1) The study examined the distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotypes in Thailand between 2003-2005.
2) Twelve JEV strains were isolated from pigs and mosquitoes near human cases - all belonged to genotype I, indicating a switch from the previously dominant genotype III.
3) Genotype I strains were found to cluster into two phylogenetic subgroups, suggesting two separate introductions into Thailand in the 1980s and 1990s, followed by local transmission.
this is ppt of viral emerging and re-emerging diseases....pls comment for any doubts, pls follow for more ppts regarding health, heatl care and medical field..thank you
Check out the official party guide for the biggest annual event hosted at Hedonism II, Hedo Kamasutra Week. Hedo Kamasutra Week is brought to you by WWW.ADULTVACATIONPARTIES.COM.
Vector-borne diseases in a changing world: Case studies of Japanese encephali...ILRI
This document provides a summary of a presentation on vector-borne diseases in a changing world. It discusses Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) and studies conducted in Vietnam, as well as Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) and studies in Kenya. For JEV, the document summarizes a project in Vietnam that found urban pig farms increased mosquito vectors for JEV and some mosquito pools tested positive for the virus. It identified genotypes I and III circulating. For RVFV, the document notes how increased irrigation is converting rangelands to croplands in Africa, creating more mosquito larval habitats and potentially more infected vectors.
Poster on Psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among nursesSiti Mastura
Nurses are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms due to the physical demands of their work including lifting, awkward postures, and transferring patients. This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and relationship to psychosocial risk factors among nurses at Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital in Kedah, Malaysia. The results showed the highest prevalence of symptoms was in the upper back (70.6%), lower back (58%), and shoulders (55.9%). Most nurses reported high decision latitude, high job demands, good social support, high job insecurity, and job dissatisfaction. Social support and job insecurity were significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. The findings suggest improving social support through team building and addressing job insecurity to help minimize
PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AMONG NURSESSiti Mastura
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
valuation of toxicological implications of inhalationexposure to kerosene fum...Siti Mastura
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the toxic effects of inhaling kerosene and petrol fumes in rats. The rats were exposed to the fumes for 4 hours per day over 2 weeks. Blood tests and liver tissue analysis were then used to assess liver damage. The study found that rats exposed to the fumes had significantly higher levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) compared to unexposed rats, indicating liver dysfunction. Examination of liver tissues also revealed degenerative changes, supporting the biochemical results. The findings suggest that frequent exposure to kerosene and petrol fumes may be highly damaging to liver cells.
this is ppt of viral emerging and re-emerging diseases....pls comment for any doubts, pls follow for more ppts regarding health, heatl care and medical field..thank you
Check out the official party guide for the biggest annual event hosted at Hedonism II, Hedo Kamasutra Week. Hedo Kamasutra Week is brought to you by WWW.ADULTVACATIONPARTIES.COM.
Vector-borne diseases in a changing world: Case studies of Japanese encephali...ILRI
This document provides a summary of a presentation on vector-borne diseases in a changing world. It discusses Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) and studies conducted in Vietnam, as well as Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) and studies in Kenya. For JEV, the document summarizes a project in Vietnam that found urban pig farms increased mosquito vectors for JEV and some mosquito pools tested positive for the virus. It identified genotypes I and III circulating. For RVFV, the document notes how increased irrigation is converting rangelands to croplands in Africa, creating more mosquito larval habitats and potentially more infected vectors.
Poster on Psychosocial risk factors and musculoskeletal symptoms among nursesSiti Mastura
Nurses are at high risk of developing musculoskeletal symptoms due to the physical demands of their work including lifting, awkward postures, and transferring patients. This study examined the prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms and relationship to psychosocial risk factors among nurses at Sultanah Bahiyah Hospital in Kedah, Malaysia. The results showed the highest prevalence of symptoms was in the upper back (70.6%), lower back (58%), and shoulders (55.9%). Most nurses reported high decision latitude, high job demands, good social support, high job insecurity, and job dissatisfaction. Social support and job insecurity were significantly associated with musculoskeletal symptoms. The findings suggest improving social support through team building and addressing job insecurity to help minimize
PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AMONG NURSESSiti Mastura
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
valuation of toxicological implications of inhalationexposure to kerosene fum...Siti Mastura
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the toxic effects of inhaling kerosene and petrol fumes in rats. The rats were exposed to the fumes for 4 hours per day over 2 weeks. Blood tests and liver tissue analysis were then used to assess liver damage. The study found that rats exposed to the fumes had significantly higher levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) and lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides) compared to unexposed rats, indicating liver dysfunction. Examination of liver tissues also revealed degenerative changes, supporting the biochemical results. The findings suggest that frequent exposure to kerosene and petrol fumes may be highly damaging to liver cells.
This guide provides an introduction to using SPSS 14. It includes instructions on starting SPSS, defining variables, entering data, computing new variables, selecting data subsets, and running basic statistical procedures such as frequencies, descriptives, and exploring normality. Key steps covered are creating variables in the Variable View window, entering data in the Data View window, using the Compute function to calculate a new "age" variable, selecting cases where age is less than 30, and analyzing the normality of a variable distribution through histograms, normal Q-Q plots, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality.
This document outlines the key elements of a model emergency preparedness plan for mining operations. It discusses the responsibilities of the mining company and the importance of engaging local communities, emergency response teams, and governments. The 10 steps of the UNEP APELL process for emergency planning are described. Case studies are referenced that illustrate how to effectively apply these principles of community involvement, hazard identification, emergency response training, and continuous improvement of emergency plans.
This document discusses principles of hazard tree risk management for wildland firefighters. It notes that falling trees remain a persistent threat and one of the leading causes of firefighter fatalities. The risk is determined by both the likelihood of a hazard occurring and the severity of potential consequences. Strategies are outlined for conducting strategic and tactical risk assessments to rate risk levels and implement appropriate mitigation measures to reduce risk to moderate or low levels where possible. Emergency response plans should also be in place to effectively respond if injuries do occur from hazard trees.
This document provides a report on firefighter training trends and hazards from the U.S. Fire Administration. It details several training incidents that resulted in injuries or near misses. It also summarizes training casualty data and discusses common hazards in training such as live fire exercises, physical stress, and unsafe practices. The report emphasizes the importance of following standards from the National Fire Protection Association and having proper safety protocols, qualified instructors, appropriate facilities, and medical support to reduce risks during firefighter training activities.
This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis (FTA):
1. FTA is a graphic method to identify the causes of failures or negative events in a system. It uses deductive reasoning to break down a negative event into its potential causes.
2. An FTA diagram uses symbols like rectangles, circles, and gates to represent events and their relationships. The analysis involves defining the negative event, understanding the system, constructing the tree, validating it, and evaluating alternatives.
3. The primary benefits of FTA are the meaningful data it produces to evaluate and improve system reliability. A limitation is that all significant failure contributors must be anticipated.
Guidelines for Incident Commanders- Final ReportFFPE Use in Chemical Agent VaporSiti Mastura
This document provides 3 levels of guidelines for incident commanders on the use of firefighter protective equipment during chemical agent rescue operations:
1. General guidelines provide maximum rescue time of 30 minutes for known living victims using standard turnout gear and SCBA, and 3 minutes for reconnaissance in unknown environments.
2. Representative exposure scenarios and test results in tables/graphs show protective performance of equipment in chemical environments.
3. Recommendations to reduce exposure time and agent concentrations, improve equipment, conduct pre-incident planning, and train responders to mitigate risks during rescue operations.
jurnal of occupational safety and healthSiti Mastura
The document summarizes an ergonomic study to optimize the design of a printing workstation. 4 factors were considered: the horizontal distance between the machine and worker (A), the vertical height of the work table (B), the vertical attitude of the material box (C), and the angle of the material box slope (D). The study used factorial experiments and response surface methodology to evaluate configurations based on 4 performance measures: cycle time, metabolic energy expenditure, worker posture, and lifting limitations. The results showed an optimized configuration (1121) reduced cycle time by 17.5% compared to the initial design, demonstrating how ergonomic optimization can improve productivity and working conditions.
The document describes several key microbiology techniques: 1) Aseptic technique for preventing contamination when transferring bacteria or collecting specimens. 2) Using inoculating loops to transfer bacterial colonies while flaming the loop to sterilize it. 3) Creating bacterial smears on slides by spreading suspensions to make thin films for staining. 4) Heat fixation to adhere bacteria to slides before staining. 5) Streaking loops of bacteria on agar plates to isolate single colonies.
Requirement and Technical Standard for Non Convention Cargo Siti Mastura
This document outlines technical requirements and standards for non-conventional cargo ships pertaining to safety, construction, radio, life saving appliances, and navigational aids. It includes 10 chapters that cover general provisions, inspections and surveys, construction and equipment, stability requirements, machinery installation, electrical installations, fire protection and extinction, life saving appliances, radio installations, and navigational equipment. The document provides definitions for key terms and sets minimum requirements for ships to obtain necessary certificates.
This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis, including its origins in 1962 for the US Air Force, how it is a graphical model of pathways leading to an undesirable loss event using logic symbols, and some key steps and rules in developing a fault tree analysis. It defines important terms like fault, failure, primary and secondary failures. It also illustrates some common logic symbols used and provides examples of potential top events to analyze.
Japanese Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects the central nervous system. It is caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus and transmitted via Culex mosquitoes. The virus is maintained in birds and pigs, which serve as amplifying hosts. While humans are incidental hosts, the disease can cause serious neurological illness. The document provides guidelines on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in India.
This document presents a mathematical model of the spread of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) that couples SIRS models for the disease in both the reservoir population and human population. The model classifies populations into susceptible, infected, and removed classes. It derives equations to describe the dynamics and calculates the basic reproductive rate R0. The model shows that unlike other models, loss of immunity in this system is independent of exposure rate. It suggests passive immunization at recurrent intervals as the best control strategy to eradicate the disease.
Communication for behavioral impact(COMBI)Siti Mastura
The document describes a COMBI program in Malaysia to control dengue through community behavior change. The program was piloted in Hulu Langat, Selangor where most Aedes breeding occurred in semi-permanent water containers. 172 volunteers educated residents to check containers twice weekly and eliminate larvae. This reduced the Aedes Index from 5 to 0.96 over 16 weeks and dropped reported dengue cases in the area to 1. The COMBI approach successfully identified local breeding factors and engaged the community to potentially reduce disease transmission.
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
The nominal group technique (NGT) is a structured consensus-building process involving 4 steps: 1) individuals privately generate ideas in writing, 2) ideas are shared aloud and listed, 3) ideas are discussed one-by-one for clarity, and 4) ideas are ranked through anonymous voting to determine priorities. NGT encourages participation, prevents domination by any one person, and results in prioritized group recommendations. It is best used when gaining consensus from multiple stakeholders on priorities.
The document outlines Malaysia's need for a National Medicines Policy (NMP). The NMP aims to define long-term goals for the pharmaceutical sector through a framework agreed upon by public and private stakeholders. It identifies strategies to improve access to safe, effective medicines and promote their quality use. The NMP has 8 core components covering drug quality, availability, affordability, and appropriate use. It also supports human resource development, research, international cooperation, and coordinated implementation through 3-year action plans.
The document is the Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Some of the key areas and goals covered in the plan include:
- Developing new sources of growth in agriculture through biotechnology, high-value crops, and agro-based industries.
- Promoting balanced regional development and reducing development disparities across states through initiatives like the Northern Development Corridor.
- Developing the distributive trade sector to provide one-stop shopping and strengthening consumer protection through legislation.
- Continuing efforts to enhance Bumiputera participation in the economy in areas like entrepreneurship, science and technology, franchising, and vendor development.
This document contains abstracts from master's theses conducted between 2001-2007 on topics related to community health in Malaysia. The first abstract examines mercury levels in the hair of 170 pregnant women in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It finds the average mercury level was 3.41 μg/g and 17.1% of women had levels over 5 μg/g. Mercury levels were higher in women with greater fish and cuttlefish consumption. The second abstract studies health effects on 161 pesticide sprayers in oil palm plantations in Perak, Malaysia. It finds 95.7% reported health issues, most commonly respiratory (76.9%) and skin (73.9%) problems. Exposure to pesticides increased
This document discusses strategies for preventing and controlling dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and kala-azar in the WHO South-East Asia Region. It provides an overview of the disease situations, noting that dengue is endemic in most tropical countries in the region. Strategies for dengue include establishing surveillance systems, improving case management to reduce fatality rates, integrated vector management, and emergency response capacity. For kala-azar, the strategy is to progressively reduce the human reservoir through early detection, treatment and multi-pronged interventions including vector control. For Japanese encephalitis, the strategies include health education, long-term environmental measures for vector control, and immunizing populations at risk, especially children.
You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
This guide provides an introduction to using SPSS 14. It includes instructions on starting SPSS, defining variables, entering data, computing new variables, selecting data subsets, and running basic statistical procedures such as frequencies, descriptives, and exploring normality. Key steps covered are creating variables in the Variable View window, entering data in the Data View window, using the Compute function to calculate a new "age" variable, selecting cases where age is less than 30, and analyzing the normality of a variable distribution through histograms, normal Q-Q plots, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests of normality.
This document outlines the key elements of a model emergency preparedness plan for mining operations. It discusses the responsibilities of the mining company and the importance of engaging local communities, emergency response teams, and governments. The 10 steps of the UNEP APELL process for emergency planning are described. Case studies are referenced that illustrate how to effectively apply these principles of community involvement, hazard identification, emergency response training, and continuous improvement of emergency plans.
This document discusses principles of hazard tree risk management for wildland firefighters. It notes that falling trees remain a persistent threat and one of the leading causes of firefighter fatalities. The risk is determined by both the likelihood of a hazard occurring and the severity of potential consequences. Strategies are outlined for conducting strategic and tactical risk assessments to rate risk levels and implement appropriate mitigation measures to reduce risk to moderate or low levels where possible. Emergency response plans should also be in place to effectively respond if injuries do occur from hazard trees.
This document provides a report on firefighter training trends and hazards from the U.S. Fire Administration. It details several training incidents that resulted in injuries or near misses. It also summarizes training casualty data and discusses common hazards in training such as live fire exercises, physical stress, and unsafe practices. The report emphasizes the importance of following standards from the National Fire Protection Association and having proper safety protocols, qualified instructors, appropriate facilities, and medical support to reduce risks during firefighter training activities.
This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis (FTA):
1. FTA is a graphic method to identify the causes of failures or negative events in a system. It uses deductive reasoning to break down a negative event into its potential causes.
2. An FTA diagram uses symbols like rectangles, circles, and gates to represent events and their relationships. The analysis involves defining the negative event, understanding the system, constructing the tree, validating it, and evaluating alternatives.
3. The primary benefits of FTA are the meaningful data it produces to evaluate and improve system reliability. A limitation is that all significant failure contributors must be anticipated.
Guidelines for Incident Commanders- Final ReportFFPE Use in Chemical Agent VaporSiti Mastura
This document provides 3 levels of guidelines for incident commanders on the use of firefighter protective equipment during chemical agent rescue operations:
1. General guidelines provide maximum rescue time of 30 minutes for known living victims using standard turnout gear and SCBA, and 3 minutes for reconnaissance in unknown environments.
2. Representative exposure scenarios and test results in tables/graphs show protective performance of equipment in chemical environments.
3. Recommendations to reduce exposure time and agent concentrations, improve equipment, conduct pre-incident planning, and train responders to mitigate risks during rescue operations.
jurnal of occupational safety and healthSiti Mastura
The document summarizes an ergonomic study to optimize the design of a printing workstation. 4 factors were considered: the horizontal distance between the machine and worker (A), the vertical height of the work table (B), the vertical attitude of the material box (C), and the angle of the material box slope (D). The study used factorial experiments and response surface methodology to evaluate configurations based on 4 performance measures: cycle time, metabolic energy expenditure, worker posture, and lifting limitations. The results showed an optimized configuration (1121) reduced cycle time by 17.5% compared to the initial design, demonstrating how ergonomic optimization can improve productivity and working conditions.
The document describes several key microbiology techniques: 1) Aseptic technique for preventing contamination when transferring bacteria or collecting specimens. 2) Using inoculating loops to transfer bacterial colonies while flaming the loop to sterilize it. 3) Creating bacterial smears on slides by spreading suspensions to make thin films for staining. 4) Heat fixation to adhere bacteria to slides before staining. 5) Streaking loops of bacteria on agar plates to isolate single colonies.
Requirement and Technical Standard for Non Convention Cargo Siti Mastura
This document outlines technical requirements and standards for non-conventional cargo ships pertaining to safety, construction, radio, life saving appliances, and navigational aids. It includes 10 chapters that cover general provisions, inspections and surveys, construction and equipment, stability requirements, machinery installation, electrical installations, fire protection and extinction, life saving appliances, radio installations, and navigational equipment. The document provides definitions for key terms and sets minimum requirements for ships to obtain necessary certificates.
This document provides an overview of fault tree analysis, including its origins in 1962 for the US Air Force, how it is a graphical model of pathways leading to an undesirable loss event using logic symbols, and some key steps and rules in developing a fault tree analysis. It defines important terms like fault, failure, primary and secondary failures. It also illustrates some common logic symbols used and provides examples of potential top events to analyze.
Japanese Encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that affects the central nervous system. It is caused by the Japanese Encephalitis virus and transmitted via Culex mosquitoes. The virus is maintained in birds and pigs, which serve as amplifying hosts. While humans are incidental hosts, the disease can cause serious neurological illness. The document provides guidelines on the epidemiology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of Japanese Encephalitis in India.
This document presents a mathematical model of the spread of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) that couples SIRS models for the disease in both the reservoir population and human population. The model classifies populations into susceptible, infected, and removed classes. It derives equations to describe the dynamics and calculates the basic reproductive rate R0. The model shows that unlike other models, loss of immunity in this system is independent of exposure rate. It suggests passive immunization at recurrent intervals as the best control strategy to eradicate the disease.
Communication for behavioral impact(COMBI)Siti Mastura
The document describes a COMBI program in Malaysia to control dengue through community behavior change. The program was piloted in Hulu Langat, Selangor where most Aedes breeding occurred in semi-permanent water containers. 172 volunteers educated residents to check containers twice weekly and eliminate larvae. This reduced the Aedes Index from 5 to 0.96 over 16 weeks and dropped reported dengue cases in the area to 1. The COMBI approach successfully identified local breeding factors and engaged the community to potentially reduce disease transmission.
This document provides an overview of vector control in humanitarian emergencies. It describes the public health importance of vector-borne diseases among displaced populations, characterizes common disease vectors such as mosquitoes and flies, and defines approaches for developing context-appropriate vector control strategies. The document focuses on controlling vectors through methods like indoor residual spraying and larviciding, as well as safely monitoring vector control programs.
The nominal group technique (NGT) is a structured consensus-building process involving 4 steps: 1) individuals privately generate ideas in writing, 2) ideas are shared aloud and listed, 3) ideas are discussed one-by-one for clarity, and 4) ideas are ranked through anonymous voting to determine priorities. NGT encourages participation, prevents domination by any one person, and results in prioritized group recommendations. It is best used when gaining consensus from multiple stakeholders on priorities.
The document outlines Malaysia's need for a National Medicines Policy (NMP). The NMP aims to define long-term goals for the pharmaceutical sector through a framework agreed upon by public and private stakeholders. It identifies strategies to improve access to safe, effective medicines and promote their quality use. The NMP has 8 core components covering drug quality, availability, affordability, and appropriate use. It also supports human resource development, research, international cooperation, and coordinated implementation through 3-year action plans.
The document is the Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010. Some of the key areas and goals covered in the plan include:
- Developing new sources of growth in agriculture through biotechnology, high-value crops, and agro-based industries.
- Promoting balanced regional development and reducing development disparities across states through initiatives like the Northern Development Corridor.
- Developing the distributive trade sector to provide one-stop shopping and strengthening consumer protection through legislation.
- Continuing efforts to enhance Bumiputera participation in the economy in areas like entrepreneurship, science and technology, franchising, and vendor development.
This document contains abstracts from master's theses conducted between 2001-2007 on topics related to community health in Malaysia. The first abstract examines mercury levels in the hair of 170 pregnant women in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. It finds the average mercury level was 3.41 μg/g and 17.1% of women had levels over 5 μg/g. Mercury levels were higher in women with greater fish and cuttlefish consumption. The second abstract studies health effects on 161 pesticide sprayers in oil palm plantations in Perak, Malaysia. It finds 95.7% reported health issues, most commonly respiratory (76.9%) and skin (73.9%) problems. Exposure to pesticides increased
This document discusses strategies for preventing and controlling dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and kala-azar in the WHO South-East Asia Region. It provides an overview of the disease situations, noting that dengue is endemic in most tropical countries in the region. Strategies for dengue include establishing surveillance systems, improving case management to reduce fatality rates, integrated vector management, and emergency response capacity. For kala-azar, the strategy is to progressively reduce the human reservoir through early detection, treatment and multi-pronged interventions including vector control. For Japanese encephalitis, the strategies include health education, long-term environmental measures for vector control, and immunizing populations at risk, especially children.
You can easily change/correct a name on your flight ticket under the American Airlines name change policy. The airline provides multiple online and offline modes to place a name change request. To learn more about how to change a name on American Airlines ticket, you can directly approach the airline’s customer support. Moreover, you can connect with a flight expert at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
How To Change Your Name On American Airlines Aadvantage.pptxedqour001namechange
American Airlines permits passengers to change/correct names on their AAdvantage account. Also, you can request a name change both online via a web portal and offline over the phone. For further information on how to change your name on American Airlines Advantage, get in touch with the airline’s customer service. Also, you can reach out to a consolidation desk at +1-866-738-0741 for quick assistance.
Discovering Egypt A Step-by-Step Guide to Planning Your Trip.pptImperial Egypt
Travelling to Egypt is like stepping into a time capsule where the past and present coexist, offering a unique blend of history, culture, and stunning landscapes.
See more: https://imperialegypt.com/tour-packages/
Beyond the mountains, a tour in Nepal reveals a vibrant tapestry of cultural heritage. The Kathmandu Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, boasts an array of ancient temples, stupas, and palaces. Durbar Squares in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Patan are treasure troves of medieval art and architecture.
Prepare for cold weather rafting with proper gear: layering for warmth, insulated headgear, gloves, waterproof footwear, and essential accessories like sunglasses and sunscreen. Prioritize safety with a life jacket and maintain gear for optimal performance. Stay warm, dry, and ready for adventure on the rapids!
Edutour" is your premier choice for educational travel experiences, offering specialized tours for schools, colleges, universities, and enthusiasts alike. As a comprehensive educational tour operator, we cater to a diverse range of interests and destinations, ensuring unforgettable experiences that combine learning, exploration, and cultural immersion.
What Outdoor Adventures Await Young Adults in Montreal's Surrounding NatureSpade & Palacio Tours
Experience Montreal's vibrant culture and thrilling outdoor adventures. From hiking scenic trails at Mont-Saint-Bruno to kayaking the Saint Lawrence River, there's something for every adventurous young adult. Explore street art, camp under the stars, and immerse yourself in nature's beauty just beyond the city's bustling streets.
Ibiza, situated in the Balearic Islands, stands out as a destination that encompasses everything: stunning landscapes, hidden gems to explore, a vibrant social scene, rich cultural life, and exceptional gastronomy. Opting for ‘Ibiza Rent A Boat’ to experience an unforgettable vacation on the White Island is certainly worthwhile, prompting a deeper exploration of the unique and fascinating aspects of Ibiza.
Golden Gate Bridge: Magnificent Architecture in San Francisco | CIO Women Mag...CIOWomenMagazine
The famous suspension bridge connects the city of San Francisco to Marin County in California. Golden Gate Bridge carries both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait and is about one mile wide. In this article, we will explore the history and significance that have shaped the iconic monument it is known as today.
The Ultimate Travel Guide to Hawaii Island Hopping in 2024adventuressabifn
island hopping in Hawaii. This magical place offers a number of experiences, as each island has its own charm. Do you love adventure? Then, hike through volcanoes or kayak along an amazing coastline. If you want relaxation, then Hawaii is perfect because it has the most amazing beaches. In this blog, I will help you make an itinerary for your Hawaii Island Hopping. Every island offers something special. The Big Island offers some of the most perfect volcanoes as well as stargazing. Maui will pamper you with beaches and luxury. Kauai has some of the most lush rainforests with dramatic cliffs, and Oahu can offer a taste of city life and historical significance.
Nature of the task 1. write a paragraph about your trip to dubai and what ar...solutionaia
1. write a paragraph about your trip to dubai and what are the facts responsible for the heavy rainfall in dubai that caused havec ?
2. mention any five major tourist attaction of dubai
Mathematics: a student a visit her family her father converted Rs. 1,15,000 inr currency for dubai airport theexpedite in the trip is given below
1. Curreny name of India and dubai
2. Conversions amount
3. Total Converted amount
4. cost of food
5. cost of sightseeing
6. cost of shoping
7. cost of saving
How do I plan a Kilimanjaro Climb?
Planning to climb Mount Kilimanjaro is an exciting yet detailed process. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you prepare for this incredible adventure.
bangalore metro routes, stations, timingsnarinav14
Bangalore Metro, also known as Namma Metro, is a rapid transit system serving the city of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It is the second longest operational metro network in India after the Delhi Metro.
Our excursions in tahiti offer stunning lagoon tours, vibrant marine life encounters, and cultural experiences. We ensure unforgettable adventures amidst breathtaking landscapes and serene waters. For more information, mail us at tracey@uniquetahiti.com.
1. DISPATCHES
Change in Table 1. Location of Japanese encephalitis virus study sites,
Thailand
Japanese Site no.
1
Province
Phuket
Latitude N
43º36 90
Longitude E
88º67 10
Encephalitis 2
3
Chiang Mai
Ratchaburi
50º10 10
58º41 09
21º15 757
15º19 015
Virus Distribution, 4
5
Nakhon Pathom
Khon Kaen
59º38 49
18º63 72
15º46 044
18º28 276
Thailand 6
7
Chumphon
Samut Songkham
09º58 09
13º26 24
99º02 87
100º00 00
Narong Nitatpattana, Audrey Dubot-Pérès, Three vaccines, derived from JEV GIII strains, are
Meriadeg Ar Gouilh, Marc Souris, currently in use. Since the 1960s JEV immunization cam-
Philippe Barbazan, Sutee Yoksan, paigns have dramatically reduced the effects of the disease
Xavier de Lamballerie, and Jean-Paul Gonzalez in southern and Southeast Asia (6). In Thailand, JEV im-
munization began as a part of childhood vaccination pro-
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) genotypes in Thai- gram in the northern provinces in 1990; this program rap-
land were studied in pigs and mosquitoes collected near idly expanded to 36 provinces that had reported a persistent
houses of confirmed human JEV cases in 2003–2005.
incidence of encephalitis (7).
Twelve JEV strains isolated belonged to genotype I, which
shows a switch from genotype III incidence that started dur-
ing the 1980s. The Study
To study the JEV genotype distribution in Thailand and
to eventually detect changes in Japanese encephalitis epi-
T he origin of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was rec-
ognized before 1935, and JEV was isolated in Japan
in 1935. The virus has since spread from India to Indone-
demiologic patterns, we conducted a 3-year survey (2003–
2005) of JEV incidence in 7 provinces representative of the
4 regions of Thailand (north, Chiang Mai Province; north-
sia and within the past 3 decades has reached previously east, Khon Khen Province; central plain, Nakhon Pathom,
unaffected parts of Asia and northern Australia (1,2). JEV Ratchaburi, and Samut Songkram Provinces; south, Phuket
is one of the most widespread causes of viral encephalitis and Chumphon Provinces). Pig farms and rice fields within
worldwide; an estimated 3 billion persons are at risk for a 2-km radius around houses of confirmed human cases of
infection, and 10,000 to 15,000 die annually (3). Although
most human infections are asymptomatic (1/1,000), 1/300
infections causes symptomatic infections, and 1/4 patients
seeking treatment have symptoms of brain inflammation,
which can lead to permanent neurologic sequelae and a 1/4
death rate (4).
JEV is a flavivirus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes to
birds and pigs; humans are dead-end incidental hosts. On
the basis of nucleotide sequencing of capsid/premembrane
protein (C/PrM) and envelope (E) genes, 5 virus genotypes
have been identified, including genotypes I to III (GI, GII,
GIII). These have been found distributed all over south-
ern Asia; a GIV strain was isolated from eastern Indonesia,
and an isolate originating in Malaysia may represent a fifth
genotype (5).
Author affiliations: Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (N. Ni-
tatpattana, A. Dubot-Pérès, M. Ar Gouilh, M. Souris, S. Yoksan, P.
Barbazan, J-P. Gonzalez); Institut de Recherche pour le Dévelo-
pement, Paris, France (M. Dubot-Pérès, M. Argouih, P. Barbazan,
J-P Gonzalez); Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
(X. Lamballerie); and International Center for Medical Research of
Franceville, Franceville, Gabon (J.-P. Gonzalez) Figure 1. Provinces of Thailand showing study sites in Phuket,
Chiang Mai, Ratchaburi, Nakhon Pathom, Khon Kaen, Chumphon,
DOI: 10.3201/eid1411.080542 and Samut Songkham.
1762 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2008
2. Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Thailand
Japanese encephalitis were targeted for sample collection. Taq Gold DNA Polymerase (PerkinElmer, Foster City, CA,
Ten healthy sentinel piglets (10 weeks of age) were sur- USA). Overlapping JEV E gene fragments were amplified
veyed in each province, and blood samples were collected with 2 sets of primers: Ea forward primer (5′-ATA GTA
weekly for 14 weeks. Adult mosquitoes were collected on a GCT ATG TGT GCA AAC AAG G 5-3′), Ea reverse prim-
monthly basis according to the targeted pig farm and avail- er (5′-GAA TTC RGT YGT GCC YTT CAG AGC-3′); and
ability of breeding sites for vectors (Table 1; Figure 1) by Eb forward primer (5′-AGC TCA GTR AAG TTR ACA
using both the CDC gravid trap (Model 1712) and the CDC TCA GG-3′), Eb reverse primer (5′-GAA TTC AAT GGC
light trap (P. Reiter, Centers for Disease Control and Pre- ACA KCC WGT GTC-3′), respectively (8). The 1,216
vention, Fort Collins, CO, USA). nucleotides generated partial sequences of the JEV E gene
Fifty microliters each from pig serum specimens and that were compiled by using Sequence-Alignment Editor
from filtered suspension of crushed mosquitoes were used software version 2.0a11 (A. Rambaut, Department of Zool-
for virus isolation on C6/36 cells. We tested JEV propa- ogy, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK); pairwise genetic
gation by immunofluorescent assay. RNA extraction was distances were calculated with MEGA software version 2.0
done from a supernatant of JEV-positive cell culture, after (9) (Table 2; Figure 2).
first passage, according to manufacturer’s protocol as well Twelve JEV strains were isolated, 3 from mosquitoes
as RNA reverse transcription–PCR (RT-PCR) (GIBCO- in 2003 and 10 from pigs in 2004 and 2005. The new JEV
BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). RT-PCR was performed sequences were analyzed with a group of 22 previously
on 4 μL of cDNA template by using 2.5 units of Ampli- published JEV strain sequences, including 6 from Thailand
Table 2. Strains of Japanese encephalitis virus used for phylogenetic analysis*
Strain Year Location Source Genotype GenBank accession no.
FU 1995 Australia Human II AF217620
P3 1949 China Mosquito† III AY243844
Beijing-1 1949 China Human brain III L48961
JKT7003 1981 Indonesia Mosquito† IV U70408
JKT5441 1981 Indonesia Mosquito† II U70406
Nakayama 1935 Japan Human brain III AF112297
JaOArS7485 1985 Japan Unavailable III AB028259
JaNAr0102 2002 Japan Pig blood I AY377577
K94P05 1994 Korea Mosquito† I U34929
WTP 1970 Malaysia Mosquito† II U70421
DH20 1985 Nepal Human brain III U03690
PhAn1242 1984 Philippines Pig III U70417
HK8256 1982 Taiwan Mosquito† III U70396
Chiang Mai 1964 Chiang Mai, N Thailand† Human III U70393
P19Br 1982 Chiang Mai, N Thailand Human brain I U70416
KPPO34-35CT 1982 Khon Khen, NE Thailand† Mosquito† III U03693
B1065 1983 South Thailand Pig II U70388
B2239 1984 Chiang Mai, N Thailand Pig blood I U70391
ThCMAr4492 1992 Chiang Mai, N Thailand Mosquito† I D45362
JE_CM_1196 2005 Chiang Mai, N Thailand Pig I DQ238602
JE_KK_80 2004 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ111784
JE_KK_82 2004 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ111785
JE_KK_83 2004 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ111787
JE_KK_87 2004 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ111788
JE_KK_577 2005 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ238601
JE_KK_580 2005 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ238600
JE_KK_1116 2005 Khon Khen, NE Thailand Pig I DQ343290
JE_RT_36 2003 Ratchaburi, Central plain Thailand Mosquito‡ I DQ087975
JE_CP_49 2004 Chumphon, S Thailand Pig I DQ087974
JE_CP_67 2004 Chumphon, S Thailand Pig I DQ087972
JE_PK52 2004 Phuket, S Thailand Mosquito§ I DQ084229
VN118 1979 Vietnam Mosquito† III U70420
02VN22 2002 Vietnam Pig blood I AY376465
Murray Valley E.1-51 1951 Australia Human AF161266
*N, northern; NE, northeastern; S, southern.
†Unidentified species.
‡Culex tritaeniorhynchus.
§Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2008 1763
3. DISPATCHES
JE KK 82 NE Thailand 2004 pig GI 1116NEThailand2005) was associated with another sub-
69
71
JE KK 83 NE Thailand 2004 pig GI cluster (Figure 2, GIb), including strains isolated in 1992
100
JE KK 80 NE Thailand 2004 pig GI
from Chiang Mai (ThCMAr4492) and 3 others isolated
JE KK 87 NE Thailand 2004 pig GI
100
JE CM 1196 North Thailand 2005-pig GI
from Vietnam, Japan, and Korea (O2VN22; JaNAr0102;
84 JE CP 67 South Thailand 2004 pig GI and K94P05). Both subclusters were supported by 1,000
JE CP 49 South Thailand 2004 pig GI
bootstrap replications and were consistent with the taxa
JE PK52 South Thailand 2004 mos GI
68 100 JE RT 36 Central Thailand 2003 mos GI
distance (data not shown) showing introductions of GI in
100 JE KK 580 NE Thailand 2005 pig GI 1982 (within the GIa subcluster followed by a recent dis-
98 JE KK 577 NE Thailand 2005 pig GI persion all over the country), and in 1992 for the GIb sub-
B2239 North Thailand 1984 pig GI
100
P19Br North Thailand 1982 human GI
cluster followed by local transmission.
JE KK 1116 NE Thailand 2005 pig GI GI strains appeared to cluster phylogenetically but not
100
ThCMAr4492 North Thailand 1992 mos GI geographically, which suggests virus strains were trans-
02VN22 Vietnam 2002 pig GI
35
JaNAr0102 Japan 2002 pig GI
ported over noncontiguous domains at variable geographic
56
99
96 K94P05 Korea 1994 mos GI distances. Major environmental changes have occurred
77 JKT5441 Indonesia 1981 mos GII since the early 1950s with the increase in local and interna-
81 B1065 South Thailand 1983 pig GII
tional transportation systems. Some researchers (10) con-
WTP Malaysia 1970 mos GII
53 FU Australia 1995 human GII
sider the increase of the virus incidence in the human popu-
99 Beijing-1 China 1949 human GIII lation to be associated with increased commercial activity.
77 97 VN118 Vietnam 1979 mos GIII
However, because of the low level of viremia in humans,
Nakayama Japan 1935 human GIII
KPPO34-35CT NE Thailand 1982 mos GIII
traditionally considered dead-end hosts for JEV, it is more
100
35
71 DH20 Nepal 1985 human GIII likely that the virus was spread within the country and to
67
HK8256 Taiwan 1982 mos GIII neighboring countries by migratory birds, infected domes-
P3 China 1949 mos GIII
16 JaOArS7485 Japan 1985 UNK GIII
tic pigs, or infected mosquitoes (or their eggs) (11,12).
7
PhAn1242 Philippines 1984 pig GIII Although GIII strains were historically reported to
27 Chiang Mai NE Thailand 1964 human GIII circulate mostly in northern Thailand in the early 1980s,
JKT7003 Indonesia 1981 mos GIV
Murray Valley Australia 1951 human
GI and GIII were found co-circulating from the north to
the south; thereafter, only the GI strain was isolated in
0.02
Figure 2. Sequence phylogeny based on E (envelope) gene
Thailand (13). The same genotype shift of GIII to GI, dat-
nucleotide sequence of Japanese encephalitis virus isolates from ing back to the early 1990s, was reported by several other
pigs and mosquito hosts in Thailand during 2003–2005, with Asian countries, including Japan and Korea in 1991 and
reference to other Southeast Asian isolates. Phylogenetic analysis Vietnam in 2001 (14); a steady emergence and dispersion
was performed by using nucleotide alignments, the Kimura of GI was also noticed in China in 1979, in Taiwan in the
2-parameter algorithm (for the calculation of pairwise distances),
and the neighbor-joining method (for tree reconstruction), as
1980s (13), and in Australia in 2000 (2). Altogether, such
implemented in MEGA software (9). The tree was rooted within unique endemic expansion of GI occurred over a 25-year
the Japanese encephalitis serogoup by using Murray Valley virus period in several countries of Southeast Asia, replacing the
(GenBank accession nos. E1–51). The robustness of branching GIII genotype, which was present all over the region since
patterns was tested by 1,000 bootstrap pseudoreplications. Each the beginning of the virus genotype identification (prospec-
strain is abbreviated, followed by the country of origin (and the
region of origin in Thailand, e.g., NE = northeast) and year of
tively and retrospectively).
isolation. Bootstrap values are indicated above the major branch;
33 taxa comprised the ingroup, and all taxa were rooted with Conclusions
Murray Valley virus. A unique gap was treated as a “fifth base.” In Thailand, the epidemiologic pattern of Japanese en-
The character state optimization was chosen as accelerated cephalitis first showed a visible decline in incidence with
transformation. Consistence index 0.572; retention index 0.7528.
Scale bar indicates no. nucleotide substitutions per site.
the development of immunization programs, but this de-
cline also corresponded to the late 1980s when the prac-
tice of raising pigs in the backyard evolved into industrial-
and 16 from other Asian countries. A phylogenetic tree was ized pig farming and the high rate of piglet seroconversion
generated, and all 12 JEV new isolates fit into the same showed an intense virus circulation. The dramatic increase
GI cluster, as did 3 other Thai strains previously isolated of industrial pig farming and trading must have played a
in 1982, 1984, and 1992 (Figure 2). Eleven of the newly major role in the dispersion of JEV genotypes within past
identified isolates formed a subcluster (Figure 2, GIa) with decades in Asia. Concurrently with pig farming, the culicid
2 other strains previously isolated from Chiang Mai and main vectors have changed (14) and such factors as their
Khon Ken in 1984 and 1982, respectively (B2239NThai- ecology, trophic preferences, host competence, and virus
land, P19Br NThailand); the remaining new isolate (JE KK fitness could play a role in an evolving rural environment.
1764 Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 14, No. 11, November 2008
4. Japanese Encephalitis Virus, Thailand
Moreover, further studies are needed to clarify the expan- 5. Solomon T, Ni H, Beasley DW, Ekkelenkamp M, Cardosa MJ, Bar-
sion of JEV GI strains, including the efficiency of a human rett AD. Origin and evolution of Japanese encephalitis virus in South-
east Asia. J Virol. 2003;77:3091–8. DOI: 10.1128/JVI.77.5.3091-
and pig GIII-derived vaccine and the role of potential cross- 3098.2003
immunity between another circulating flavivirus (13). 6. Solomon T. New vaccines for Japanese encephalitis. Lancet Neurol.
2008;7:116–8. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70004-8
7. Chunsuttiwat S. Japanese encephalitis in Thailand. Southeast Asian
This study was supported by the Center for Vaccine Develop- J Trop Med Public Health. 1989;20:593–7.
ment, Mahidol University, Thailand, and the French National Re- 8. Moureau G, Temmam S, Gonzalez JP, Charrel RN, Grard G, de
Lamballerie X. A real-time RT-PCR method for the universal detec-
search Agency (ANR / SEST 005), Emergence and Pathogenesis
tion and identification of flaviviruses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis.
of Infectious Emerging Disease. Research and training of M.N.N. 2007;7:467–77. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2007.0206
were supported, in part, by the French Research Institute for De- 9. Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M. MEGA2: Molecu-
velopment; the Thai Royal Golden Jubilee Fellowship Program; lar Evolutionary Genetics Analysis software. Bioinformatics.
2001;17:1244–5. DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.12.1244
and the Franco-Thai program of the French Embassy in Thailand,
10. Jan LR, Yueh YY, Wu YC, Horng CB, Wang GR. Genetic variation
sponsored by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. of Japanese encephalitis virus in Taiwan. Am J Trop. 2000;62:446–
52.
Dr Nitatpattana is a researcher with the Center for Vaccine 11. Mackenzie JS, Gubler DJ, Petersen LR. Emerging flaviviruses:
Development at Mahidol University. His interest is vaccine devel- the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and
opment against the major flaviviruses of public health importance dengue viruses. Nat Med. 2004;10(Suppl):S98–109. DOI: 10.1038/
in Southeast Asia. nm1144
12. van den Hurk AF, Johansen CA, Zborowski P, Paru R, Foley PN,
Beebe NW, et al. Mosquito host-feeding patterns and implications
for Japanese encephalitis virus transmission in northern Australia
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