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1_introduction_manajerial ekonomi manajerial pengantar
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- 2. Aplikasi teori ekonomidan alat pengambilan keputusan untuk mengetahui bagaimana organisasi dapat mencapai tujuannya secara lebih efektif.
- 3. Managerial Decision Problems Economictheory Microeconomics Macroeconomics Decision Sciences Mathematical Economics Econometrics MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Application of economic theory and decision science tools to solve managerial decision problems OPTIMAL SOLUTIONS TO MANAGERIAL DECISION PROBLEMS
- 4. Managerial economics asan economics discipline Macroeconomics Economics Microeconomics International Economics Regional Economics Money, finance, banking “Sector” economics Labor economics Economics of IT and EC Managerial economics Economic Development
- 5. Economic optimisation The valueof the firm Economic constraints The role of managerial economics in managerial decision making Managerial economics as an economics discipline
- 6. Product Priceand Output Make or Buy Production Technique Stock Levels Advertising Media and Intensity Labor Hiring and Training Investment and Financing
- 7. masalah keputusan manajerial Productprice and output Make or buy Production technique Internet strategy Advertising media and intensity Investment and financing konsep ekonomi Theory of consumer behaviour Theory of firm Theory of market structures and pricing alat pengambilan keputusan Numerical analysis Statistical analysis Forecasting Game theory Optimisation ekonomi manajerial Use of economics concepts and decision making tools to solve managerial decision problems Optimal solutions
- 8. The Process ofdecision-making Mengidentifikasi tujuan Mendefinisikan masalah Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan solusi Memilih kemungkinan solusi terbaik Mengimplementasikan keputusan
- 9. Theory of thefirm • Teori yang mengindikasikan bagaimana perusahaan berperilaku dan apa tujuan mereka • Mengkombinasikan dan mengorganisasikan sumberdaya untuk tujuan produksi barang dan jasa untuk perdagangan menginternalisasi transaksi, dan mengurangi biaya transaksi • Tujuan utama adalah memaksimisasi kesejahteraan atau nilai perusahaan
- 10. Expected ValueMaximization Pemilik-manajer memaksimasi profit jangka pendek Tujuan utama jangka panjang adalah maksimisasi expected-value Constraints and the Theory of the Firm Kendala sumberdaya. Kendala sosial Limitations of the Theory of the Firm Teori alternatif menambah persepsi Kompetisi mendorong efisiensi Pengambilalihan membuat manajer tidak efisien
- 11. The present valueof all expected future profits 1 2 1 2 1 (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) n n t n t t PV r r r r 1 1 (1 ) (1 ) n n t t t t t t t TR TC Valueof Firm r r
- 13. Sales maximization Adequate rate of profit Management utility maximization Principle-agent problem Satisficing behavior 1. Profit 2. Market share 3. Revenue growth 4. Return on investment 5. Technology 6. Customer satisfaction 7. Shareholder value
- 14. Non-economic Objectives: 1. “Agood place for our employees to work” 2. “Provide good products/services to our customers” 3. “Act as a good citizen in our society”
- 15. Business Profit: Totalrevenue minus the explicit or accounting costs of production. Economic Profit: Total revenue minus the explicit and implicit costs of production. Opportunity Cost: Implicit value of a resource in its best alternative use.
- 16. Profit merupakan signaluntuk menunjukkan alokasi sumberdaya Profit yang tinggi dalam industri merupakan sinyal bahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih dari yang diproduksi industri Profit negatif atau rendah memberikan sinyal bahwa pembeli menginginkan lebih sedikit dibandingkan yang diproduksi industri
- 17. Risk-Bearing Theories ofProfit Frictional Theory of Profit Monopoly Theory of Profit Innovation Theory of Profit Managerial Efficiency Theory of Profit
- 18. Nilai marjinal • Nilaimarjinal dari variabel dependen adalah perubahan variabel dependen akibat perubahan 1 unit variabel independen • Maksimisasi muncul jika marjinal berubah dari positif menjadi negatif • Jika marjinal di atas rata-rata, maka rata-rata akan menaik dan sebaliknya • Marjinal merupakan derivasi dari nilai total
- 19. Poin utama The dependentvariable is maximized when its marginal value shifts from positive to negative
- 20. hubungan antara outputdan profit perusahaan bejo OUTPUT TOTAL MARGINAL A VERAGE PER DAY PROFIT PROFIT PROFIT 0 0 1 100 100 100.0 2 250 150 125.0 3 600 350 200.0 4 1000 400 250.0 5 1350 350 270.0 6 1500 150 250.0 7 1550 50 221.4 8 1500 -50 187.5 9 1400 -100 155.6 10 1200 -200 120.0
- 21. Total, marginal, andaverage profit – Bejo Corporation -500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 5 10 15 OUTPUT PER DAY PROFIT TOTAL PROFIT MARGINAL PROFIT AVERAGE PROFIT
- 22. Marginal v.Incremental Concept Marginal relates to one unit of output. Incremental relates to one managerial decision. Multiple units of output is possible. Incremental Profits Profits tied to a managerial decision.
- 23. pilih alternatif yangmenghasilkan hasil yang konsisten dengan tujuan manajerial Apa tujuan utama manajerial? Tergantung struktur kepemilikan Profit maximisation? Sales/revenue maximisation? The value of the firm maximisation? Profit per employee maximisation?
- 25. Limited resourses Labour Capital Finance Raw materials Environment Limitedcapacity of market Demand Choice/Opportunity cost
- 26. Mengapa perusahaanada? Bisnis berguna untuk memberikan kepuasan bagi konsumen Bisnis memberikan kontribusi terhadap kesejahteraan sosial Social Responsibility of Business Melayani pelanggan Menyediakan lapangan kerja Mematuhi aturan dan regulasi perlu adanya etika bisnis
- 28. Globalization of EconomicActivity Goods and Services Capital Technology Skilled Labor Technological Change Telecommunications Advances The Internet and the World Wide Web