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組織承諾介於工作-家庭衝突與工作滿意度之關聯性探討 ─以印度餐旅從業人員為例 指導老師:梁英文老師 研究生:曾珮甄 98.12.15 An investigation of the moderating effects of organizational commitment on the relationships between work–family conflict and job satisfaction among hospitality employees in India
摘要 本研究探討工作與家庭衝突(WFC)、組織承諾(OC)和工作滿意度(JS)三者之間的關聯性,在飯店的情境。響應國際性的工作環境,在印度大型獨立經營的飯店員工為研究對象。 分層線性回歸分析表明,工作家庭衝突有兩個概念,其中因家庭方面的需要而產生的工作家庭衝突,即家庭對工作衝突(FIW)將和工作滿意度(JS)成負相關。組織承諾的三個構面發現情感承諾較能直接影響工作滿意度(JS)而不是規範性承諾,則繼續性承諾是較無顯著效果。 本研究希望能提供建議給飯店管理者及未來研究方向。
1.工作家庭衝突(Work-family conflict) Kanter (1977)把工作和家庭原本是兩個獨立的生活領域,透過廣泛的研究證明這兩種是呈相互相關,在某方面彼此不相容時,所產生的角色壓力。 Kossek & Ozeki(1998)研究進一步提出工作家庭衝突了兩個具有指向性的概念:因工作方面的要求,例如工作時數、常常加班而干擾在家庭角色,即工作干擾家庭(WIF),而 與家庭疏遠;因家庭方面的需要,例如照顧家人而干擾在工作上的角色,即家庭干擾工作 (FIW)。 減輕家庭壓力會提升在工作上的效率,反之工作壓力大就會影響到家庭的角色,意旨工作與家庭的角色是具有相互依存的關係,在組織環境裡扮演著重要的角色(e.g. Frone, Russell, & Cooper, 1992b;Karatepe & Sokmen, 2006; Namasivayam & Mount, 2004)。
2.工作家庭衝突直接影響工作滿意度 工作滿意度被定義為用情感狀態評價個人工作的產生(Locke, 1969)。研究指出在工作積極的環境理會影響到工作滿意度,所以工作量過大或是工作有壓力,就會產生負面的工作滿意度 (Boles, Howard, &Donofrio, 2001; Boyar et al., 2003)。 最近研究探索了工作家庭衝突和性別在工作满意程度的 (Grandey,Cordeiro, & Crouter 2005)。 研究發現工作家庭衝突與工作滿意度有關。 Karatepe和Sokmen (2006),的研究報告裡的家庭干擾工作(FIW)對工作滿意程度呈現負相關。家庭和工作的角色會影響他們的工作滿意的程度。 (Perrewe,Hochwarter, & Kiewitz, 1999)。 H1:工作家庭衝突(WIF&FIW)對工作滿意度成負面的影響。
3-1.組織承諾直接影響到工作滿意 組織承諾和工作滿意度在職業跟職業之間得到廣泛的探討 (Aranya, Pollock, & Amernic, 1981)。 Yousef (2000)指出組織承諾與工作相關的影響,包括工作態度表示滿意。 Mathieu and Zajac (1990)組織承諾被視為一種對工作環境正面評價的情感性反應,一般的定義對組織的歸屬感或認同感。因此,他們把工作滿意度作為組織承諾的關聯。當個人的經驗在其工作中的衝突和家庭角色與工作有關的問題,個人重視他們的家庭角色高於工作,並減少其情感在該組織的承諾 (Perrewe et al., 1999)。 Allen and Meyer (1990)發展了三個構面,將組織承諾分為「情感性承諾」、「持續性承諾」、「規範性承諾」三種。
3-2.組織承諾直接影響到工作滿意 情感性承諾(affective commitment):指員工在情感性上的依附、認同,因此投入留任於組織中。Johnson et al. (2005)研究報告情感承諾和工作滿意度有非常高的相關性,高度的情感承諾會帶來更大的工作滿意。 因此… H2: 情感性承諾對工作滿意度呈正相關 持續性承諾(continuance commitment):指則是員工對於離開組織成本的認知,而產生留在組織中的承諾;可能是經濟或是無力換職而留任於組織中。即基於個人若離開組織會考慮成本損失。Meyer, Stanley, Herscovitch, and Topolnytsky (2002)建議繼續承諾意味著當工作人員看到缺乏選擇,他們會對組織和工作產生負面的情緒。因為缺乏流動性可能,所以表達出對工作的不滿意。因此… H3:持續性承諾對工作滿意度呈負相關。 
3-2.組織承諾直接影響到工作滿意(續) 規範性承諾 (normative commitment) :為員工對組織忠誠的義務,也就是強調持續對雇主的忠誠,或經由組織獲得的利益,在員工心中建立產生報答組織的義務。Scholl (1981)指出獎勵超出個人期望水平影響他們的回報。當個人的心理產生幸福或滿意時,他人的期望就符合規範,例如(家長、同事)。因此… H4:規範性承諾對工作滿意度呈正相關
4.組織承諾介於工作-家庭衝突與工作滿意度 本研究的目的是要了解組織介於工作家庭衝突和工作滿意度之間的交互影響。 Randall,Fedor, and Longnecker (1990)研究發現與組織部分互動存在著相互之間的關係或是與工作滿意度產生因果關係。 Meyer et al. (1990)將工作滿意度作為與組織的承諾關聯,結果發現工作滿意度被認為會使組織承諾相對更加穩定和持久。 另外在工作家庭衝突(WFC)另外在另WFC) 的影響,個人的組織承諾就會影響到工作滿意度。特別是情感承諾或規範承諾,使得工作滿意度衰減或放大。綜合上述提出建議:  H5a:工作家庭衝突對員工工作滿意度會影響情感性承諾。  H5b:工作家庭衝突對員工工作滿意度會影響持續性承諾。  H5c:工作家庭衝突對員工工作滿意度會影響規範性承諾。
研究架構 情感性承諾 Affect.Commit H5a H2 工作干擾家庭 (WIF) H1 H5b 工作滿意度 Job Satisfaction 持續性承諾 Cont.Commit H3 家庭干擾工作 (FIW) H1 H4 規範性承諾 Norm.Commit H5c
研究範圍 地區:印度南部擁有大型獨立和經營 的飯店。 對象:120名員工。 方式:培訓經理分發給員工做匿名調查。 情況:93份為有效問卷,回收率達77%。
樣本分析結果-表1 性別 教育程度 婚姻狀況 小孩人數
相關性分析結果-表2 1.年齡2.性別3.家屬4. 婚姻狀況5. 教育程度6. 工作滿意度7. 持續性承諾 8. 規範性承諾9. 情感性承諾10.工作干擾家庭(WIF)11.家庭干擾工作(FIW)
分層迴歸分析結果-表3 教育程度 家庭干擾工作 情感性承諾 情感性承諾*家庭干擾工作
研究結果與結論 這研究的結果顯示家庭方面的需要而產生的工作家庭衝突,即家庭對工作衝突(FIW)將和工作滿意度(JS)成負相關。家庭干擾工作(FIW)的因素應更加被重視。 組織承諾的研究結果,其三個構面發現情感承諾較能直接影響工作滿意度(JS)而不是規範性承諾,則繼續性承諾是較無顯著效果。建議組織的經理作出努力增加員工的情感性承諾,讓員工更滿意他們的工作,特別是當他們的家庭角色干涉他們的工作。 餐旅產業是全球化的產業,在國際性餐旅的產業具高度人力調配,人力資源是最具有挑戰及生產力,也是一個重要的角色。瞭解組織承諾對員工的角色衝突和影響員工工作滿意度,如何做好人資管理是主管必須重視的方向。
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