked wicks, Symposium (International) On Combustion. 11 (1967) 545-552.
4. Y. Wu, H.J. Xing, G. Atkinson, Interaction of fire plume with inclined surface, Fire Safety Journal 35
(2000) 391-403
5. S.M. Ali, V. Raghavan, A. Rangwala, A numerical study of quasi-steady burning characteristics of a
condensed fuel: effect of angular orientation of fuel surface, Combustion Theory and Modelling. 14
(2010) 495-518.
6. W. Xie, P. Desjardin, An embedded upward flame spread model using 2D direct numerical
simulations, Combustion and Flame. 156 (2009) 522-530.
7. ITO, A, and T KASHIWAGI. “Characterization of flame spread over PMMA using holographic
interferometry sample orientation effects.” Combustion and Flame 71, no. 2 (February 1988): 189-204.
8. Drysdale, D, and a Macmillan. “Flame spread on inclined surfaces.” Fire Safety Journal 18, no. 3 (1992):
245-254.
9. Y. Pizzo, J.L. Consalvi, B. Porterie, A transient pyrolysis model based on the B-number for gravity-
assisted flame spread over thick PMMA slabs, Combustion and Flame. 156 (2009) 1856-1859.
59
60. Previous Literature – Thick Fuels
Steady Burning Experiments
de Ris and Orloff (-90 to +90) [1]
Ohtani et al. (-90 to +90) [2]
Blackshear and Kanury (-90, 0, +90) [3]
Wu et al. [4]
Numerical Simulations
Ali et al. (-90 to +90) (Steady) [5]
Xie and DesJardin (0 to +90) (Spreading) [6]
Spreading Fires
Ito and Kashiwagi (-90 to +90) (Small Sample Width) [7]
Drysdale and Macmillan (0 to +90) [8]
Pizzo et al. (0 to +90) [9]
60
61. Picture of Experimental Setup
WPI, Summer 2008
TC wires
Heat flux sensors
Back View Front View
61
62. Commodities Used in Testing
Class II Class III Class Group A Plastic
IV/Group B
Commodities Used in Reality
62
63. Commodity Test Results
30 s 92 s 100 s 132 s 150 s
Front Face of Cardboard Plateau PS Cups & Cardboard
Burning Burning
Stage I Stage II Stage III
63
64. The B-number
B
impetuses i.e. heat of combustion for burning
resistances i.e. heat of vaporization to the process
“Thermodynamic Driving Force”
(1 )(HcYO , ) / s C p , (Tp T )
B B-number
Hg Q
χ = Fraction of radiation lost [-] T∞ = Ambient temperature [K]
∆Hc = Heat of combustion [kJ/kg] L = Latent heat of vaporization [kJ/kg]
YO,∞ = Mass fraction of oxygen in ambient [-] ∆Hc = Heat of gasification [kJ/kg]
νs = Oxygen-fuel mass stoichiometric ratio [-] Cp,f = Specific heat of the fuel [kJ/kg-K]
Cp,∞ = Specific heat of ambient air [kJ/kg-K] Q = L + Cp,f(TB-TR) [kJ/kg]
Tp = Pyrolysis temperature of the fuel
[1] Kanury, A. M. An Introduction to Combustion Phenomena. s.l. : Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Inc, 1977. 64
65. Experimentally-Measured B
•Solving for B and using Nu correlation for the heat-transfer coefficient:
m''
f
B exp 1
0.13[GrPr]1/ 3
g g
•Formula for average B-number based on measured rate of mass loss
•Applies in regimes dominated by convective heat transfer, as found in
many small-scale experiments.
•Effective B-number derived by same formula with radiation included
Kanury, A. M. An Introduction to Combustion Phenomena. Gordon & Breach Science Publishers, Inc, 1977. 65
66. Stage 3 – Mixed Case
• Flame height >25 cm
• Realistic fire situation
• Cardboard breaks
66
67. Preliminary Spread Rates
Spread Rate as Function of Angle)
4.5
4
3.5
Spread Rate (cm/s)
Topside
3
2.5
Underside
2
1.5
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Angle
Only 1 test per point (Preliminary tests, not perfect material)
Points toward potential interesting results for underside flame spread! 67
68. Conclusions
Increasing Costs
Bench B-number Small Large
Scale Scale Scale
Tests Ys Tests Tests
68
Coordinates and fuel. 2. theta – angle of orientation to gravity3. Ignition – flame and thermal boundary layer (Tp reached)4. Pyrolysis/flame length. Standoff distance, spread velocity, BL thickness5. Heat flux – to the pyrolsyis region. From flame to virgin fuel. Highlight thermal BL – studiedHighlight heat flux from flame to surface – being studiedInfluence of angle from horizontal – being studied.
The same pyrolysis zone, combusting plume, and buoyant plume exist in this case. Now, the flame is larger and the combusting plume begins to extend above the height of the commodity surface, and the flame becomes very turbulent. The fire grows more rapidly. The remaining products are then propelled above into a buoyant plume.
Consistent with existing data, even though flame height data is not. Xf/xp ~ constant.Xf ~ mf ~ xp
Upward flame spread the width effectA complex numerical model may not always be required nor possible for most situations.
Xp is where material reaches temperature, Tp
Deemphasize
Representative test
“Universal Meaning”The B number can be thought of as a thermodynamic or mass transfer driving force. It was first introduced by Spalding in 1950 to develop an expression for the burning rate of a liquid fuel droplet in a gas stream. The uncorrected B-number is a property of pyrolyzing material, and it appears in boundary conditions of energy conservation at the fuel surface. The corrected B-number accounts for influences of additional heat-transfer processes. Physically, it relates the heat release of combustion (the numerator) to the energy required to generate fuel gasses (the denominator).In a mass-transfer sense it is the ratio of an impetus for interphase transfer to a resistance opposing that transfer.
Mf’’ is the mass loss rate per unit are of the material, which is related to the heat transfer component (h/Cg) times the thermodynamic component ln(B+1). Because of the log relationship of B, heat transfer plays a larger role in this process. H is assumed to be a constant in this process and is determined by a relation first relating it to the Nusselt number, and a nusselt number correlation which is a function of the cubed root of the Grashof number times Prandtl number. This approach is not exact, but for these small-scale experiments it is acceptable to ignore these small variations in h. Future work we are conducting will investigate the heat transfer coefficient numerically. The resulting formula for the average B number is an exponential function of the mass loss rate of the fuel per area over constants minus 1.
In the mixed case the same processes still occur but now some leakage of the commodity (in the form of melted plastic) pool in front of the commodity. Now remaining cardboard burns as well as a small pool fire at the base of the commodity. The characteristics of the pool fire as well as the flat plate burning must be taken into account. In our tests, for safety reasons the fire was extinguished before significant commodity leakage occurred. We burnt approximately only 3/4 of the commodity. It would take upwards of 3-5 minutes for this to occur based on observations from tests, so characterizing the earlier region to involved suppression is more important for this study.