The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India that tells the story of a dynastic struggle for the throne of Hastinapura. It describes the conflict between two rival branches of the same clan, the Kauravas and Pandavas. The story culminates in the great battle of Kurukshetra where the Pandavas, helped by Krishna, defeat the Kauravas. The epic explores philosophical and spiritual themes such as dharma, moksha through Krishna's teachings to Arjuna.
It tells about the moral values of our life. If one can want to live life with peace he should study this dynamic text.
It tells us about the feeling of brotherhood, which is more important in this period.
It tells about the moral values of our life. If one can want to live life with peace he should study this dynamic text.
It tells us about the feeling of brotherhood, which is more important in this period.
Siddhar Selvam Missions hindu religions Service get releave from your problems confusions by praying god. commander selvam, Dr commander Selvam, Siddhar Commander Selvam Place for Health, wealth, relationship, Excellence, Yoga, Meditation
Learn from the finest battle of wits in mankind's history, insights from the greatest Indian battle in history. See how its relevant in today's complex and evolving business world and learn to win your work battles too. Send in your queries to me at anshumali.saxena@soilindia.net
Siddhar Selvam Missions hindu religions Service get releave from your problems confusions by praying god. commander selvam, Dr commander Selvam, Siddhar Commander Selvam Place for Health, wealth, relationship, Excellence, Yoga, Meditation
Learn from the finest battle of wits in mankind's history, insights from the greatest Indian battle in history. See how its relevant in today's complex and evolving business world and learn to win your work battles too. Send in your queries to me at anshumali.saxena@soilindia.net
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. The Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India.
Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahabharata is attributed to the great
sage Veda Vyasa, also known as Krsna Dvaipayana.
3. With about one hundred thousand verses, long prose passages, or about 1.8 million words
in total, the Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and Odyssey combined
or about four times the length of the Ramayana.
4. It has been called Mahabharata due to the immense size and its dealing
with the story of the people of the race descended from the ancient
emperor Bharata, culminating in the war.
5. Santanu, king of Hastinapura, was married to the beautiful Ganga, who was the river
goddess in disguise. She agreed to live with him as long as he never questioned her actions.
She left him, along with his 8th son “Bhisma”, after he questioned about drowned 7 sons.
6. Shantana married again with Satyavati, mother of Vyasa, but the conditions of the marriage
were that the second wife would be the mother of a king someday. Honoring his father's
wishes, Bhishma makes his vow, guaranteeing that neither he nor a son of his will challenge
the claim to the throne.
7. Bhishma abducted 3 sisters, Amba, Ambika, and Ambalika. Later Amba was left to her city
but her betrothed abandoned, so she returned to Bhishma asked him to marry her. Ever
faithful to his vow, Bhishma refused. Amba then vowed that one day she would kill him.
8. There are no other men in the family besides Bhishma, and he has renounced women. So
Satyavati, the king's second wife, asks her first-born son, Vyasa the poet, to give children to
the two princesses, Ambika and Ambalika.
9. The princesses disliked him, for as an ascetic who has taken a vow of poverty, he was
filthy and smells. He explained to them that the first child would be born blind because
the 1st princess closed her eyes when seeing him, and the 2nd child will be pale-skinned
because the 2nd princess became pale at his touch.
10. Ambika gave birth to the blind son called Dhritarashtra, and Ambalika
gave birth to the pale one called Pandu.
Dhritarashtra Pandu
11. Pandu shoots a gazelle of a brahmin, so he cursed him that should Pandu make love to
either of his two wives (Kunti and Madri), he would die instantly. Pandu resigns the
throne,
12. Kunti, his first wife, informs him that she possesses a magic power, and three sons are born
to her: Yudhisthira, the first-born, truthful and virtuous, son of the god Dharma,
13. Bhima, the strongest of men, son of Vayu, god of the wind and the elder
brother of Hanuman.
15. Madri, Pandu's second wife, makes use of this power too. She gives birth to twin sons,
Nakula and Sahadeva. Thanks to his two wives, Pandu now has five sons directly
descended from the gods, the Pandavas, the heroes of the epic.
16. Years later, Pandu one day surrenders to his passion for Madri. Fearing for his life, Madri
tries to push him away but her struggles only inflame his desire more. Once they make love,
Pandu falls dead, fulfilling the curse, and Madri, devoted to him always, joins him on the
funeral pyre.
17. After Pandu died, Dhritarashtra has become king, despite his blindness. He
weds Gandhari in an arranged marriage.
18. After an abnormally long pregnancy of two years, she gives birth to a ball of flesh. Vyasa
tells Gandhari to split up the ball into 100 parts and put them in jars of ghee ; in this way
she becomes the mother of one hundred sons, the Kauravas and one daughter.
Duryodhana
19. Dhritarashtra is told that his first son brings hate and destruction into the world. He
will one day destroy their race. Vidura urges the king to get rid of the child, but the king
ignores his advice.
20. Dhritarashtra is a weak ruler. He allows physical blindness to become a refusal to
face reality and unwillingness to confront hard decisions, being easily led by
Duryodhana in later years.
21. Kuru
Shantanu
Ganga Satyavati Parashara
Vyasa
Bhisma Ambika Ambalika
Dhritarastra Pandu
Kunti Madri
Yudhisthira
Bhima
Arjuna
Nakula
Sahadeva
Gandhari
Duryodhana
Dussala
Dushasana
98 Sons
Summary of the Family Tree
Karna
22. Bhisma advised Dhritarashtra to declare Yudishthira as the crown prince of
Hastinapur since he was the eldest and endowed with fine qualities of a king.
23. Out of anger, Duryodhana planned to kill the Pandavas so that he can ascend
the throne of Hastinapur.
24. The Pandavas narrowly escape a plot by Duryodhana to burn them in a house made of
highly flammable materials. For months afterward, they live in the forest.
25. The Pandavas attend the swayamvara of Draupadi, a ceremony where she will pick her
husband from a number of suitors. Arjuna wins the archery contest easily and Draupadi
chooses him.
26. When Arjuna announces to his mother that he has won the “prize,” Kunti tells him to
share with his brothers, before seeing Draupadi. Like an irrevocable vow, her statement,
can’t be undone, so all five brothers marry Draupadi, the daughter of Drupada.
27. As tension mounts between the cousins, Krishna makes his appearance. It is said he may be
an incarnation of the god Vishnu, the preserver, come down to save the earth from chaos.
28. On Krishna's advice the Pandavas present themselves to the blind king. To make peace,
Dhritarashtra offers them half the kingdom, but in a region which was nothing but jungle
and desert. Yudhisthira accepts his offer in the hope of averting a war.
29. Living in their new territory of Indraprastha, Yudhishthira turns poor land into a wealthy
kingdom, and declares himself King of Kings. Duryodhana is jealous and humiliated on his
visit to the magnificent palace
30. Duryodhana follows the advice of his uncle, the cunning Shakuni, an infamous dice player,
and invites Yudhishthira to a game, knowing full well that gambling is his cousin's one
weakness. Yudhishthira accepts.
31. Yudhishthira wagers and loses all that he possesses: his lands, his kingdom, his brothers,
even himself, and eventually Draupadi, who is dragged before the company by her hair, a
special insult since a married woman’s hair was sacred.
32. Duryodhana seeks to entice her by uncovering his thigh. Draupadi is about to be stripped
naked when she invokes Krishna, who comes to her rescue and creates an endless supply of
cloth around her. She swears that one day she will be avenged.
33. Duryodhana insists on one more throw of the dice. Yudhishthira agrees to a final game,
but once again, he loses.
34. The Pandavas and Draupadi are condemned to spend twelve years in exile in the forest,
and a thirteenth year in an unknown place, disguised so that no one may recognize them. If
anyone does, then they must spend another twelve years in exile.
35. For the twelve years of living in the forest, preceding the great war. The Pandavas are not
alone in the wilderness but are followed by many loyal brahmins and servants. The gods
give them an inexhaustible plate of food to feed all of them.
36. Draupadi and Bhima reproach Yudhisthira for his inaction and resigned passivity. Since it
is obvious that Shakuni cheated at dice, wouldn't it be better to stand up and fight?
Yudhishthira flatly refuses. He will keep his word: he resolves to follow his dharma.
37. Arjuna then leaves, aiming for the highest mountains to look for the celestial weapons they
will need during the war. He meets the god Shiva who gives him powerful weapons. Arjuna
then spends five years with his father the divine Indra learning to use the weapons fighting
demons.
38. One day, four of the Pandavas are killed by drinking the water from a poisonous lake.
However Yudhishthira brings his brothers back to life by correctly answering the questions
which Dharma, disguised as a crane, puts to him.
39. Meanwhile Duryodhana has launched an attack on Virata's kingdom. Draupadi, who seeks
war with the Kauravas at all costs, points out Arjuna as the world's best charioteer. Arjuna
cannot refuse to fight and is decisively victorious, one man against countless armies.
40. Duryodhana refuses to give his cousins back their kingdom because he claims they came
out of hiding before the appointed time.
41. Krishna offers Arjuna first choice: either he can have all of Krishna’s armies, or he can have
Krishna alone. Arjuna chooses Krishna, allowing Duryodhana to have the armies. When
Arjuna asks him to drive his chariot, Krishna accepts.
42. Dhritarashtra sends an envoy to Yudhisthira and begs not to fight since he loves
righteousness. Yudhisthira responds that each caste has its own duty, and he is a
warrior/king, not a brahmin/beggar.
43. Krishna pleads with Dhritarashtra one last time to restore to the Pandavas their
rightful kingdom.
44. Duryodhana convinces himself that since the gods had not blessed the Pandavas thus far,
they would not protect them during the war. “I can sacrifice my life, my wealth, my
kingdom, my everything, but I can never live in peace with the Pandavas.”
45. Duryodhana , was unwilling to restore the Pandavas to their half of the kingdom when the
thirteen years had expired. Both sides then called upon their many allies and two large
armies arrayed themselves on 'Kuru's Field'
46. The Kauravas have eleven divisions to stand against the seven of the Pandavas. The two
armies are described as two oceans, crashing against each other.
47. Both sides agree to abide by certain rules of war: no fighting humans with celestial weapons,
no fighting at night, do not strike someone who's retreating or unarmed, or on the back or
legs. All these rules will eventually be broken.
48. Arjuna thinks before he acts. Arjuna hesitates before such killing, wanting to retreat from
life and responsibility (tension between dharma and moksha).
49. Krishna then reveals his divine, universal nature to Arjuna in a magnificent vision of a
multitude of gods, stretching out to infinity.
50. Krishna tells him as a warrior it's his dharma to fight. The real conflict today is with the
self on the “battlefield of the soul.
51. Resolved now to perform his duty to his lord, Arjuna leads his troops
into battle.
52. Before the battle, Yudhishthira goes to both his teachers, Bhishma and Drona: “I bow to
you. We will fight with you. Please grant us your permission and give us your blessing.”
For this sign of respect, both men pray for the Pandavas’ victory, even though they must
out of loyalty fight on the side of the Kauravas.
53. On the first day, Bhisma leads the Kuaravas army to enter the battle and he
wins the war.
54. No one cannot fight with Bhisma, because he was blessed with the power
to choose his time of death.
55. Ajuna was advised to bring Sikhandi at the front line of army. The next day, confronted by
Sikhandi, Bhishma refuses to fight a woman, and he abandons his weapons. Bhisma is shot
by thousands of arrows. In fact, Sikhandi is the reincarnation of Amba, who cursed Bhisma.
56. Drona takes command instead, but later Drupada's son Dhrishtadyumna
cuts off Drona's head, having sworn to avenge his father's humiliation.
57. Abhimanyu, the son of Arjuna, fought bravely at the battle. Later he was killed by the
Karavas, because Jayadratha tries to fight with Ajuna and he could not help his son.
58. When Arjuna beheads Jayadratha, he does it so skillfully that the head falls straight into the
lap of his father who was sitting under a tree. His father is shocked and stands up, causing
Jayadratha's head to fall to earth. Thus his father is killed immediately.
59. Duryodhana asks Karna to avenge his brother Duhsasana, and he finally meets Arjuna in
the decisive confrontation. As he struggles to release his chariot, he cries out to Arjuna,
but Krishna commands Arjuna to shoot, and Karna dies.
60. Bhima kills most of the 100 Kauravas, who were demons incarnate.
61. The war spent for 18 days long between the Pandavas army and
the Kauravas army.
62. Ever the gambler, Yudhishthira tells Duryodhana that he can fight any brother he
chooses, and if he wins, the kingdom will be his again. Duryodhana choose to
fight with Bhima
63. Bhima wins only by treacherously striking Duryodhana on the legs.
Duryodhana died.
64. Krishna reveals that the gods allowed this war to relieve Earth of her great burden (similar
to Troy). Duryodhana was the incarnation of Kali, lord of the 4th age.
65. After the Pandavas won the war, they all come to see Bhisma’s body laying on the arrow.
Bhisma lies on a bed of arrows and waits for the right moment to shed his mortal coil
66. In his dying speech, pierced by many arrows, Bhishma tells Yudhishthira, “If one fights
against trickery, one should oppose him with trickery. But if one fights lawfully, one should
check him with dharma ...
67. One should conquer evil with good. Death by dharma is better than victory
by evil deeds.” He asks Yudhishthira to rule the kingdom.
68. Yudhishthira reports the death toll at six million within 18 days. Appalled at such losses,
he has a personal crisis similar to Arjuna before the battle. He doesn't want to rule because
it requires the use of force and more violence.
69. In the years that follow the war Dhritarashtra and his queen Gandhari , and Kunti , the
mother of the Pandavas, lived a life of asceticism in a forest retreat and died with yogic
calm in a forest fire.
71. When they learned of this, the Pandavas believed it time for them to leave this world too
and they embarked upon the 'Great Journey,' which involved walking north toward the
polar mountain, that is toward the heavenly worlds, until one's body dropped dead.
72. Yudhishthira arrives at the entrance to paradise, carrying a dog in his arms. His brothers
and Draupadi, who left the earth with him, have fallen from the mountains into the abyss
along the way.
73. One by one Draupadi and the younger Pandavas died along the way until Yudhishthira was
left alone with a dog that had followed him all the way.
74. A gatekeeper tells him to abandon the dog if he wants to enter paradise. He refuses to leave
a creature so faithful, and is permitted to enter, for this was a test, the dog was the god
Dharma in disguise.
75. In paradise, Yudhisthira saw his enemies are there, smiling and contented. He decides to
stay with his loved ones, Draupadi in hell, rather than enjoy the delights of heaven with his
enemies. This too was a test, the “final illusion.” They are all permitted to enter paradise.