part one

1. Research Methodology
Kaleab Tesfaye
(BSC, MPH)
Hawassa
1

2. Introduction to Research
What is research?
 Research is a scientific inquiry aimed at
learning new but existing facts,
testing ideas/hypothesis and
responding to a given specific question or come
up with problem solving product.
 It is the systematic collection, analysis and
interpretation of data to generate new
knowledge and answer a certain question
or solve a problem.
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3.  Health Research is a systematic
collection, analysis and interpretation of
data to solve a health problem.
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4. Importance of Research
What are the importance of
research?
◦ Discuss in groups and report your
answers. (2mints)
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5. Importance …
Research provides all aspects of
information
◦ for planning
◦ implementation of a health programs
It is used to solve particular existing
problems.
Development of evidence based practice.
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6.  Importance …
To provide quality and cost effective
health care.
To describe, explain, predict and control
the phenomena central to health care
service.
Understanding of clients and families
experiences with health and illness.
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7. Characteristics of research
 It demands a clear statement of the
problem
 It requires a plan
 It builds on existing data, using both
positive and negative findings
 New data should be collected as
required and be organized in such a way
that they answer the research
question(s). 8/4/2022 7

8. Types of Research
A. Based on population involved:
Individual & sub-individual level
researches
Biomedical & clinical research
Population level researches
Epidemiologic & Health System
research
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9. Level of
Analysis
Object of Analysis
Conditions Responses
Individual &
sub-
individual
Biomedical Research
 Basic biological processes,
 structure & function of the
human body,
 pathological mechanisms
Clinical Research
•Efficacy of prevention,
•Diagnostic
procedures,
•Therapeutic
procedures,
•Natural history of
diseases
Population Epidemiologic Research
 Frequency,
 Distribution, and
 Determinants of health)
Health Systems
research
•Effectiveness,
•Quality of services
•Costs of services,
•Development &
distribution of
resources for care )
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10. B. Based on Objective to be
achieved:
Basic/fundamental/pure research
 building knowledge
Applied /action/operational
research
 solution to problems
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11. Basic Research
 Its primary objective is the
advancement of knowledge and the
theoretical understanding of the
relations among variables.
 The terms “basic” or “fundamental”
indicate that, through theory
generation, it provides the foundation
for further, sometimes applied research.
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12. Applied research
 Is an original work undertaken in order
to acquire new knowledge with a
specific application in view.
 Is a research that seeks to solve
practical problems.
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13. C. Based on the type of data
collected
• Quantitative VS Qualitative
Researches
Or
• Primary (field) VS 20(desk)
researches
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14. Quantitative Research
 Is a type of research to investigate
things which we could observe and
measure in some way.
 Is common in the natural sciences
 Is more concerned with questions about:
how much? How many? How often?
To what extent?
 Uses deductive reasoning.
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15. Qualitative Research
Is concerned with developing explanations
of social phenomena
 studying human behavior and the social world
Qualitative research is concerned with
finding the answers to questions which
begin with: why? How? In what way?
Inductive reasoning – theory
development 8/4/2022 15

16. D. Based on specific objective
◦ Descriptive research
 It describes the state of affairs as it exists
◦ Explanatory research
 Establishes cause and effect relationship b/n
variables
 Reasoning is the purpose of explanatory
research
◦ Exploratory research
 Conducted when there are few or no earlier
studies to which reference can be made for
information
 It is less formal, sometimes even unstructured
and focus on gaining background information
& helps to better understand and clarify a
problem. 8/4/2022 16

17. E. Based on fields of study
◦ Natural science research
◦ Social science research
◦ Educational research
◦ Behavioral research
◦ Health science research
◦ Etc.
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18. Health System Research
Health System may be defined as:
 A set of cultural beliefs about health and
illness that forms the basis for health
seeking and health-promoting behaviour,
 The institutional arrangements within which
the health-seeking & health-promoting
behaviour occurs; and
 The socioeconomic (political) physical
context for those beliefs and institutions.
Health system research is the component of
health research w/c is concerned with
improving the health of a community.
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19. Guidelines for Health Service Research
Points to be considered in HSR undertaking:
 Should focus on priority problems in health care
 It should be action-oriented
 An integrated multi-disciplinary approach is
required
 The research should be participatory in nature
 Studies should be scheduled
 HSR must be timely.
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20. Cont…
simple, short-term research designs
should be used
It should be cost-effective
Evaluation of the research undertaken
should concentrate on:
its ability to influence policy,
improvement of services and ultimately lead to
better health, rather than on the number of
papers published.
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21. Research must be:
Purposeful: what do you want to be able
to contribute?
Targeted: Who are the audiences?
Credible: consider sources of
information, method of data collection,
personnel involved…
Timely: Is the information needed?
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22. Research Design
 Research design refers to the overall
structure or plan of the research.
 Study design is a logical model that
guides the investigator in the various
stages of the research process.
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23. Research Cycle
Planning
research
Implementing
Research
Disseminating Findings
Application
(Turning in to
action)
Problem
Identification
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24. 8/4/2022 24
Thanks