OKBP 3.2 Tipovi podataka. Primarni i strani ključ. Kreiranje baze i tabelaMilan Zdravković
Online kurs: Osnovi relacionih baza podataka. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu. Nedelja 3, resurs 2: Tipovi podataka. Primarni i strani ključ. Kreiranje baze i tabela. Realizacija: Milan Trifunović. http://160.99.22.125:9000/courses/course-v1:MEF+OKBP+2018-19_S3/about
OKBP 3.2 Tipovi podataka. Primarni i strani ključ. Kreiranje baze i tabelaMilan Zdravković
Online kurs: Osnovi relacionih baza podataka. Mašinski fakultet Univerziteta u Nišu. Nedelja 3, resurs 2: Tipovi podataka. Primarni i strani ključ. Kreiranje baze i tabela. Realizacija: Milan Trifunović. http://160.99.22.125:9000/courses/course-v1:MEF+OKBP+2018-19_S3/about
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2. 16-bitni registri opšte namene
AX – akumulator za aritmetečke i logičke
operacije. Neke instrukcije imaju kraće
kodiranje u slučaju njegovog korišćenja, a
takođe mogu biti i brže.
BX – base registar za čuvanje adresa.
CX – brojač
DX – registar za aritmetičke i I/O operacije
Postoje AH, AL, BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL.
2
3. 16-bitni registri opšte namene
SI – source index za indeksiranje
nizova i pristup memoriji.
DI – destination index za
indeksiranje nizova i pristup
memoriji.
BP – base pointer sličan BX registru,
ali za pristup argumentima i lokalnim
promenljivim funkcija.
SP – stack pointer pokazivač na stek.
3
4. Segmentni registri
Segment je količina memorije koja se može
adresirati pomoću jednog registra.
CS – code segment sadrži adresu segmenta koda.
DS – data segmet sadrži adresu segmenta
podataka.
ES – extra segment dodatni segmentni registar.
SS – stack segment sadrži adresu segmenta koji
sadrži stek.
U ove segmente je moguće smeštati i podatke, ali
to ne treba raditi!
4
5. Specijalni registri
IP – instruction pointer sadrži adresu instrukcije
koja se trenutno izvršava.
FLAGS registar se sastoji od sledećih bitova
• XXXXODITSZXAXPXC
• X – ne koristi se
• O – Overflow
• D – Direction
• I – Interrupt
• T – Trace
• S – Sign
• Z – Zero
• A – Auxilary carry
• P – Parity
• C - Carry
5
7. Segmentacija
Pošto je 8086 imao 16-bitne registre, bilo je
moguće adresirati najviše 65536 bajtova. Ovo je
veličina jednog segmenta. Da bi se ovo
prevazišlo, koriste se tzv. segmentni registri koji
određuju koji se segment koristi.
Adrese se navode u obliku segment:offset. Npr.
1000:1F00. Ove adrese se nazivaju logičkim.
Fizička adresa se, u slučaju da računar radi u real
modu, dobija tako što se segment množi sa 16 i
dodaje se offset. Npr. 10000h+1F00h=11F00h
Očigledno, različite logičke adrese mogu
odgovarati istoj fizičkoj adresi.
U slučaju protected moda postupak je
komplikovaniji.
7
9. Načini adresiranja memorije za
8086
Validni načini adresiranja memorije se mogu
dobiti tako što se iz svake kolone donje tabele
izabere najviše jedan element, pri čemu je
ukupno potrebno izabrati bar jedan i formira se
izraz [E1+E2+E3]. Npr.
mov ax, [50h+bp+si]
[BX] [SI]
DISP [BP] [DI]
9
10. Načini adresiranja za 8086
Prvi registar koji se pojavljuje u
uglastim zagradama određuje
podrazumevani segmentni registar.
On se može navesti i eksplicitno.
Za BX, SI i DI podrazumeva se DS, a
za BP - SS.
Registri se adresiraju navođenjem
imena.
10
15. NASM
Pokretanje:
• nasm –f <format> <filename> [-o <output>]
• <format> predstavlja jedan od formata u
kojima se generiše izlaz. Najvažniji su bin i
obj.
• <filename> predstavlja ulazni fajl sa kodom.
• <output> predstavlja naziv izlaznog fajla.
Naravno, postoje i druge opcije.
15
16. NASM
Izgled komandne linije
• oznaka: instrukcija operandi ; komentar
Bilo koji deo može nedostajati.
Prisustvo operanada je uslovljeno prirodom instrukcije.
Ako na kraju linije stoji , sledeća linija se smatra
nastavkom tekuće.
Oznake ne moraju imati : na kraju.
Validna imena oznaka su sastavljena od slova, brojeva, _,
$, #, @, ~, . i ?. Identifikatori mogu počinjati slovom, ., _
ili ?.
Ako ime počinje znakom $, niska se ne tumači kao
rezervisana reč, već kao identifikator. Npr. $ax.
Ako se znak $ javi sam, označava trenutnu poziciju
prilikom asembliranja.
16
17. NASM
U slučaju bin formata postoje tri
istaknute sekcije:
• .text za kod,
• .data za inicijalizovane podatke i
• .bss za neinicijalizovane podatke.
17
18. Pseudo instrukcije – d*
DB, DW, DD, DQ, DT
• db 0x55 – bajt 0x55
• db 0x55, 0x56, 0x57 – tri uzastopna bajta
• db ‘a’, 0x55 – bajtovi 0x61 i 0x55
• db ‘hello’, 13, 10, ‘$’
• dw 0x1234 – 0x34, 0x12
• dw ‘a’ – 0x61, 0x00
• dw ‘ab’ – 0x61, 0x62
• dw ‘abc’ – 0x61, 0x62, 0x63, 0x00
• dd 0x12345678 – 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12
• dd 1.234567e20
• dq 1.234567e20
• dt 1.234567e20
dq i dt ne prihvataju numeričke konstante ili niske za
operande (?).
18
19. Pseudo instrukcije – RES*
RESB, RESW, RESD, RESQ i REST
rezervišu memoriju za
neinicijalizovane podatke. Predviđeno
je da se koristi u bss sekciji. Npr.
• buffer: resb 64
19
20. Pseudo instrukcije – EQU
EQU služi da definiše konstantu. Npr.
• msglen equ 12
20
21. Pseudo instrukcije - TIMES
Čini da instrukcija bude asemblirana
više puta. Npr.
• zerobuff: times 64 db 0
• buffer: db ‘hello, world’
times 64-($-buffer) db ‘ ’
• times 100 movsb
• times 100 resb 1 ili resb 100
21
22. Promenljive
Promenljive u punom smislu nisu
podržane. Sve što se pamti uz simbol
prilikom deklaraciji je početna adresa
u memoriji. Dužina se mora
naknadno zadati u instrukciji. Npr.
• var dw 5
• mov word [var], 2
• mov bx, var
22
23. Pristup memoriji
Za sva pristupanja memoriji moraju
biti koripšćene uglaste zagrade.
• var dw 5
• mov ax, [var]
• mov ax, [var+1]
• mov ax, [ds:var+bx]
• mov ax, [bp+di+8]
• mov ax, [byte bx+6]
23
25. Karakterske konstante
Do 4 karaktera ograničena
jednostrukim ili dvostrukim
navodnicima. Npr. ‘abcd’ se prevodi
kao 0x64636261. S obzirom da se
radi o little-endian arhitekturi,
zapisuje se kao 0x61626364 što je i
željeno.
25
26. Stringovi
Izgledaju kao karakterske konstante,
samo što su duže. Dozvoljene su
samo u nekim pseudo instrukcijama.
db ‘hello’ ; string
db ‘h’,’e’,’l’,’l’,’o’ ; karakterska
konstanta
dd ‘ninechars’
dd ‘nine’, ‘char’, ‘s’
db ‘ninechars’,0,0,0
26
27. Realne konstante
podrzane su realne konstante u pokretnom
zarezu
mogu se koristiti samo kao operandi
instrukcija dd, dq i dt
dd 1.2
dq 1.e10
dq 1.e+10
dq 1.e−10
dt 3.141592653589793238462
27
28. SEG i WRT
SEG operator vraća adresu podrazumevanog
segmenta za neki simbol. Npr sledeći kod smešta
pokazivač na promenljivu simbol u ES:BX
• mov ax, seg simbol
• mov es, ax
• mov bx, simbol
Ukoliko želimo da izračunamo adresu neke
promenljive u odnosu na neki segment koji nije
podrazumevani koristimo WRT operator. Npr.
• mov ax, adresa_segmenta
• mov es, ax
• mov bx, simbol wrt adresa_segmenta
28
29. Kritični izrazi
Kritični izrazi su izrazi čija vrednost mora
biti poznata u prvom prolazu asembliranja.
Argumenti pseudo instrukcija TIMES, RES*
i ЕQU su kritični izrazi.
Primer:
times (label-$) db 0
label: db ‘tekst’
times (label-$+1) db 0
label: db ‘tekst’
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31. Lokalne oznake
Lokalnim se smatraju oznake koje počinju
tačkom. Vezuju se za prvu prethodnu oznaku.
Npr.
label1 ; neki kod
.lokalna ; neki kod
label2 ; neki kod
.lokalna ; neki kod
Prilikom korišćenja oznake .lokalna nema
konflikta imena jer se prva interno vodi kao
label1.lokalna, a druga kao label2.lokalna, a
mogu se i tako referencirati. Npr.
• jmp label1.lokalna
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32. Direktive
BITS određuje da li će se kod izvršavati na 16-bitnom ili
32-bitnom procesoru. Npr.
• BITS 16
SECTION (ili SEGMENT) definiše sekcije. Npr. .text, .data
i .bss.
EXTERN deklariše simbole iz drugih fajlova sa kojima
eventualno vršimo povezivanje.
GLOBAL čini simbole vidljivim izvan fajla prilikom
povezivanja.
CPU određuje skup instrukcija koje se koriste. Npr.
• CPU 8086
• CPU 186
• CPU PENTIUM
• CPU IA64
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33. Izlazni formati
bin – čist mašinski kod.
Podrazumeva se BITS 16
Koristi se za pisanje kernela, bootloadera,
malih programa za DOS, drajvera...
ORG direktiva određuje adresu na kojoj se
očekuje da počne izvršavanje programa.
Npr.
• ORG 0x100 ; očekivano kod .com programa
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34. Izlazni formati
obj – Microsoft-ov objektni format
Izlazni kod se mora povezati pomoću
linkera.
Nema privilegovanih sekcija.
Program uvek počinje od oznake
..start
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35. Prekidi
Prekidi se dele na:
• Hardverske
• Softverske
• Izuzetke
BIOS obezbeđuje veći broj
softverskih prekida koji nam
omogućavaju da radimo sa ulazom i
izlazom.
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