Helen identifies the automatic thought "he will resent me" for taking classes. Dr. Lundgren helps Helen identify additional automatic thoughts, such as the classes being a waste of time and her husband being a "jerk". The thought of her husband resenting her is accurate but the conclusion is distorted. The thought of her husband being a jerk is a distorted labeling thought with no evidence. The thought of the classes being a waste of time is accurate but could decrease Helen's motivation to attend. Dr. Lundgren works with Helen to identify and challenge her automatic thoughts.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : The need for combating drug abuse among youths in Nigeria is very important. This is because many of them who are supposed to contribute to national development cannot do so due to the side effect drug abuse has posed on them. Adult education as an intervention can go a long way to enlighten youths on the dangers of abusing drug, and the need to do away with it. It is against this fact that this paper examines how adult education can be used as a strategy for combating drug abuse among Nigeria youths. The paper examines the prevalence of drug abuse among youths, the importance of drug, types of drug abuse by youths, and the reason youths abuse drug. In addition, the paper addresses the danger of drug, and how drug abuse can be combated via adult education programmes. The paper concludes that Adult Education via mobilization, civic education, remedial education, adult literacy, and vocational education can be used to free our youths from the shackles of drug abuse.
This document discusses alternative options for administering medications to patients with dysphagia. It begins by describing dysphagia and how it affects one's ability to take oral medications. It then explores various alternative delivery methods such as liquid, fast-melt, injections, patches, and rectal forms. The document emphasizes that changing the dosage form can impact drug absorption and effectiveness. It highlights the need for healthcare providers to understand these impacts and properly educate patients on safely altering solid oral dosage forms. The conclusion is that alternative delivery methods are important for patients with dysphagia, but also carry risks, so education is needed to minimize errors.
KL 200 word replyDoweiko (2015) defines a dual-diagnosis patie.docxssuser47f0be
KL 200 word reply
Doweiko (2015) defines a dual-diagnosis patient as one that has both a substance use disorder and a mental illness. For many years the belief was a person would develop a mental disorder as a result of their substance abuse, however, evidence disproves that theory and it is important to treat both disorders. Four various models have attempted an explanation for dual-diagnosis, in which the first model suggests both disorders point to an undiscovered factor, the second suggests substances were used by mental illness patients to treat their disorders, the third suggests the substance use disorder will go away when the mental illness is treated, and the fourth suggests patients with a mental illness are more sensitive to the effects of drugs (Doweiko, 2015). The fourth theory does have some evidence to back it up. Within the United States, it is estimated that 4 million people have been dually diagnosed, however, the process of deinstitutionalization has caused my psychiatric facilities to close, and many physicians remain uneducated in dual-diagnosis (Doweiko, 2015).
Psychiatric disorders such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, OCD, and schizophrenia are all common within dual-diagnosis patients. An estimated 21% of patients who have depression have an alcohol use disorder, while 9% have a substance use disorder (Doweiko, 2015). Treating patients with both depression and an SUD costs five times more than treating a patient with just an SUD, and becomes complicated when the substances being used either increase the depression or mask the prescriptions being used to treat it (Doweiko, 2015). Similarly, diagnosing patients with both a substance use disorder and schizophrenia also proves to be a challenge. Approximately 40-50% of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia develop an SUD, and as such have a 460% higher chance of developing an SUD than the average person (Doweiko, 2015). Diagnosing a patient with an SUD and schizophrenia becomes difficult when the symptoms of the substance use become confused with the symptoms of the schizophrenia (Doweiko, 2015). Other disorders, such as eating disorders, are also common within dual-diagnosis patients. Alcohol is most commonly abused in patients with an eating disorder to suppress the appetite (Doweiko, 2015).
Dual-diagnosis patients become complicated in their treatment, as they are 8.1 times more likely to resist their treatment than the average person by refusing their medication, continuing their drug use, and taking medications that only enhance their desired effect (Doweiko, 2015). The stages of treatment for a dual-diagnosis patient includes establishing the client-counselor relationship, helping the client gain motivation for change, active treatment for both disorders, and relapse prevention (Doweiko, 2015). Within the addiction cycle, the person suffering from a dual-diagnosis can become more susceptible to the ef ...
Evidence-Based Treatments of AddictionAuthor(s) Charles P. .docxgitagrimston
Evidence-Based Treatments of Addiction
Author(s): Charles P. O'Brien
Source: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, No. 1507, The Neurobiology of
Addiction: New Vistas (Oct. 12, 2008), pp. 3277-3286
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741 .
Accessed: 05/12/2014 15:41
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences.
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This content downloaded from 206.224.223.240 on Fri, 5 Dec 2014 15:41:30 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
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PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS
_of-?TT^
PhiL Trans' R' Soc' B (2008) 363' 3277~3286
THE ROYAL 4\ doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105
SOCIETY JAJJ Published online 18 July 2008
Review
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
Charles P. O'Brien*
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA
Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive
disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses
mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective
in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic
disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
Keywords: addiction; relapse; withdrawal; endophenotype
1. INTRODUCTION
Most theories of drug-addiction mechanisms have been
based on animal models and, until recently, these
theories have made the assumption that all subjects are
alike in their responses to drugs (Deroche-Gamonet
et ah 2004). In reality, human subjects are quite
variable in how they respond to drugs. Moreover,
data from the studies of non-human primates indicate
that genetic variation is also important in other higher
species. Drugs that demonstrate rewarding properties
in animals also tend to be abused by humans, but only
by a relatively small percentage of those humans
exposed (table 1). The most obvious effects of chronic
drug use are tolerance and physiological dependence
and these phenomena trans ...
1Running head FALL RISK AND TRAZODONE IN AGING POPULATION.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: FALL RISK AND TRAZODONE IN AGING POPULATION
2
FALL RISK AND TRAZODONE IN AGING POPULATION
Fall Risk and Trazodone in an Aging Population
Risks and Alternatives
Student Name
American Public University System
Abstract
This paper highlights eight peer-reviewed articles evaluating the role of Trazodone, a medication commonly prescribed for depression and insomnia, with a focus on the geriatric population and fall risk. An overview of Trazodone and its pharmacological properties and uses will be presented. A focus of the nature of pharmacology and the aging body will be presented, with a highlight of specific body systems that govern the internal function of medications, and how the aging body differs in the processing and elimination of these pharmacological compounds. Various risk factors associated with Trazodone and similar medications will be discussed in association to their level of fall risk. Alternative medications and naturally occurring compounds will be presented, as well as alternative treatment options that are exclusive of pharmacology. Suggestions for future research, as well as a proposed comprehensive model of care will be presented. Evaluations of the articles cited with limitations of the studies presented will be integrated into these suggestions of future research proposals.
Fall Risk and Trazodone in Aging Population
It has been noted in the medical community for some time that in aging populations special care and attention must be given to the medications prescribed to older patients. Due to their unique needs, a set of recommendations for prescribers has been established in the medical field. One of the most respected of these is known as the Beer’s Criteria, commonly referred to as the Beer’s List (Cauffield, 2007). This list, which is frequently updated, provides a list of medications that have been noted to increase risk factors for geriatric populations. It allocates risk based on high, medium, or low acuity, and cites the rationale for the risk factor. Two of the primary risk categories that are displayed in the Beer’s list are “Delirium” and “Falling” (Cauffield, 2007). Trazodone, has a history of being added to, and taken back off this list several times, the most current prescribing advise is to be prescribed with caution and increased monitoring (Roerig, 2001).
Also to be considered is the risk of polypharmacy in the elderly population. Jones (2006) found in a study of elderly patients, that many of them were taking multiple medications that had significant interactions, as well as taking several medications with overlapping indications which indicates polypharmacy or the use of several medications to treat one or more conditions. This leads to an increase in positive effects but it also increases the impact of side effects, which may be compounded when multiple medications with the same indication and the same side effects are taken to treat two different dis ...
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
- The routes of administration for drugs including oral, parenteral, enteral and others. It notes factors like absorption and first-pass metabolism.
- Key pharmacology terms like pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic index, efficacy, and others.
- Topics like drug interactions, tolerance, dependence, addiction, toxicity and adverse effects.
- The importance of dose, concentration and factors affecting drug response in individuals.
The document discusses the effects of different types of drugs on the body. It states that:
1) Hallucinogens can cause hallucinations and seeing things that aren't real. Stimulants can cause organs like the heart and brain to work faster, making a user feel more alert and excited for a period of time.
2) Depressants can depress the central nervous system and reduce body function, making users feel calm or causing sleep and unconsciousness.
3) Some drugs are addictive because they affect the brain's nerves, causing users to want more of the drug. Prolonged drug use can eventually damage organs and lead to overdose and death.
Biopsychology of Drug Addiction examines the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to drug addiction. There are several biological factors that can increase vulnerability to addiction, including genetic predispositions, damage to the central nervous system before or after birth, and certain medical conditions. Psychological and social environment also play a role, as drug use is more common in individuals who are surrounded by others who abuse drugs or have peers who introduce them to substance use. Treatment of addiction is complex and depends on the specific causes and substance involved.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : The need for combating drug abuse among youths in Nigeria is very important. This is because many of them who are supposed to contribute to national development cannot do so due to the side effect drug abuse has posed on them. Adult education as an intervention can go a long way to enlighten youths on the dangers of abusing drug, and the need to do away with it. It is against this fact that this paper examines how adult education can be used as a strategy for combating drug abuse among Nigeria youths. The paper examines the prevalence of drug abuse among youths, the importance of drug, types of drug abuse by youths, and the reason youths abuse drug. In addition, the paper addresses the danger of drug, and how drug abuse can be combated via adult education programmes. The paper concludes that Adult Education via mobilization, civic education, remedial education, adult literacy, and vocational education can be used to free our youths from the shackles of drug abuse.
This document discusses alternative options for administering medications to patients with dysphagia. It begins by describing dysphagia and how it affects one's ability to take oral medications. It then explores various alternative delivery methods such as liquid, fast-melt, injections, patches, and rectal forms. The document emphasizes that changing the dosage form can impact drug absorption and effectiveness. It highlights the need for healthcare providers to understand these impacts and properly educate patients on safely altering solid oral dosage forms. The conclusion is that alternative delivery methods are important for patients with dysphagia, but also carry risks, so education is needed to minimize errors.
KL 200 word replyDoweiko (2015) defines a dual-diagnosis patie.docxssuser47f0be
KL 200 word reply
Doweiko (2015) defines a dual-diagnosis patient as one that has both a substance use disorder and a mental illness. For many years the belief was a person would develop a mental disorder as a result of their substance abuse, however, evidence disproves that theory and it is important to treat both disorders. Four various models have attempted an explanation for dual-diagnosis, in which the first model suggests both disorders point to an undiscovered factor, the second suggests substances were used by mental illness patients to treat their disorders, the third suggests the substance use disorder will go away when the mental illness is treated, and the fourth suggests patients with a mental illness are more sensitive to the effects of drugs (Doweiko, 2015). The fourth theory does have some evidence to back it up. Within the United States, it is estimated that 4 million people have been dually diagnosed, however, the process of deinstitutionalization has caused my psychiatric facilities to close, and many physicians remain uneducated in dual-diagnosis (Doweiko, 2015).
Psychiatric disorders such as ADHD, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, OCD, and schizophrenia are all common within dual-diagnosis patients. An estimated 21% of patients who have depression have an alcohol use disorder, while 9% have a substance use disorder (Doweiko, 2015). Treating patients with both depression and an SUD costs five times more than treating a patient with just an SUD, and becomes complicated when the substances being used either increase the depression or mask the prescriptions being used to treat it (Doweiko, 2015). Similarly, diagnosing patients with both a substance use disorder and schizophrenia also proves to be a challenge. Approximately 40-50% of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia develop an SUD, and as such have a 460% higher chance of developing an SUD than the average person (Doweiko, 2015). Diagnosing a patient with an SUD and schizophrenia becomes difficult when the symptoms of the substance use become confused with the symptoms of the schizophrenia (Doweiko, 2015). Other disorders, such as eating disorders, are also common within dual-diagnosis patients. Alcohol is most commonly abused in patients with an eating disorder to suppress the appetite (Doweiko, 2015).
Dual-diagnosis patients become complicated in their treatment, as they are 8.1 times more likely to resist their treatment than the average person by refusing their medication, continuing their drug use, and taking medications that only enhance their desired effect (Doweiko, 2015). The stages of treatment for a dual-diagnosis patient includes establishing the client-counselor relationship, helping the client gain motivation for change, active treatment for both disorders, and relapse prevention (Doweiko, 2015). Within the addiction cycle, the person suffering from a dual-diagnosis can become more susceptible to the ef ...
Evidence-Based Treatments of AddictionAuthor(s) Charles P. .docxgitagrimston
Evidence-Based Treatments of Addiction
Author(s): Charles P. O'Brien
Source: Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, No. 1507, The Neurobiology of
Addiction: New Vistas (Oct. 12, 2008), pp. 3277-3286
Published by: The Royal Society
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741 .
Accessed: 05/12/2014 15:41
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at .
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
.
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of
content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms
of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
.
The Royal Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Philosophical
Transactions: Biological Sciences.
http://www.jstor.org
This content downloaded from 206.224.223.240 on Fri, 5 Dec 2014 15:41:30 PM
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=rsl
http://www.jstor.org/stable/20208741?origin=JSTOR-pdf
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
PHILOSOPHICAL
TRANSACTIONS
_of-?TT^
PhiL Trans' R' Soc' B (2008) 363' 3277~3286
THE ROYAL 4\ doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0105
SOCIETY JAJJ Published online 18 July 2008
Review
Evidence-based treatments of addiction
Charles P. O'Brien*
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Chestnut Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA
Both pharmacotherapy and behavioural treatment are required to relieve the symptoms of addictive
disorders. This paper reviews the evidence for the benefits of pharmacotherapy and discusses
mechanisms where possible. Animal models of addiction have led to some medications that are effective
in reducing symptoms and improving function but they do not produce a cure. Addiction is a chronic
disease that tends to recur when treatment is stopped; thus, long-term treatment is recommended.
Keywords: addiction; relapse; withdrawal; endophenotype
1. INTRODUCTION
Most theories of drug-addiction mechanisms have been
based on animal models and, until recently, these
theories have made the assumption that all subjects are
alike in their responses to drugs (Deroche-Gamonet
et ah 2004). In reality, human subjects are quite
variable in how they respond to drugs. Moreover,
data from the studies of non-human primates indicate
that genetic variation is also important in other higher
species. Drugs that demonstrate rewarding properties
in animals also tend to be abused by humans, but only
by a relatively small percentage of those humans
exposed (table 1). The most obvious effects of chronic
drug use are tolerance and physiological dependence
and these phenomena trans ...
1Running head FALL RISK AND TRAZODONE IN AGING POPULATION.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: FALL RISK AND TRAZODONE IN AGING POPULATION
2
FALL RISK AND TRAZODONE IN AGING POPULATION
Fall Risk and Trazodone in an Aging Population
Risks and Alternatives
Student Name
American Public University System
Abstract
This paper highlights eight peer-reviewed articles evaluating the role of Trazodone, a medication commonly prescribed for depression and insomnia, with a focus on the geriatric population and fall risk. An overview of Trazodone and its pharmacological properties and uses will be presented. A focus of the nature of pharmacology and the aging body will be presented, with a highlight of specific body systems that govern the internal function of medications, and how the aging body differs in the processing and elimination of these pharmacological compounds. Various risk factors associated with Trazodone and similar medications will be discussed in association to their level of fall risk. Alternative medications and naturally occurring compounds will be presented, as well as alternative treatment options that are exclusive of pharmacology. Suggestions for future research, as well as a proposed comprehensive model of care will be presented. Evaluations of the articles cited with limitations of the studies presented will be integrated into these suggestions of future research proposals.
Fall Risk and Trazodone in Aging Population
It has been noted in the medical community for some time that in aging populations special care and attention must be given to the medications prescribed to older patients. Due to their unique needs, a set of recommendations for prescribers has been established in the medical field. One of the most respected of these is known as the Beer’s Criteria, commonly referred to as the Beer’s List (Cauffield, 2007). This list, which is frequently updated, provides a list of medications that have been noted to increase risk factors for geriatric populations. It allocates risk based on high, medium, or low acuity, and cites the rationale for the risk factor. Two of the primary risk categories that are displayed in the Beer’s list are “Delirium” and “Falling” (Cauffield, 2007). Trazodone, has a history of being added to, and taken back off this list several times, the most current prescribing advise is to be prescribed with caution and increased monitoring (Roerig, 2001).
Also to be considered is the risk of polypharmacy in the elderly population. Jones (2006) found in a study of elderly patients, that many of them were taking multiple medications that had significant interactions, as well as taking several medications with overlapping indications which indicates polypharmacy or the use of several medications to treat one or more conditions. This leads to an increase in positive effects but it also increases the impact of side effects, which may be compounded when multiple medications with the same indication and the same side effects are taken to treat two different dis ...
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including:
- The routes of administration for drugs including oral, parenteral, enteral and others. It notes factors like absorption and first-pass metabolism.
- Key pharmacology terms like pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic index, efficacy, and others.
- Topics like drug interactions, tolerance, dependence, addiction, toxicity and adverse effects.
- The importance of dose, concentration and factors affecting drug response in individuals.
The document discusses the effects of different types of drugs on the body. It states that:
1) Hallucinogens can cause hallucinations and seeing things that aren't real. Stimulants can cause organs like the heart and brain to work faster, making a user feel more alert and excited for a period of time.
2) Depressants can depress the central nervous system and reduce body function, making users feel calm or causing sleep and unconsciousness.
3) Some drugs are addictive because they affect the brain's nerves, causing users to want more of the drug. Prolonged drug use can eventually damage organs and lead to overdose and death.
Biopsychology of Drug Addiction examines the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to drug addiction. There are several biological factors that can increase vulnerability to addiction, including genetic predispositions, damage to the central nervous system before or after birth, and certain medical conditions. Psychological and social environment also play a role, as drug use is more common in individuals who are surrounded by others who abuse drugs or have peers who introduce them to substance use. Treatment of addiction is complex and depends on the specific causes and substance involved.
AGING· The human lifespan seems to be limited to 80 -100 year.docxsimonlbentley59018
AGING:
· The human lifespan seems to be limited to 80 -100 years (cross-cultural, multi-ethnic) with some exceptions (to 115+ years)
· Life expectancy among genders and races (& socio-economic groups) varies due to standard of living, cultural behaviors (diet, risk taking behaviors, etc)
· In general, women have higher life expectancy than men (possibly due to cardiovascular disease developing later in life).
· Multiple theories of aging:
· Somatic mutation theory: cells are "programmed" to mutate & die after a limited number of divisions (ceiling to possible number of cell divisions of all human cells); possibly due to accumulated defects in mitochondria over time (cells can no longer extract energy from foodstuffs).
· The molecular clock and the Hayflick Limit: after each cell division, the chromosome becomes shortened at the telomere (the tip of the chromosome). Eventually, the shortening is so great that the replicating enzymes can't "read" the chromosome to replicate it, and the cell can no longer divide – this is sometimes called the “Hayflick limit” … this prevents cells from indefinite reproduction, otherwise called the "molecular clock”
· Catastrophic theory: also called the "complexity theory (really a "chaos" theory) of accumulated mistakes in DNA transcription & translation & the inability of the cells and organs to function together in response to the normal stresses of the environment. This results in adaptive dysfunction and organ derangements leading to organism disease as well as the "normal" process of aging & death. Helps explain associated neurological changes with advanced age.
· Neuroendocrine theory: the brain is "programmed" to stop producing needed supportive hormonal factors.
· Extracellular degenerative theory: accumulation of disease over time due to environmental factors.
· Modifiable factors? Can we turn back the hands of time (or at least slow them down)?
· Pay attention to diet
· Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality (Wang, et al., 2014, BMJ): http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4490 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Dietary protein sources and cancer (Farvid, et al., 2014, BMJ): http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3437 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· The “Mediterranean” diet and telomere length (Crous-Bou, et al., 2014): http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6674 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Increase physical activity
· Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants
View this video:2012 AMMG lecture: Telomeres and a new theory of aging (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Park, E. (2012, June, 9). 2012 AMMG lecture: Telomeres and a new theory of aging [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0DZ1-WVtao&feature=youtu.be
Definitions of health:
Definitions and perspectives on the concepts of health, wellness, and illness/disease, psychology topics in health/wellness/illness.
Hydrotherapy versus laxative for treatment of postoperative constipation amon...Alexander Decker
The document discusses two treatment approaches for postoperative constipation in orthopedic patients - pharmacological therapy using laxatives and non-pharmacological hydrotherapy. A study compared the effectiveness of these approaches in 100 orthopedic patients divided into two groups. The study found that the hydrotherapy group had less intestinal movement and fewer constipation symptoms than the laxative group after treatment. The document recommends further research on non-pharmacological therapies for relieving constipation in different patient populations and hospital settings.
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including definitions of pharmacology, pharmacy, clinical pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, medications, and drug effects. It describes pharmacology as the study of drug action and interaction in the body. It defines different types of drug preparations like tablets, capsules, creams, and others. It also discusses key drug terminology such as onset of action, peak plasma level, half-life, and plateau related to how drugs act in the body.
Chapter 5 Psychopharmacology and New Drug DevelopmentKey simisterchristen
Chapter 5: Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development
Key Terms
acute tolerance: A type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of
action of a single drug dose.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A disorder with features such as a
greater-than-normal amount of activity, restlessness, difficulty concentrating or
sustaining attention, and impulsivity.
behavioral pharmacology: The specialty area of psychopharmacology that
concentrates on drug use as a learned behavior.
behavioral tolerance: Adjustment of behavior through experience in using a drug
to compensate for its intoxicating effects.
brand name: The commercial name given to a drug by its manufacturer.
causal relationship: A relationship between variables in which changes in a
second variable are due directly to changes in a first variable.
chemical name: The name given to a drug that represents its chemical structure.
conflict paradigm: A research procedure that concerns the effects on a behavior
of a drug
that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment.
control group: The reference or comparison group in an experiment. The control
group does not receive the experimental manipulation or intervention whose effect
is being tested.
cross-tolerance: Tolerance to a drug or drugs never taken that results from
protracted tolerance to another drug or drugs.
dispositional tolerance: An increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result
of its regular use.
drug discrimination study: A research procedure that primarily concerns the
differentiation of drug effects.
drug expectancy: A person’s anticipation of or belief about what they will
experience upon taking a drug.
functional tolerance: Decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its
regular use.
generalizable: Applicability of a research finding from one setting or group of
research participants to others.
generic name: The general name given to a drug that is shorter (and easier for
most people to say) than its chemical name.
group design: A type of experimental design in which groups (as compared to
individual cases) of subjects are compared to establish experimental findings.
homeostasis: A state of equilibrium or balance. Systems at homeostasis are
stable; when homeostasis is disrupted, the system operates to restore it.
initial sensitivity: The effect of a drug on someone using it for the first time.
paradoxical: Contrary to what is expected. A paradoxical drug effect is opposite in
direction to what is expected based on the drug’s chemical structure.
placebo control: A type of control originating in drug research. Placebo subjects
have the same makeup and are treated exactly like a group of subjects who receive
a drug, except that placebo subjects receive a chemically inactive substance.
protracted tolerance: A type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course
of two or more drug administrations.
psychosis: A severe mental disorder whose symptoms include disorganized ...
Running head WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
1
WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
6
Week Three Assignment
PHI445: Personal & Organizational Ethics
Week Three Assignment
The case that I chose was Pharmaceuticals (Merck). The pharmaceutical industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that has evolved over decades developing, producing, and marketing various medications to the masses. They deal with increasing criticism in this industry due to the multiple side effects and drug interactions that occur. “In fact, research has shown that more than 100,000 deaths are caused by drug reactions each year in the United States (Null, 2010)” (Fieser, 2015). An ethical and moral dilemma for the pharmaceutical industry is that many drug companies are caught deceiving the public. The pharmaceutical industry continues to face controversy due to their advertising techniques. Pharmaceutical companies began to bypass the healthcare professionals and advertise directly to the patients. This tactic is called direct-to-consumer advertising which began in 1982. In our text is says, “Such advertising, it argued, is problematic “because of the inability of patients to understand medical information and make a rational, informed choice of medication from an array of drugs making similar claims.” The DEA was further concerned about “the messages conveyed to our youth” through such advertising” (Fieser, 2015).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which is the government agency that ensures the safety and effectiveness of medicines available to Americans. The FDA pushes guidance, compliance, and regulatory information onto the pharmaceutical industry. The FDA publishes regulations in the federal government’s official publication for notifying the public in accordance with the U.S. law, Executive Orders (EO) and memoranda issued by the President. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) has been tasked from the FDA with evaluating new drugs before they could be sold to consumers. They also oversee the type of advertising that the pharmaceutical companies use to market their products to consumers to ensure that false or misleading information is not presented.
Utilitarianism is the theory that focuses on the cost-benefit analysis which believes that and action is morally right as long as the consequences of some do not out weight the benefits of the majority. They also emphasize goodness and badness in decision making by focusing on how our actions affect human happiness. “An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone” (Fieser, 2015). The pharmaceutical companies contend that the drugs they create save thousands of lives worldwide on a daily basis. They live and work under a Pharmacist Code. The Pharmacist Code of Ethics and Oath ...
Parameters to be Considered in A Bioequivalence Study of Drugharshalshelke4
Bioequivalence is a word used to describe the biological equivalency of two proprietary medication preparations. When two medications are bioequivalent, it indicates they are expected to be the same. Pharmacokinetic studies are used to determine bioequivalence between two medications, such as a reference drug (FDA approved drug) and a potential test drug (marketed generic drug), by administering each drug to volunteers in a cross-over research (healthy individuals). To prepare a drug many aspects need to take into consideration such as in vivo and in vitro study, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of the drug. While designing a drug fasting, oral, crossover study of the drug needs to perform.
Its not easy to describe all the topics of pharmacology in simple words but i have tried my best to make the slide simple and convenient so that people from all aspects can understand and use it for their own purpose.
Thanks for reading Pharmacology :)
This proposal suggests studying the potential benefits of yoga in treating eating disorders by evaluating its effects on stress levels. It hypothesizes that since stress is commonly co-occurring with eating disorders, reducing stress through yoga may also benefit eating disorder patients. The study would recruit local yoga studio participants and use a pre-/post-test design to analyze if yoga decreases stress scores. If successful, it provides preliminary evidence that yoga may help address the disconnect between mind and body experienced by many with eating disorders.
Examples of Nutrition ClaimsClaims about a popular diet BetseyCalderon89
Examples of Nutrition Claims
Claims about a popular diet that is supposed to change your body, reverse a disease, or dramatically improve your health or performance in some way.
Claims about a particular food, beverage or dietary supplement that is supposed to help you lose weight, gain muscle, boost immunity, improve mood or memory, lower blood cholesterol or blood sugar levels, fight inflammation, remove toxins, prevent or cure a disease, make your hair/nails/skin/digestion better, slow aging…
Claims about a particular ingredient in foods/beverages that’s supposed to be “bad,” “toxic,” or contribute to a particular health problem (acne, autism, ADHD, PCOS, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, aging, hormone disruption, infertility, obesity, digestive problems)…
Sources of Nutrition Claims
Google!
Magazines, Newspapers, Blogs
Books, Videos, Documentaries
Advertisements, Social Media Influencers
Product label, brochure, website
Scientific peer-reviewed journals
How to choose a claim…
Examples:
Magazine article or blog claiming Intermittent fasting or whole 30 or keto is the answer to weight loss. Vitamin D/C/zinc and COVID19.
LA Times article reporting on a new study that shows chocolate or red wine protects the heart (in time for Valentine’s Day)
Book or Youtube video that claims sugar or wheat or gluten is toxic
Documentary that claims plant-based diet best for performance (The Game Changers)
Advertisement about new dietary supplement or “cleanse” for brain health, skin health, digestive health (turmeric, collagen, probiotics, spirulina, apple cider vinegar)
Website bodybuilding.com claiming need certain amount/type of protein to get huge muscles. Or no soy/no dairy for PCOS or fertility.
2
Evaluating Nutrition Research & Claims
Is the source credible & unbiased?
Author/credentials
“Nutritionists” vs. “Registered Dietitians” – what’s the difference?
Self-proclaimed guru, fitness trainer, massage therapist, store clerk
MDs, DCs, PhDs – are they always reliable?
Is there any conflict of interest? Are they trying to sell you something?
Publication source
Internet site (.com or .org, .edu, .gov)
Magazine, newsletter, brochure, trade journal (paid advertising)
Peer-reviewed, professional/scientific journal
Most “nutritionists” have little to no formal education/degree (e.g. famous people, fitness trainer/massage therapist/GNC or health food store clerk). Some “nutritionists” do have a high level of education/degree, but they may or may not be highly educated in nutrition
Conflict of interest – Juice plus, herbal life, arbonne sales rep directly trying to sell you something or researcher/author/speaker could be employed/paid by the company trying to sell something (funded by beef/dairy council)
Example of ephedra article in fitness magazine, local SCV magazines
3
Evaluating Nutrition Research & Claims
How good is the research?
Study design
No systematic method at all
testimonials, anecdotal, before/after
Epidemiolo ...
A systematic review_on_the_use_of_psychosocial.4Paul Coelho, MD
This document summarizes a systematic review of 27 empirical studies on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. The most widely studied interventions were contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy, primarily in the context of methadone treatment. The results generally support providing psychosocial interventions along with medications to improve outcomes like reducing opioid use and increasing treatment retention and completion rates, though benefits varied across studies. However, significant gaps remain in understanding the most effective combination and delivery of psychosocial treatments with different medications. More research is needed to optimize treatment of the opioid epidemic.
Running Head ADDICTIONAddition Affecting Overall Development .docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: ADDICTION
Addition Affecting Overall Development 6
ADDITION AFFECTING OVERALL DEVELOPMENT: Annotated Bibliography
Addiction is something that a lot of people deal with. Addition in all its entirety is whether substance and drug abuse related addiction or behavioral related addiction, plays a very crucial role in impending development. Here development entails personal life development, society development or the national development of a country. Thus it is the priority of every person, society, government and organizations to try and curb this menace.
The understanding of addiction (its nature, its causes, and its effects) is the only rational way of controlling its demise. There have been numerous studies, researches and experiments conducted to try and understand the basis underlying addiction. The following is a list of the various articles on this endeavor.
Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (2003). Addiction. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 54(1), 25-53.
doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237
Terry and Kent review the theoretical explanations of how the transition from casual to compulsive drug use happens. They focus on how the use of drugs causes changes to the psychological function of a person leading to addiction. According to them the pleasure from the use of a given drug doesn’t lead to addiction which contrasts the hedonic views of addiction. Another common theory they rule out on transition to addiction is relief from withdrawal symptoms. Aberrant theory is also ruled out in that abnormalities of associate learning do not lead to addiction. They suggest that addiction is brought about by an abnormal generation of incentive salience by the neural system leading to cognitive deficits. Thus according to them addiction starts from the brain itself.
Boddiger, D. (2004). Battling addiction. The Lancet, 364(9438), 923-924. doi:10.1016/s0140-
6736(04)17041-4
In this article Bodigger studies drug use in the Central American region. According to him the rate of drug abuse among school attending children is on the rise. This, he blames to the high availability of drugs in the streets, high use of drugs by adults in the society, traffickers investing more in the trade than the government is investing against the trade, use of children for trafficking and the early age of exposure of children to these drugs. Children have also been identified to indulge in drugs to escape emotional and physical abuse by family members or step-parents. Some of the measures that has been put up to control the epidemic are; creating of rehabilitation programs for street children, treating the addicts by detoxification, governments investing more on the fight of drug trafficking etc. Elsavador is the leading country in the fight of drugs in the region. According to him the fight against drug use in the region is expensive and governments need to work together to conquer it.
Grant JE, e. ( ...
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology and drug classification. It defines what a drug is, how drugs work in the body through pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and why people can react differently to drugs. It describes the key components of drugs and how they are classified both chemically and legally according to their potential for abuse and medical usage. Common drug types like depressants, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis are outlined.
The Psychological and Physical Side Effects of Pain MedicationsPaul Coelho, MD
Opioid medications have several psychological and physical side effects. They can cause gastrointestinal issues like constipation and nausea. They impair recovery from injury and surgery by delaying healing. Opioids also negatively impact cognition and can cause respiratory depression by blocking the carbon dioxide feedback loop that regulates breathing. Long term opioid use leads to hypogonadism and decreased sex hormone production. It may also cause a condition called opioid-induced hyperalgesia, where the body becomes more sensitive to pain. Opioids are especially risky for the elderly and increase their risks of falls, fractures, and death. Prolonged use can also lead to brain changes and cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
Brains on Drugs - This paper looks into the processes related to drugs and be...DuncanMstar
Alcohol drug abuse is a systematic drinking problem that causes both social and health issues. However, alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a disease depicted by unusually high alcohol thirst behavior that results in loss of judgment through over drinking
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and s.docxpaynetawnya
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and set up for a local area network (LAN). The company implemented a client/server-based network in which all printers, folders, and other resources are shared but everyone has access to everything and there is no security outside of the defaults that were in place when the system was set up.
You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
: How – in technical or other terms – could (or can) you improve the security of the situation? What measures or technologies would make sense? Why?
.
Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
You're the Judge
This week, you are a judge in a federal district court where a man has been charged with possessing and distributing cocaine. The police obtained the evidence of his drug possession and sale by searching his home. Police arrived at the defendant’s house without a warrant, and the defendant and his wife were at home. The officers knocked, and the wife answered the door and consented to the search. The defendant objected to the search. The defendant has filed a motion to have the evidence excluded from his trial. Decide if the evidence should be admitted, and provide the best arguments both the prosecutor and defendant can make to win the motion.
.
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of
Introduction to Business
Research
the evolution of business with your assigned team members.
Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the evolution of business.
BUS/211
.
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal behaves the way he does, and how he arrives at his final comittment for his future. The book is " Henry the IV part 1"
Will be three pages, double spaced, using MLA format. Research is optional but would help. Any quotations must be in the orginal Shakesperean language.
.
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes heshe .docxpaynetawnya
Body image and the desire to be thin begins developing in early childhood, especially for girls, according to a psychology textbook. The media is thought to significantly contribute to perpetuating the desire to be thin. The document asks for thoughts on how to apply biblical principles in addressing this issue with children.
More Related Content
Similar to 1. SUBS class related to pharmacology----(2) 200 word replies 1a.docx
AGING· The human lifespan seems to be limited to 80 -100 year.docxsimonlbentley59018
AGING:
· The human lifespan seems to be limited to 80 -100 years (cross-cultural, multi-ethnic) with some exceptions (to 115+ years)
· Life expectancy among genders and races (& socio-economic groups) varies due to standard of living, cultural behaviors (diet, risk taking behaviors, etc)
· In general, women have higher life expectancy than men (possibly due to cardiovascular disease developing later in life).
· Multiple theories of aging:
· Somatic mutation theory: cells are "programmed" to mutate & die after a limited number of divisions (ceiling to possible number of cell divisions of all human cells); possibly due to accumulated defects in mitochondria over time (cells can no longer extract energy from foodstuffs).
· The molecular clock and the Hayflick Limit: after each cell division, the chromosome becomes shortened at the telomere (the tip of the chromosome). Eventually, the shortening is so great that the replicating enzymes can't "read" the chromosome to replicate it, and the cell can no longer divide – this is sometimes called the “Hayflick limit” … this prevents cells from indefinite reproduction, otherwise called the "molecular clock”
· Catastrophic theory: also called the "complexity theory (really a "chaos" theory) of accumulated mistakes in DNA transcription & translation & the inability of the cells and organs to function together in response to the normal stresses of the environment. This results in adaptive dysfunction and organ derangements leading to organism disease as well as the "normal" process of aging & death. Helps explain associated neurological changes with advanced age.
· Neuroendocrine theory: the brain is "programmed" to stop producing needed supportive hormonal factors.
· Extracellular degenerative theory: accumulation of disease over time due to environmental factors.
· Modifiable factors? Can we turn back the hands of time (or at least slow them down)?
· Pay attention to diet
· Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality (Wang, et al., 2014, BMJ): http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4490 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Dietary protein sources and cancer (Farvid, et al., 2014, BMJ): http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3437 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· The “Mediterranean” diet and telomere length (Crous-Bou, et al., 2014): http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g6674 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
· Increase physical activity
· Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants
View this video:2012 AMMG lecture: Telomeres and a new theory of aging (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Park, E. (2012, June, 9). 2012 AMMG lecture: Telomeres and a new theory of aging [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0DZ1-WVtao&feature=youtu.be
Definitions of health:
Definitions and perspectives on the concepts of health, wellness, and illness/disease, psychology topics in health/wellness/illness.
Hydrotherapy versus laxative for treatment of postoperative constipation amon...Alexander Decker
The document discusses two treatment approaches for postoperative constipation in orthopedic patients - pharmacological therapy using laxatives and non-pharmacological hydrotherapy. A study compared the effectiveness of these approaches in 100 orthopedic patients divided into two groups. The study found that the hydrotherapy group had less intestinal movement and fewer constipation symptoms than the laxative group after treatment. The document recommends further research on non-pharmacological therapies for relieving constipation in different patient populations and hospital settings.
The document discusses various topics related to pharmacology including definitions of pharmacology, pharmacy, clinical pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, medications, and drug effects. It describes pharmacology as the study of drug action and interaction in the body. It defines different types of drug preparations like tablets, capsules, creams, and others. It also discusses key drug terminology such as onset of action, peak plasma level, half-life, and plateau related to how drugs act in the body.
Chapter 5 Psychopharmacology and New Drug DevelopmentKey simisterchristen
Chapter 5: Psychopharmacology and New Drug Development
Key Terms
acute tolerance: A type of functional tolerance that occurs within a course of
action of a single drug dose.
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A disorder with features such as a
greater-than-normal amount of activity, restlessness, difficulty concentrating or
sustaining attention, and impulsivity.
behavioral pharmacology: The specialty area of psychopharmacology that
concentrates on drug use as a learned behavior.
behavioral tolerance: Adjustment of behavior through experience in using a drug
to compensate for its intoxicating effects.
brand name: The commercial name given to a drug by its manufacturer.
causal relationship: A relationship between variables in which changes in a
second variable are due directly to changes in a first variable.
chemical name: The name given to a drug that represents its chemical structure.
conflict paradigm: A research procedure that concerns the effects on a behavior
of a drug
that has a history of both reinforcement and punishment.
control group: The reference or comparison group in an experiment. The control
group does not receive the experimental manipulation or intervention whose effect
is being tested.
cross-tolerance: Tolerance to a drug or drugs never taken that results from
protracted tolerance to another drug or drugs.
dispositional tolerance: An increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result
of its regular use.
drug discrimination study: A research procedure that primarily concerns the
differentiation of drug effects.
drug expectancy: A person’s anticipation of or belief about what they will
experience upon taking a drug.
functional tolerance: Decreased behavioral effects of a drug as a result of its
regular use.
generalizable: Applicability of a research finding from one setting or group of
research participants to others.
generic name: The general name given to a drug that is shorter (and easier for
most people to say) than its chemical name.
group design: A type of experimental design in which groups (as compared to
individual cases) of subjects are compared to establish experimental findings.
homeostasis: A state of equilibrium or balance. Systems at homeostasis are
stable; when homeostasis is disrupted, the system operates to restore it.
initial sensitivity: The effect of a drug on someone using it for the first time.
paradoxical: Contrary to what is expected. A paradoxical drug effect is opposite in
direction to what is expected based on the drug’s chemical structure.
placebo control: A type of control originating in drug research. Placebo subjects
have the same makeup and are treated exactly like a group of subjects who receive
a drug, except that placebo subjects receive a chemically inactive substance.
protracted tolerance: A type of functional tolerance that occurs over the course
of two or more drug administrations.
psychosis: A severe mental disorder whose symptoms include disorganized ...
Running head WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT .docxtoltonkendal
Running head: WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
1
WEEK THREE ASSIGNMENT
6
Week Three Assignment
PHI445: Personal & Organizational Ethics
Week Three Assignment
The case that I chose was Pharmaceuticals (Merck). The pharmaceutical industry is a multi-billion dollar industry that has evolved over decades developing, producing, and marketing various medications to the masses. They deal with increasing criticism in this industry due to the multiple side effects and drug interactions that occur. “In fact, research has shown that more than 100,000 deaths are caused by drug reactions each year in the United States (Null, 2010)” (Fieser, 2015). An ethical and moral dilemma for the pharmaceutical industry is that many drug companies are caught deceiving the public. The pharmaceutical industry continues to face controversy due to their advertising techniques. Pharmaceutical companies began to bypass the healthcare professionals and advertise directly to the patients. This tactic is called direct-to-consumer advertising which began in 1982. In our text is says, “Such advertising, it argued, is problematic “because of the inability of patients to understand medical information and make a rational, informed choice of medication from an array of drugs making similar claims.” The DEA was further concerned about “the messages conveyed to our youth” through such advertising” (Fieser, 2015).
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which is the government agency that ensures the safety and effectiveness of medicines available to Americans. The FDA pushes guidance, compliance, and regulatory information onto the pharmaceutical industry. The FDA publishes regulations in the federal government’s official publication for notifying the public in accordance with the U.S. law, Executive Orders (EO) and memoranda issued by the President. The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) has been tasked from the FDA with evaluating new drugs before they could be sold to consumers. They also oversee the type of advertising that the pharmaceutical companies use to market their products to consumers to ensure that false or misleading information is not presented.
Utilitarianism is the theory that focuses on the cost-benefit analysis which believes that and action is morally right as long as the consequences of some do not out weight the benefits of the majority. They also emphasize goodness and badness in decision making by focusing on how our actions affect human happiness. “An action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone” (Fieser, 2015). The pharmaceutical companies contend that the drugs they create save thousands of lives worldwide on a daily basis. They live and work under a Pharmacist Code. The Pharmacist Code of Ethics and Oath ...
Parameters to be Considered in A Bioequivalence Study of Drugharshalshelke4
Bioequivalence is a word used to describe the biological equivalency of two proprietary medication preparations. When two medications are bioequivalent, it indicates they are expected to be the same. Pharmacokinetic studies are used to determine bioequivalence between two medications, such as a reference drug (FDA approved drug) and a potential test drug (marketed generic drug), by administering each drug to volunteers in a cross-over research (healthy individuals). To prepare a drug many aspects need to take into consideration such as in vivo and in vitro study, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and bioavailability of the drug. While designing a drug fasting, oral, crossover study of the drug needs to perform.
Its not easy to describe all the topics of pharmacology in simple words but i have tried my best to make the slide simple and convenient so that people from all aspects can understand and use it for their own purpose.
Thanks for reading Pharmacology :)
This proposal suggests studying the potential benefits of yoga in treating eating disorders by evaluating its effects on stress levels. It hypothesizes that since stress is commonly co-occurring with eating disorders, reducing stress through yoga may also benefit eating disorder patients. The study would recruit local yoga studio participants and use a pre-/post-test design to analyze if yoga decreases stress scores. If successful, it provides preliminary evidence that yoga may help address the disconnect between mind and body experienced by many with eating disorders.
Examples of Nutrition ClaimsClaims about a popular diet BetseyCalderon89
Examples of Nutrition Claims
Claims about a popular diet that is supposed to change your body, reverse a disease, or dramatically improve your health or performance in some way.
Claims about a particular food, beverage or dietary supplement that is supposed to help you lose weight, gain muscle, boost immunity, improve mood or memory, lower blood cholesterol or blood sugar levels, fight inflammation, remove toxins, prevent or cure a disease, make your hair/nails/skin/digestion better, slow aging…
Claims about a particular ingredient in foods/beverages that’s supposed to be “bad,” “toxic,” or contribute to a particular health problem (acne, autism, ADHD, PCOS, diabetes, cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, aging, hormone disruption, infertility, obesity, digestive problems)…
Sources of Nutrition Claims
Google!
Magazines, Newspapers, Blogs
Books, Videos, Documentaries
Advertisements, Social Media Influencers
Product label, brochure, website
Scientific peer-reviewed journals
How to choose a claim…
Examples:
Magazine article or blog claiming Intermittent fasting or whole 30 or keto is the answer to weight loss. Vitamin D/C/zinc and COVID19.
LA Times article reporting on a new study that shows chocolate or red wine protects the heart (in time for Valentine’s Day)
Book or Youtube video that claims sugar or wheat or gluten is toxic
Documentary that claims plant-based diet best for performance (The Game Changers)
Advertisement about new dietary supplement or “cleanse” for brain health, skin health, digestive health (turmeric, collagen, probiotics, spirulina, apple cider vinegar)
Website bodybuilding.com claiming need certain amount/type of protein to get huge muscles. Or no soy/no dairy for PCOS or fertility.
2
Evaluating Nutrition Research & Claims
Is the source credible & unbiased?
Author/credentials
“Nutritionists” vs. “Registered Dietitians” – what’s the difference?
Self-proclaimed guru, fitness trainer, massage therapist, store clerk
MDs, DCs, PhDs – are they always reliable?
Is there any conflict of interest? Are they trying to sell you something?
Publication source
Internet site (.com or .org, .edu, .gov)
Magazine, newsletter, brochure, trade journal (paid advertising)
Peer-reviewed, professional/scientific journal
Most “nutritionists” have little to no formal education/degree (e.g. famous people, fitness trainer/massage therapist/GNC or health food store clerk). Some “nutritionists” do have a high level of education/degree, but they may or may not be highly educated in nutrition
Conflict of interest – Juice plus, herbal life, arbonne sales rep directly trying to sell you something or researcher/author/speaker could be employed/paid by the company trying to sell something (funded by beef/dairy council)
Example of ephedra article in fitness magazine, local SCV magazines
3
Evaluating Nutrition Research & Claims
How good is the research?
Study design
No systematic method at all
testimonials, anecdotal, before/after
Epidemiolo ...
A systematic review_on_the_use_of_psychosocial.4Paul Coelho, MD
This document summarizes a systematic review of 27 empirical studies on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. The most widely studied interventions were contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy, primarily in the context of methadone treatment. The results generally support providing psychosocial interventions along with medications to improve outcomes like reducing opioid use and increasing treatment retention and completion rates, though benefits varied across studies. However, significant gaps remain in understanding the most effective combination and delivery of psychosocial treatments with different medications. More research is needed to optimize treatment of the opioid epidemic.
Running Head ADDICTIONAddition Affecting Overall Development .docxjoellemurphey
Running Head: ADDICTION
Addition Affecting Overall Development 6
ADDITION AFFECTING OVERALL DEVELOPMENT: Annotated Bibliography
Addiction is something that a lot of people deal with. Addition in all its entirety is whether substance and drug abuse related addiction or behavioral related addiction, plays a very crucial role in impending development. Here development entails personal life development, society development or the national development of a country. Thus it is the priority of every person, society, government and organizations to try and curb this menace.
The understanding of addiction (its nature, its causes, and its effects) is the only rational way of controlling its demise. There have been numerous studies, researches and experiments conducted to try and understand the basis underlying addiction. The following is a list of the various articles on this endeavor.
Robinson, T., & Berridge, K. (2003). Addiction. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 54(1), 25-53.
doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237
Terry and Kent review the theoretical explanations of how the transition from casual to compulsive drug use happens. They focus on how the use of drugs causes changes to the psychological function of a person leading to addiction. According to them the pleasure from the use of a given drug doesn’t lead to addiction which contrasts the hedonic views of addiction. Another common theory they rule out on transition to addiction is relief from withdrawal symptoms. Aberrant theory is also ruled out in that abnormalities of associate learning do not lead to addiction. They suggest that addiction is brought about by an abnormal generation of incentive salience by the neural system leading to cognitive deficits. Thus according to them addiction starts from the brain itself.
Boddiger, D. (2004). Battling addiction. The Lancet, 364(9438), 923-924. doi:10.1016/s0140-
6736(04)17041-4
In this article Bodigger studies drug use in the Central American region. According to him the rate of drug abuse among school attending children is on the rise. This, he blames to the high availability of drugs in the streets, high use of drugs by adults in the society, traffickers investing more in the trade than the government is investing against the trade, use of children for trafficking and the early age of exposure of children to these drugs. Children have also been identified to indulge in drugs to escape emotional and physical abuse by family members or step-parents. Some of the measures that has been put up to control the epidemic are; creating of rehabilitation programs for street children, treating the addicts by detoxification, governments investing more on the fight of drug trafficking etc. Elsavador is the leading country in the fight of drugs in the region. According to him the fight against drug use in the region is expensive and governments need to work together to conquer it.
Grant JE, e. ( ...
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology and drug classification. It defines what a drug is, how drugs work in the body through pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, and why people can react differently to drugs. It describes the key components of drugs and how they are classified both chemically and legally according to their potential for abuse and medical usage. Common drug types like depressants, stimulants, opioids, and cannabis are outlined.
The Psychological and Physical Side Effects of Pain MedicationsPaul Coelho, MD
Opioid medications have several psychological and physical side effects. They can cause gastrointestinal issues like constipation and nausea. They impair recovery from injury and surgery by delaying healing. Opioids also negatively impact cognition and can cause respiratory depression by blocking the carbon dioxide feedback loop that regulates breathing. Long term opioid use leads to hypogonadism and decreased sex hormone production. It may also cause a condition called opioid-induced hyperalgesia, where the body becomes more sensitive to pain. Opioids are especially risky for the elderly and increase their risks of falls, fractures, and death. Prolonged use can also lead to brain changes and cause tolerance and withdrawal symptoms.
Brains on Drugs - This paper looks into the processes related to drugs and be...DuncanMstar
Alcohol drug abuse is a systematic drinking problem that causes both social and health issues. However, alcoholism or alcohol dependence is a disease depicted by unusually high alcohol thirst behavior that results in loss of judgment through over drinking
Similar to 1. SUBS class related to pharmacology----(2) 200 word replies 1a.docx (14)
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at leas.docxpaynetawnya
YThis paper is due Monday, 30 November. You will need to use at least ONE primary source, and TWO secondary sources. 12 font, double spaced, New times, 5 pages.
How did the Vikings construct their ships so that they were able to go such long distances? What impact did they have on the areas that they settled?
No plagiarism and No Paraphrasing. Put it on your own words, this is a major and final exam grade, please.
I will only accept on GOOD RATINGS PROFESSORS
.
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you inve.docxpaynetawnya
You have spent a lot of time researching a company. Would you invest in that company? (assume you can afford it). Why or why not? Is another company covered by a classmate preferable?
The company is Lenovo.Co
at least 250 words.
othr company my classmates covered are Walmart, Apple.Inc, Ikea,etc
.
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and s.docxpaynetawnya
ZXY Corporation has relocated to a new building that was wired and set up for a local area network (LAN). The company implemented a client/server-based network in which all printers, folders, and other resources are shared but everyone has access to everything and there is no security outside of the defaults that were in place when the system was set up.
You have been hired to secure ZXY’s network and ensure that the company has the highest levels of security to protect against internal and external attacks. In an 8-10 page proposal, include the following items to provide a comprehensive secure environment:
A plan to provide secure access control methods for all user access
A viable password policy, which includes complexity, duration, and history requirements
A cryptography method to ensure vital data is encrypted
A remote access plan to ensure that users who access the network remotely do so in a secure and efficient manner
A thorough plan to protect the network from malware and various types of malicious attacks
Your proposal should include all of the elements noted above with support, detail, and elaboration for each section explicitly grounded in knowledge from the assigned readings and media along with any outside sources you may choose to bring into your writing.
Your paper should be 8-10 pages in length with document formatting and citations of sources in conformity with APA Guidelines
.
Zero Describe the system (briefly!). As in I’m going to talk ab.docxpaynetawnya
Zero:
Describe the system (briefly!). As in: I’m going to talk about the _____ system, which does this, that and the other thing.
First
: When we talk about confidentiality, we’re talking about
un
authorized access to information. That means there is (or at least probably is) authorized access to information. For your system, what roles or people are there with authorized access – and what information can they see or use. Is there anything special about their roles or their level of access? Are there exceptions?
Second
: What (briefly) is the worst possible scenario you can think of for a confidentiality failure/breach? What repercussions or impacts are there?
Third
: How – in technical or other terms – could (or can) you improve the security of the situation? What measures or technologies would make sense? Why?
.
Youre the JudgeThis week, you are a judge in a federal district c.docxpaynetawnya
You're the Judge
This week, you are a judge in a federal district court where a man has been charged with possessing and distributing cocaine. The police obtained the evidence of his drug possession and sale by searching his home. Police arrived at the defendant’s house without a warrant, and the defendant and his wife were at home. The officers knocked, and the wife answered the door and consented to the search. The defendant objected to the search. The defendant has filed a motion to have the evidence excluded from his trial. Decide if the evidence should be admitted, and provide the best arguments both the prosecutor and defendant can make to win the motion.
.
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of Introduction.docxpaynetawnya
Your Week 2 collaborative discussion and the Ch. 2 of
Introduction to Business
Research
the evolution of business with your assigned team members.
Locate
information on the following points:
Feudalism
Mercantilism
Capitalism
Commerce
Property rights
The Industrial Revolution
Individually,
create
a 10- to 15-slide Microsoft
®
PowerPoint
®
presentation describing the evolution of business.
BUS/211
.
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal b.docxpaynetawnya
Your thesis statement will explain the ambiguity of why Prince hal behaves the way he does, and how he arrives at his final comittment for his future. The book is " Henry the IV part 1"
Will be three pages, double spaced, using MLA format. Research is optional but would help. Any quotations must be in the orginal Shakesperean language.
.
Your textbook states that body image—how a person believes heshe .docxpaynetawnya
Body image and the desire to be thin begins developing in early childhood, especially for girls, according to a psychology textbook. The media is thought to significantly contribute to perpetuating the desire to be thin. The document asks for thoughts on how to apply biblical principles in addressing this issue with children.
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigrat.docxpaynetawnya
Your textbook discusses various cultural models in terms of immigration, such as assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model is used today?
Use the library and your course materials to research these models. Your analysis should include a response to the following:
Discuss the assimilation, pluralism, and multiculturalism models, and include their historical timelines.
How is it that certain groups in the United States never given the opportunity to “assimilate”? Include the following groups in your analysis: Hispanics, African-Americans and others of African descent, Native-Americans, and Asian-Americans.
What model is used today?
Why is the current model significant in terms of access and privilege?
.
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of.docxpaynetawnya
Your team has been given the land rights to an abandoned parcel of land. The land has some unknown contamination; it has been stripped of natural vegetation, soil erosion has occurred, and a stream on the property is polluted. You have decided to turn this land into a sustainable agricultural food supply.
Resource:
University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template
Design
solutions to develop the land. Provide a development plan to bring this land up to agricultural standards.
Write
a proposal to the city that describes the step-by-step plan your team intends to implement. Record your ideas on the University of Phoenix Material: Sustainable Agriculture Project Proposal Template.
Explain
the following in the proposal:
The importance—both locally and globally—of having a sustainable food supply
The major threats to this land’s sustainability
The characteristics that will enable your land to provide a long-term sustainable food supply
The steps your team will take to develop these characteristics
Ways this land will benefit the city economically and environmentally
The timeline of your plan
.
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelors of social work (.docxpaynetawnya
Your supervisor, Ms. Harris, possesses a bachelor's of social work (B.S.W.) degree and is working on her master's degree in social work (M.S.W.) by going to school at night on a part-time basis. Prior to accepting the position at the pretrial diversion program, she worked in a community mental health clinic providing services to low-income families. You have your bachelor's degree in criminal justice behind you and your internship with the pretrial diversion program is halfway completed. You and Ms. Harris have had some intense discussions about human service practice in general and human service practice in the criminal justice field in particular.
You decide that you will chart the similarities and differences between the two and present a detailed outline to her comparing and contrasting the two. A detailed outline is in the traditional form of an outline; however, the text will contain sentences as opposed to single words or phrases. In your detailed outline, you should cover the following topics:
Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is different in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).Identify 2 ways in which human service practice is similar in the mental health setting versus the criminal justice setting (you may use any venue in the criminal justice setting for comparison, such as prison, jail, juvenile detention, pretrial diversion, parole, probation, etc.).What role does human service practice play in the pretrial diversion setting specifically?At what point, if any, does human service practice in the mental health setting converge on the pretrial diversion setting?
You should cite all sources using APA style format, and include a reference section at the end of your submission.
Up to 300 words times new Roman,12 font
.
Your RatingGroup DiscussionDelinquency Prevention Please .docxpaynetawnya
Your Rating:
Group Discussion
"Delinquency Prevention" Please respond to the following:
Describe the key differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs. Discuss the overall effectiveness of these types of programs.
From the e-Activity, identify at least two (2) factors that contribute to a delinquency prevention program’s success. Specify the primary manner in which these types of programs have improved the lives of juveniles and their families.
.
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity.docxpaynetawnya
Your report due in Week 6 requires you to look at tools of liquidity, profitability, and solvency. Discuss several of the financial analysis tools useful in assessing inventory issues and report the actual numbers for the company you selected for Assignment 1 in Week 6. Describe the impact of your numbers on reasons for investing or not investing in the company
Identify the inventory valuation method (LIFO, FIFO, Average, etc.) used by your company and discuss the impact of the method on the income statement and balance sheet. Include the pros and cons/ tradeoffs of the method on the reported numbers.
.
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea .docxpaynetawnya
Your Project Sponsor pulls you aside and admits that he has no idea what earned value management concepts (EVM), such as AC, BCWP, and EV mean; he is only concerned that you deliver the project ahead of schedule and under budget. Using the information covered from your readings and other activities, develop a project to educate him, including which EVM performance measures you would educate him on. Provide a rationale for your selection of topics.
.
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled i.docxpaynetawnya
Your progress on the project thus far. Have you already compiled it?
Anything interesting you learned about the organization you chose.
The most difficult component of this project. What made it challenging? How did you address this challenge?
Post a 2 to 4 paragraph discussion post (300 words minimum). Justify your explanations by including in-text citations and references in APA format as applicable.
.
Week 6 - Discussion 1Evaluate the characteristics of each mode o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 6 - Discussion 1
Evaluate the characteristics of each mode of transportation in terms of time and cost efficiencies. Give examples.
Week 6 - Discussion 2
The Bill of Lading is the single most important document in transportation. Describe at least two functions it performs in international logistics.
.
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxpaynetawnya
WEEK 5 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week5_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
For the following question(s): A school counselor tests the level of depression in fourth graders in a particular class of 20 students. The counselor wants to know whether the kind of students in this class differs from that of fourth graders in general at her school. On the test, a score of 10 indicates severe depression, while a score of 0 indicates no depression. From reports, she is able to find out about past testing. Fourth graders at her school usually score 5 on the scale, but the variation is not known. Her sample of 20 fifth graders has a mean depression score of 4.4. Use the .01 level of significance.
1.
The counselor calculates the unbiased estimate of the population’s variance to be 15. What is the variance of the distribution of means?
A)
15/20 = 0.75
B)
15/19 = 0.79
C)
15
2
/20 = 11.25
D)
15
2
/19 = 11.84
2.
Suppose the counselor tested the null hypothesis that fourth graders in this class were
less
depressed than those at the school generally. She figures her
t
score to be
-
.20. What decision should she make regarding the null hypothesis?
A)
Reject it
B)
Fail to reject it
C)
Postpone any decisions until a more conclusive study could be conducted
D)
There is not enough information given to make a decision
3.
Suppose the standard deviation she figures (the square root of the unbiased estimate of the population variance) is .85. What is the effect size?
A)
5/.85 = 5.88
B)
.85/5 = .17
C)
(5
-
4.4)/.85 = .71
D)
.85/(5
-
4.4) = 1.42
For the following question(s): Professor Juarez thinks the students in her statistics class this term are more creative than most students at this university. A previous study found that students at this university had a mean score of 35 on a standard creativity test. Professor Juarez finds that her class scores an average of 40 on this scale, with an estimated population standard deviation of 7. The standard deviation of the distribution of means comes out to 1.63.
4.
What is the
t
score?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
5.
What effect size did Professor Juarez find?
A)
(40
-
35)/7 = .71
B)
(40
-
35)/1.63 = 3.07
C)
(40
-
35)/7
2
= 5/49 = .10
D)
(40
-
35)/1.63
2
= 5/2.66 = 1.88
6.
If Professor Juarez had 30 students in her class, and she wanted to test her hypothesis using the 5% level of significance, what cutoff
t
score would she use? (You should be able to figure this out without a table because only one answer is in the correct region.)
A)
304.11
B)
1.699.
Week 5 Writing Assignment (Part 2) Outline and Preliminary List o.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5
Writing Assignment (Part 2): Outline and Preliminary List of References
Due Week 5 and worth 100 points
Complete the outline after you have done library / Internet research for evidence that bears on your hypothesis. Provide information about all of the following components of the final paper:
Subject:
Poverty.
What is your hypothesis?
1.
Specific Hypothesis
.
2.
Applicable Sociological Concepts
.
3.
Practical Implications
. Discuss the value of sociological research into your issue. Determine whether or not there are (or would be) practical implications of sociological inquiry into this issue.
Evidence
. This is the most important part of the paper. Analyze at least two (2) lines of evidence that pertain to the hypothesis that you are evaluating. Does the evidence support your hypothesis? For each type of evidence, consider possible biases and alternative interpretations.
Conclusions
. Draw conclusions based on the evidence that you have discovered. Does the evidence confirm or refute your hypothesis? Is the evidence sufficiently convincing to draw firm conclusions about your hypothesis?
For example, here is a generic example of what the headings of your possible outline might look like:
I.
Specific Hypothesis.
II.
Applicable Sociological Concepts.
a.
Theory A
b.
Concept 1
c.
Concept 2
III.
Practical Implications.
a.
Implications for public policy
i.
Education
ii.
Taxes
b.
Implications for employers
c.
Implications for spouses of workaholics
Evidence.
Line of evidence 1
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
iii.
Alternative explanations of what it means.
b.
Line of evidence 2
i.
The evidence and what it means
ii.
Possible biases
Conclusion(s): All available evidence refutes the hypothesis, but there are alternative explanations.
References
:
Baker, A. & Abel, E (2005) Villagers reject modern attitudes about car washing.
International Journal of Sociology
, 11, 12-57. Retrieved from EBSCO-Host.
Doe, J. (2010, April 1) Villagers retain traditional attitudes despite bombardment with western television.
The New York Times
. Retrieved from
www.nytimes.com/village_update
Steiner, H. (2012, January 4) Revolt against local ordinances in the village.
Time Magazine
. pp. 14-15.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
Evaluate the various methodologies for sociological research.
Apply the sociological perspective to a variety of socioeconomic and political problems.
Critically examine how society shapes individuals and how individuals shape society.
Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology.
Write clearly and concisely about sociology using proper writing mechanics.
.
Week 5 eActivityRead the Recommendation for Cryptographic Key.docxpaynetawnya
Week 5 eActivity
Read the "
Recommendation for Cryptographic Key Generation
" by NIST.
Read Chapter 19 of "
An Introduction to Computer Security: The NIST Handbook.
"
Please be prepared to discuss each of these items
Analyze the overall attributes of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography technologies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each, and speculate upon the main reasons why organizations utilize both technologies today. Give an example of where you would consider using each of these forms of encryption within an organization to support your response.
From the e-Activity, give your opinion of whether cryptography should be a part of every email security strategy or if there are specific characteristics of organizations where such measures are not needed. Justify your answer.
.
This document discusses network security and contains two questions. The first question asks about predominant electronic and physical threats to communications networks, such as hacking, malware, and physical damage. The second question asks about the importance of explicit enterprise security policies and procedures to protect networks and data through guidelines for acceptable and safe practices.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. SUBS class related to pharmacology----(2) 200 word replies 1a.docx
1. 1. SUBS class related to pharmacology----(2) 200 word replies
1a. ED 200 word reply (HEADER)
Abstract
This paper briefly highlights the author’s background. It
exposes the stance the author’s community holds on certain
drugs. It covers the mechanisms of pharmacology and the
numerous routes of absorption. It unveils the impact these
trajectories possess on the desired effect. It reveals the
influence this week’s reading has on the author’s
comprehension and empathy for those who abuse chemicals and
for those who suffer from Substance Use Disorder. It depicts the
author’s thoughts from his faith and Scripture standpoint.
Keywords: chemicals, components, pharmacology, substances,
method, trajectory, mechanism
Introduction
The author was exposed to peers, who constantly defended
marijuana use as something that was not harmful while living in
the inner City (Newark, New Jersey). Many adolescents and
some adults within that community recognized this substance as
a natural plant, an agriculture. As a result, these people
believed that this substance has zero negative side effects.
Additionally, in an effort to further support their beliefs, they
considered it to be placed on this earth by God for human
consumption. Due to this misconception and the message that
was pumped through the media, smoking marijuana was the
norm and believed to be unique from other pharmaceutical
agents (Doweiko, 2015). However, Doweiko (2015) emphasizes
that it is nearly impossible to develop a mind-altering substance
without any undesired side effects. Because the brain is
integrated, it is impossible to restrict mental functions without
damaging a variety of other functions (Doweiko, 2015).
The Components of Pharmacology
The human digestive tract is designed to deny any compound
that is absorbed to pass directly into the circulation, without
2. filtering first through the liver (Doweiko, 2015). This process is
known as the first-pass metabolism effect (Doweiko,
2015). Doweiko (2015) asserts that a compound needs to enter
the body in an adequate strength in order to reach the desired
effect. The desirable effects (primary side effects) can be
achieved through chemical use as well as the unwanted side
effects (secondary side effects). The unattractive side effects
can range from the feeling of discomfort to life threatening
(Doweiko, 2015). The level of intensity from the use of
substances is based on the manner in which it was consumed.
The way the substance is introduced to the body will have a key
impact on the amount of time it will take to deliver the desired
effects. Additionally, it will determine the level experienced
(Doweiko, 2015).
The term biotransformation is compatible with the term
metabolism. However, the term metabolism is usually used in
regards to food. These [biotransformation] components
developed over millions of years to assist the body in handling
potentially hazardous chemicals (Doweiko, 2015). As a result of
this evolvement, these mechanisms eliminate poisons found in
spoiled foods and in drug particles (Doweiko, 2015). This do so
by altering compounds until they become eradicated from the
body via kidneys, lungs, sweat glands, and biliary tract
(Doweiko, 2015). The zero-order biotransformation process and
the first-order biotransformation process are the two types
of biotransformation (Doweiko, 2015). Both processes can only
eliminate a set percentage of compounds hourly, or days for
methadone, based on the consumer’s genetic inheritance
(Doweiko, 2015). Additionally, both processes are exercised by
four mechanisms: oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and
conjugation (Doweiko, 2015). If large amounts of a compound
is consumed, the zero-order biotransformation process becomes
saturated, stopping this process from eliminating the compounds
in a timely manner.
The Effects the Different Routes of Absorption have on the
High
3. Substances can be introduced to the body in two
ways: enteral or parenteral (Doweiko, 2015). The enteral route
can be accessed via oral or rectal, but the oral form is the most
common practice. The different types of enteral drug
administrations are tablet and capsule, with the tablet being the
most common. Usually the tablet is meant to be ingested whole,
but it can be divided into smaller pieces to allow individuals to
consume a smaller dose of medication if desired (Doweiko,
2015). Upon entering the gastrointestinal tract, the tablet would
dissolve and separate from the binding agent and thereafter be
absorbed (Doweiko, 2015). The capsule is intended to be
consumed as whole (Doweiko, 2015). After reaching the
gastrointestinal tract, the capsule tends to break down, allowing
the desired compound to be absorbed (Doweiko, 2015).
Numerous substances can be absorbed sublingually. This
method is exercised when substances are administered under the
tongue in effort for it to be absorbed through the blood-rich
tissues, avoiding the hazard of first-pass metabolism (Doweiko,
2015).
The parenteral technique presents multiple threats to the user
depending on the substance. It produces a rapid start of desired
effects to the body (Doweiko, 2015). It can be administered via
injection of a compound straight into the body (Doweiko, 2015).
The advantages of using this method precludes people from not
being exposed to stomach juices. It prevents persons from
experiencing postponements produced by the stomach-emptying
process (Doweiko, 2015). Lastly, it stops individuals from
facing the danger of being mixed with food in the
gastrointestinal tract (Doweiko, 2015).
There are three forms of parenteral drug administration
(Doweiko, 2015). The first form is subcutaneous administration,
which is known as skin popping by injection drug addicts
(Doweiko, 2015). This form is administered via under skin and
is the slowest of the three to be absorbed. The second one is
injection of a compound(s) into the muscle tissue (intra-
muscular or IM injection) (Doweiko, 2015). Although not all
4. compounds can be absorbed through this route, this method can
be used for pharmaceuticals in medical practice and by anabolic
steroid abusers (Doweiko, 2015). The third one is intravenous
(or IV) injection, which is administered via injection directly
into the vein (Doweiko, 2015). This method denies the body
adequate time to adapt to the foreign chemicals (Doweiko,
2015). As a result, the body can encounter serious adverse
reaction to the substance within seconds of administration
(Doweiko, 2015).
Other forms of drug administration are transdermal, intranasal
and inhalation (snorting, inhale). The transdermal process
includes a compound being gradually absorbed through the skin
(Doweiko, 2015). The intranasal method of administration
involves the compound being snorted. This method allows the
substance to be deposited on to the blood-rich tissues in the
sinuses (Doweiko, 2015). This method is commonly used in
medical settings as well as in illicit drug use (Doweiko, 2015).
This technique is parallel to the inhalation method, because the
cardiovascular system is divided by a tissue less than
1/100,00ths of an inch thick from direct exposure to the air
(Doweiko, 2015).
Compassion for those who Struggle
This week’s reading material further enhanced the author’s
understanding for people who suffer from Substance Use
Disorder (SUD). It enlightens the author’s view on the
dangerous path people who suffer from SUD tend to travel in an
effort to obtain the desired effect. It changes the
author’s worldview from considering abusers as being mentally
disoriented to mentally ill. 2 Corinthians 4:17 states, “For this
light momentary affliction is preparing for us an eternal weight
of glory beyond all comparison.” Due to this week’s reading,
the author now believes that no one in a sound mind would
constantly and slowly harm themselves for the acquirement of a
temporary joy or a high. Therefore, the author views drug abuse
similar to playing Russian roulette, because users/abusers can
go overboard in pursuit of achieving a high, leading to their
5. demise.
Thoughts in Light of Faith and Scripture
Based on the authors’ religious faith, he believes that humans
have been longing for the Garden of Eden ever since the exile
of Adam and Eve. As a result, he believes that humans desire to
achieve their happy place in the form of substance abuse and
other types of addictions. Because of sin, Entwislte (2010)
hypothesizes that humans inherently own a cultured outlook.
This outlook limits our understanding of the world and our
positions in it. Therefore, author believes without the
involvement of God in our lives, we tend to resort to finding our
own piece of paradise through the use of substances and other
forms of dangerous pleasure. As the high wears off, we tend to
build tolerance using more substances and or indulging in more
self-destructive activities in an effort to numb the physical and
mental agony. These woes are believed to be casted upon us as a
result of our sins and disobedience.
References
Doweiko, H. E. (2015). Concept of chemical dependency (9th
edition). Cengage Learning
Entwistle, D. N., (2010). Integrative approach of psychology
and Christianity, an introduction to worldview issues,
philosophical foundations, and models of integration.
(2nd edition). Eugene, OR: Cascade books.
1b. EV 200 word replay (HEADER)
Different classes of drugs
In this week’s reading we have learned about many different
kind of drugs. I will mention and talk about a few. The first one
is Topiramate. This medication is usually used to treat people
with epilepsy. Now this medication can enhance the effect of
GABA in the brain which blocks the rewarding effect of
alcohol. ( Doweiko, p. 472). Now it is not only used to treat
adult and children with epilepsy but psychiatrist also have used
this medication. One of the reasons in which they have used it
was to treat people with bipolar disorder. Now this medication
6. is taking orally by mouth. Now one of the effects that this
medication does is that it lowers the level of enzymes in the
liver. Now another medication is Modafinil. This medication is
used to control the symptoms of ADHD. Now it does not only
use to treat this but also to normalize sleep patterns.
Absorb
Now these drugs that are mention some of them are absorbed
the same but they all have different form of administrating
them. Now ill go head and mention couple of different ways of
administrating. The first way one can absorb is gastrointestinal
or GI. Now the way that this is absorbed is by a tablet.it can
either be a tablet or capsule and it is taking orally by mouth,
(Doweiko, 2015, p. 17). Now it does not only need to be in a
capsula but in form of liquid as well. When this method is used
it is absoered threw the body very slowly. Now another form of
administrating is by injection. Now when this method is used it
has a very fast effect. There is different methods of doing IM,
that is subcutaneous when this method is used it is
administrated right under the skin layer and this method is a bit
more slow effect then the others. The next one is intra-muscular
which this method is administrated right in to the muscle. And
lastly it is intravenous, this is administrated right in to the veins
which this give a very high effect rapidly. Now another very
popular method that is also used is intranasal, which is mostly
know for snorting, which is absorbed by sniffing threw the
nose, “blood rich tissues in the sinuses”. (Doweiko, 2015, p.
18).
Effect
Now as we learned about these different kinds of drugs and
their ways of administrating it is important to also learn the
effect of them. Now they all have different kind of effects
especially the way that they are administrated or absorb. For
example, as mention above if a drug is administrated orally by
mouth then the effect is not as high, it is very slow. But if the
drug is administrated via injection or if it goes directly into the
veins or the blood stream the high is more rapid. Now in our
7. textbook we learned that Injecting intravenously will instead
directly place the drug into the circulatory system and will
allow for a quick high. (Doweiko, 2015, p. 18). Now the effect
also has another important factor. One of the factors in how it
affects the person is if the person has eaten something when
they aboard or take the drug. Another key factor also is the
blood flow (Doweiko, 2015. P 3-4)
Over all I think that it is very important to not only learn about
the different kind of drugs but as well the different kind of
effect they all have. If someone know the different effect that
these drugs have then it makes it a little easier for someone to
help a person if in any case it is needed. All drugs no matter
what kind it is it affects the body but some affect the body more
than other especially the way in which the drug is
administrated. Over all this week we have learned a lot in
regards to many different kind of drugs.
Reference
Doweiko, H. E. (2015). Concepts of Chemical Dependency.
Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
2. COUN class related to the video about Helen----(2) 100 word
replies
2a. SR 100 word reply (HEADER)
Question 2: ”Helen identifies the automatic thought “he will
resent me,” and Dr. Lundgren extends this thought to include
“and it will be horrible if he resented you.” What other
automatic thoughts can you identify? Explain which of the 3
automatic thought types each thought relates to. How would you
work with these thoughts?”
Helen’s first automatic thought she had was, “he would be more
resentful if it was a waste of time”, to which Dr. Lundgren at
first assumed verbally that she had meant to say or been saying
“he will resent me”, which Helen confirmed was a real feeling
8. she was having internally and automatically. Helen mentioned
within the analysis of that automatic thought, “he is a jerk” to
the question of “what evidence exists of his resentfulness”. Dr.
Lundgren laughed in a friendly matter, letting Helen know that
would not be evidence, but “Labeling”, which Helen recognized
and seemed to dismiss as if she were kidding and not serious
about the thought, but it was a real thought. Another automatic
thought Helen had was that the classes would be a waste of
time, which she then said was linked to her feeling that if they
were it would increase the amount of her husband’s resentment
toward her.
Of the three automatic thought types discussed in our text
(Murdock, p. 322, 2013), the automatic thought of Helen’s
husband being resentful would fall in the category of “accurate,
but the conclusion drawn is distorted” because Helen is
thinking, “if I take these classes and ask my husband to watch
the kids, he will resent me”. The automatic thought Helen has
that her husband is a jerk, would be a “distorted thought that
(is) contrary to available objective evidence”. This is because,
what makes someone a jerk is subjective and labeling and there
can be no evidence for, psychologically and definitively
speaking because this automatic thought is expressing an
emotion of her dislike for the attitude of her husband causing
her vocabulary to express her dislike of who her husband is as a
person. The third automatic thought discussed of Helen thinking
the class could be a waste of time would be a thought that is
“accurate, but dysfunctional”, the thought could be true, but it
may decrease her motivation (Murdock, p. 322, 2013) to go or
distract from what is important about the class which is getting
out and meeting people and fulfilling the purpose Helen feels
she has and gifts that she has.
2b. SE 100 word reply(HEADER)
Automatic thoughts are normal and depending on content, they
can either be functional or dysfunctional (Murdock,
2013). Content of belief appears to be highly influential in the
relationship between automatic thoughts (AT) and irrational
9. beliefs (IB). Meta-analysis results indicate a relatively strong
relationship between irrational beliefs and the functionality of
automatic thoughts, higher levels of IBs being associated with
more dysfunctional ATs (Şoflău & David, 2017). In the
Cognitive Therapy session, Dr. Lundgren mentions that with
automatic thought, there is often as physiological sensation or
intense emotional response (Pearson, n.d.). Murdock (2013),
explains ATs to be a sort of “short hand,” or swift, evaluative
stamen of thought that exists alongside conscious thought.
Three general types of ATs are distorted thoughts without
objective, supportive evidence, accurate thoughts with distorted
conclusions, and accurate but dysfunctional thoughts. The first
example is the most common and the last type tend to contribute
to reluctance and/or anxiety in completing tasks (Murdock,
2013).
Aside from the given example of, “he will resent me,” there
were a few other instances of dysfunctional ATs in the video
(Pearson, n.d.). Helen responded with an AT when Dr.
Lundgren gave an example of what Automatic thoughts are. Dr.
Lundgren used the example of a friend not responding to a
greeting. Helen said that she would think the friend was made
at her and wondered if she should call. This is an example of
the first type of AT, in that there appears to be no objective and
supportive evidence as to why the friend would be mad at
her. Helen’s comment that her husband would be mad at her for
asking to help with the kids while she took the class also falls
into this first type. This example fits the third type of AT as
well as Helen saying that watching the kids was an imposition
on her husband. These ATs make Helen feel anxious and
reluctant to ask her husband. She has another AT couple with
IB when roleplaying how she would ask her husband for
help. She starts by saying, “I know you probably don’t want to
do this…” There is some evidence that watching the kids has
been problematic for him in the past but as Helen came to
realize, he may truly have work he must complete. By default,
this example would fall into type one. Another example of AT
10. is when Helen said taking the weekend class would be
dumb. Her reasoning was that she had already received her
Master’s degree in Fine Arts. She also noted that the class
would help her get the ball rolling to begin work again. I would
classify this as the second type of AT. While there is some
truth to her not needing the class for educational purposes, her
conclusion of it being dumb is distorted.
Murdock, N.L. (2013). Theories of counseling and
psychotherapy: A case approach (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle
Creek, NJ: Pearson
Pearson Learning
Solution
s. (Producer), & Lundgren, J.D. (Presenter). (n.d.). Cognitive
Therapy Session. Retrieved
fromhttp://media.pearsoncmg.com/pcp/21270572125/index.html
?wf=1&item=3
Şoflău, R. & David, D.O. (2017). A Meta-Analytical Approach
of the Relationships Between the Irrationality of Beliefs and the
Functionality of Automatic Thoughts 41: 2:178.
doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9812-y