12. Professor Stewart Ainsworth - North Pennines Lidar
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The document discusses the use of lidar data to identify archaeological sites and landscapes. Some key points: - Lidar uses light detection and ranging to capture terrain data in 3D point clouds, recording x, y, z values. - Analysis of lidar data from areas in northern England identified over 1,000 new archaeological sites, with a success rate of 1 in 4. - Specific sites that were discovered or analyzed in more detail using lidar data include earthworks, settlements, field systems, and defensives structures across different periods of history.
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12. Professor Stewart Ainsworth - North Pennines Lidar
- 1. There’s only room for four so the heaviest can’t go
- 3. Lidar Landscapes EARTHWORKS – what earthworks, where? 3
- 4. Lidar Landscapes Regular grid constructed Point cloud – x y z values Lidar • Light detection and ranging Most airborne lidar systems work at wavelengths around 1.064nm in the NIR range 100,000 to 150,000 pulses per second 4
- 6. Lidar Landscapes Image: Dr John Reid Map: Historic England Map: Historic England 6
- 7. Lidar Landscapes Hillshade lidar: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB data 7
- 8. Lidar Landscapes Gilderdale Burn Solar radiation/slope model: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB data 8 8
- 9. Lidar Landscapes Gossipgate Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB data 9
- 10. Lidar Landscapes Ayle Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB data Survey: English Heritage 10
- 11. Lidar LandscapesCorby Gates English Heritage Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB data 11 Survey: English Heritage
- 12. Lidar Landscapes Low Craig Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB data 12
- 13. Lidar Landscapes Multi-directional hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on Historic England/AONB lidar data Survey: S Ainsworth and Al Oswald 2018 (based on survey by English Heritage) Dry Burn13
- 14. Lidar Landscapes Map: George Jobey Map: Houseprices.io 14
- 15. Lidar Landscapes Map: Based on OS data©Crown copyright and database right 2018 15
- 17. Lidar Landscapes Allen Valleys and Hexhamshire 43 Prehistoric and Roman Iron Age sites 1,027 new sites all periods Map: Based on OS data©Crown copyright and database right 2018 1 in 4 success rate in identification 17
- 18. Lidar Landscapes Low Broadwood Hall, Allendale Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on source lidar data licenced under the Open Government Licence v.3.0 Survey by S.Ainsworth and Al Oswald 18
- 19. Lidar Landscapes Leadgate, Allendale Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on source lidar data licenced under the Open Government Licence v.3.0 19
- 20. Lidar Landscapes Wemmergill Hall, Teesdale Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on source lidar data licenced under the Open Government Licence v.3.0 20
- 21. Lidar Landscapes Billing Shield, Weardale Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on source lidar data licenced under the Open Government Licence v.3.0 21
- 22. Lidar Landscapes Dews Green, Allendale Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on source lidar data licenced under the Open Government Licence v.3.0 55 Post-medieval steadings with agglomerated field systems in Allen Valleys and Hexhamshire area 22
- 23. Lidar Landscapes Hillshade model: S Ainsworth based on source lidar data licenced under the Open Government Licence v.3.0 23
- 24. Lidar Landscapes https://altogetherarchaeology.org/reports.php 24 94 Prehistoric and Roman Iron Age sites c. 2000 new sites 860 sq kms covered
- 25. Lidar Landscapes Map: Based on OS data©Crown copyright and database right 2018 Past Reality: Future Vision University of Chester University of York Liverpool John Moore’s University making landscapes of the past accessible 25 Aerochester MP Survey ? Epiacum Heritage Trust Altogether Archaeology Alston Historical Society
Editor's Notes
- The ‘Long View’ Although a landscape is a combination of many layers of activity and historical development, archaeological interpretation of its components can simplistically be boiled down to three main processes. 1. Go out and look. Record and analyse what is there. 2. Consider and try to understand the component parts and how they relate to each other. 3. Assess how the whole relates to its contemporary context on a local, regional or national level and compare to examples recorded elsewhere. Whilst none of these are new to you I suspect, the first one - go out and look is often the activity on which least time is expended on research projects related to landscape and it is this aspect which I wish to concentrate on. Too frequently, the earthworks and landscapes of a site have been simply recorded as a backdrop to period based assessments or excavation. Careful survey and analysis of the surface evidence can identify chronology and component features from different periods with the same stratigraphic rules as in excavation. As landscape features and monuments have many diagnostic shapes and patterns these can be interpreted and unravelled to reveal a complex development on a site. With this level of understanding the history and development of a site or landscape can be critically evaluated. Recording these observations through field survey ought to be the first step in any understanding of a site or landscape - regardless of period. In many ways a site or landscape has to be viewed as crime scene and the investigation of the evidence has to be approached in a forensic way. If, for example you set out purely to find the murder weapon you may miss the tread pattern of the footwear worn by the murderer, or the cigarette end with DNA on it to identify someone who was present on that site. Whereas, if you treat all physical entities within that area as having equal value by simply being there then you are not compromising your evidence gathering and consequently your interpretations. If the physical components are then mapped and placed in a database then the patterns can be evaluated analytically. In essence that is how field survey of surviving archaeological monuments and landscapes has to be approached - that all facets have an equal value. For the majority of the landscape, the surface features are our only evidence. THE WIDE VIEW To take the Long View we also have to be willing to take the Wide View i.e. the size of the landscape unit. The larger the area we take, the more chance we have of capturing a larger set of variables which affect landscape development. Of course there, may be constraining factors to the size of a landscape sample but if a combination of geological, topographic, and historical administrative units can be included then the research objectives become more flexible. But the wider the view, the bigger the area and the more critical becomes the choice of method. THE CRYSTAL BALL VIEW Because landscapes are still living , we are able to not only understand the past by taking the Long View and the wide View, but potentially also help shape the present and the future ‘ the crystal ball view’. This presentation will focus on the value of investigative landscape survey where the questions asked of the landscape were not specifically geared to any particular period, but were related to also understanding 20th century issues to do with climate change and pollution.
- Within GIS this data can be used to model and measure variables and classifications. Because its is geo-rectified it can be used as an accurate map base.
- This is the km square containing the Roman Fort known as Whitley Castle. As I mentioned before it was assumed to exist in a wilderness because it had never been looked at within a landscape context, only the context of a Roman landscape. From Ptolemies geography it can be equated with Eppiacum (estate belonging to Eppius) Altar found in antiquity demonstrated that the 2nd cohort of Nervians erected on altar to the Emperor Caracella in the early 3rd century. Some lead seals were found at Brough from the 2nd cohort of Nervians related to a consignment of Metallum –most probably presumably lead. Lozenge shape due to placement on a sloping knoll. Compromise The main remains relate to the stone fort which appears to have been built in the 2nd Century. Detailed survey was undertaken here because of its complexity. It shows exceptional depth in its defences (7 ramparts on the western side) – this makes it unique in Britain We identified a vicus , roadways and fields at the west and a possible parade ground at the south. Possible post-Roman settlement overlying the defences although partly integrating existing plots BRITTANNIA ARTICLE llustrate knoll and parade ground and post roman settlement using slope model Whilst this monument alone could generate a talk for an hour, you can see from the lidar that it does not sit in a landscape vacumn Whitlow earthworks – deserted medieval settlement RB settlement
- The deserted village – for this is the most appropriate term to describe it - comprises an organic agglomeration of around eighteen small, irregular compounds, each containing evidence for several small circular buildings. In most cases, these faced into a central yard, which is sometimes sunken, a characteristic usually considered suggestive of livestock farming. The sites of as many as 22 separate circular buildings – undoubtedly not all domestic in function - are identifiable. The general pattern will be instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with the settlement evidence from the Cheviot Hills and other parts of the northern uplands, but the settlement has one extraordinary characteristic: the compounds are laid out on either side of a ‘street’. This street, other strand or braid of the same route appears to have been called Gossipgate by the Norse period (the name translated, rather poetically, as ‘road of the people with whom one has contracted spiritual affinity’). The existence of a ‘useful road leading from Alston to Gossipesgate’ is also documented in 1278 (Armstrong et al. 1950, 175; Roberston 1998, 13). The ‘–gate’ ending, in the North of England usually deriving from the Norse yat (meaning a way or track), could well denote a pre-Conquest origin for the route A fragment of beehive quern built into an overlying field wall could point to use of the site before about 50 BC and, at face value, the form of the compounds and their associated buildings is typically ‘native’. However, two sherds of Roman pottery recovered from molehills seem to indicate that occupation continued into the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, and perhaps beyond. Even without this artifactual evidence, the remarkable arrangement of the settlement along the line of the trackway, which can be traced for some distance along the valley side in both directions, might be taken to imply contact with the Roman world. A lthough the settlement’s layout is almost reminiscent of a medieval planned village in places, the Norse name Gossipgate cannot be used to infer continuity into the early medieval period, for there is no evidence that the specific braid of the route that passed through the village was so named.
- Ayle at least 3 periods of identifiable settlement stratigraphy unenclosed to enclosed Rectangular structures overlying Within 1km of the Kirkhaugh bronze age barrows
- Corby Gates Smaller settlement and enclosure about 1km to the east. Small, unennclosed round house with paddock overlies long bank and ditch boundary which can be traced for many kilometers and is one of a number identified along the South Tyne which hint at major land boundaries in the Bronze Age, and which by and large still formed the division between pasture and upland through to the present day.
- Earliest documentary reference to Alston is in a pipe roll of Henry III from 1130 which make reference to the silver mines of the manor, which was granted to Veteriponte family after the conquest and linked to the royal mint in Carlisle. In the past the manorial centre had been assumed to be on the east of the river at Low Byer where from the late 15th century the manor court had been held. Outer enclosure Mere – designed landscape enclosure cuts enclosure Gatehouse – road to river crossing The earthworks are more typically those of a motte and bailey or ringwork partly lost to erosion. Classic situation for control of a crossing – and growth of a settlement close by Defensive qualities Enclosure around it plus others including one High Park, Middle Park and Low Park defined by earrthworks. ARTICLE IN PREP