1 background planning efforts [autosaved]

Background on Urbanization and
Urban Planning Practice in Ethiopia
ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ
(ቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ)

ቀቀቀቀ/ቀ/ቀ/ቀ/
Novembe
ቀ
r 2013
1

1. Introduction
ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ
 Conceptual Explanation of urbanization
• ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ

• ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀ
 Dense settlement
ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ
• ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ
 Engagement in other economic activities,
ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀቀ than agriculture ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ
other ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀ ቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ
• ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ 32ቀ facilities
ቀቀቀቀቀ and
 Better
infrastructural
ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀ28-26 ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ
services
• ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀ ቀ7 ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀ


Heterogeneity ( diversity of culture)
2

1. Introduction


Urban
• Origin ofቀቀቀPlanning ቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀቀ
 ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ rooted in the settlements of
• The concept of urban planning is deeply ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀ
ancient civilizations.
 ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ
• Settlements grew into sizable centers in about 3500 B.C.
ቀቀቀቀ Indus valley , Yellow river, Asia Minor and the Nile
Mesopotamia, ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ Delta
are places where sizable settlement centers flourished.
• ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ 32ቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀ urban planning exercise were started in these places.
Elements of ቀቀቀ ቀ28-26 ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ
-Houses were laid out
• ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀto protect from noise and enhance residential
ቀቀ ቀ7 ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ
privacy, and many of them had water wells , paved Streets , well designed
& built houses, palaces, monuments, etc.
3

1.Introduction

•
•

The planning practices has undergone a number of
ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ
developmental stages namely:

ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀ
Ancient times- up to the ቀቀ the Romanቀቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ rise of ቀቀቀ Empire (27 BC)
• Classical -5th century AD( 27 BC-476 AD)
ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ
Medieval ( c. 350 AD-1450 AD)
ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ
Renaissance 14th-16th AD
 ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀ28-26 ቀቀቀ the end of 18th century in
Modern-After the industrial revolution at ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ
Europe and US.
4

1.Introduction
 “City Beautiful” movement of the US
“Garden city” Movement of Great Britain
•ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀ
 remarkable examples of efforts made to ቀቀቀ
ቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ ቀቀቀ ቀቀቀቀቀ improve - the
degraded urban environment caused by:
-Industry and commerce
- Concentration of population
-Urban activities
5

1.Introduction
A erial view o f Central Athens

6

1.Introduction
Vienna
Renaissance city planning.

7

Since the
creation of
human
settlements
squares,
green areas
and parks
were created
and used.
Palmanova, Italy
(1593 - 1623

2. DEFINITION ትትትትትት ትትትት
ትትትት OF RELATED TERMS AND CONCEPTS
An urban area is characterized by higher population density and vast human
• ትትት ትትት ትትትት ትት ትትትትት
features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities,
• ትትትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትትት
towns or conurbations.
Byትትትት ትትት the world population is expected to live in urban
2025 nearly 2/3rd of ትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት
centers.
• ትትትትት ትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
Many countries use a combination of criteria to define urban centers based
on ትትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
population size, population density, and the extent of the built-up area
Some depend on population size

ትትትት ትትትትት ትትት ትትትትት ትትት
-USA 2500 people ;
-UK 1000 ትት
ትትት people; ትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
-Liberia localities of 2000 or more habitants are
• ትትትትት ትትት or more habitants defined as urban.
-Green land localities of 200 ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
ትትት ትትት ት28-26 ትትት ትትትትትትት
Ethiopia any ትትትት population size of 2000 or above, of which
• -ትትትትlocality having a ትት ት7 ትትትት ትትት 50% of its
labor force is primarily engaged in non-agricultural activities is defined as urban.
ትትት ትትትትት ትትትትትት
10

2. DEFINITION ትትትትትት ትትትት
ትትትት OF RELATED TERMS AND CONCEPTS

URBAN PLANNING is a tool of urban management that helps answer the
questions of what? where? ትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት
ትትትት ትትት when? by whom? and how?
• ትትትትት the discipline of land-use organization which
Urban planning is ትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትdeals with
theትትት social, economic development, political and managerial aspects
physical, ትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
of urban areas;
ትትት ትት have been using it ትትትትት
Different countriesትትት ትትትት differently to suit their local
circumstances suchትትት ትትትት cultural,ትትትትት
• ትትትትት as economic, social, 32ት political, physical and
environmental issues.
• ትትትት ትትትት ትት ት7 ትትትት ትትት
11

3. THE NEED FOR URBANትትትት
ትትትት ትትትትትት PLANNING
A result of rapid urbanization.
ትትትት ትትትcentersትትት .ትትትትትትትት
To Make urban ትት livable
To efficiently use scarce resources.
ትትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
 To consider environmental degradation.
ትትት ትት ትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
To evenly distribute urban services
• ትትትትትsocio-economic issues.
To tackle ትትት ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
To Address all other urban problems .
12

ትትትት ትትትትትት ትትትት
4. Types of Urban Plans Practiced across the world
USA = Strategic Planning
ትትትት ትትት ትት ትትት Plan
Britain = Unitary Development ትትትትትትትት
South ትትት Integrated Development Plan(IDP)
ትትትAfrica = ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
Ethiopia = Structure Plan and Basic Plan
(LDP) as a
• ትትትትት ትትት transition 32ት ትትትትት
ትትትት
Japan = Master Plan
Brazil = Development plan
13

5. Trends of Urbanization in Ethiopia
• ትትት ትትት ትትትት
Axumite Era- 1st AD – 12th AD

ትት ትትትትት
Zagwe era- 1150 AD – 1270 AD
ትትትት ትትት ትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት
The period of wandering capitals (1270-1636)
The Gonderian period (1632-1855)
From Menelik II to ትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
ትትት ትት the Fascist occupation (1889-1935)
• ትትትትት Italian occupation (1935-41)
The period of the ትትት ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
From liberation to the outbreak of the revolution(1941-74)
From 1991-Present
14

5. Trends of Urbanization in Ethiopia ( cont’d)
• From liberation to the outbreak of the revolution (1941-74)
ትትት ትትት ትትትት ትት ትትትትት

 ትትትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትትት
• ትትት 21/1934( ትትት ትትት 20/1934)
 ትትትት 9/1934
ትትትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትትትት ትትትትት

ትትትትት ትትትትትት( ት.ትት ትትትት)

ትትትት ትት ትትትትትት
ትትት ትትት ትትትት ትትትት ትትት ት/ትትትት ትትትት

ትት.ት ትትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትትትት

ትትትትት ትትትትት
ትትትት ትትትትትትትትትት ትትትትት ትትት
ትትት ትትት ትት/ትትት ትትትት
ትትትትት
 ትትትት 21/1937( ትትት ትትት 74/1937)
ት1937 ት.ት ትትትትት ትትትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
ትት ትትትትትት
• ትትትትት ትትት ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
ትትት ትትት

ትትትት ትትትት ትትትት ትትትትትት ትትትትትትት
ትትት ትትት ት28-26 ትትት---105 ትትትት

ትትትት ትት (municipalities) ትትት ትትትት ትትትት (ት.ት.ት
ትትትትት ትትትት ትትትትትትትትትት)…(6 ትትትት)

ትትትትት ትት ትትትት ( townships)
o
1ት ትትት(27)
o
o

2ት ትትት(42)
3ት ትትት(30)

15

5. Trends of Urbanization in Ethiopia(cont’d)
1ትትትት
• ትትትትትትት ትትትት ትት ትትትትት 3ት ትትት
ትትት 2ት ትትት ትትትት
ትትትት
ትትት
ትትት
ትትት
•ትትትት -- ትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትትት
ትትትትት -ትት --ትትት --ትትት -ትትትትትት - -ትትት
-ትትትት
ትትት
- ትት
-ትትትትትትት
-ትትት
- ትትትት
-ትት
- ትትትት
- ትትት
- ትትት
-ትት
- ትት
-ትት
- ትትት
- ትትት
- ትትትትት
-ትትት
- ትት
-ትትት
- ትትትትት
- ትትትት
- ትትት
-ትትትት
- ትት
- ትትትት
-ትትትት
- ትት
- ትትትትት
-ትትት
- ትት
-ትትት/ትት/ -ትትትት
- ትትትት
- ትት
-ትትትትት
- ትትትት - ትትትት
- ትትትትት
- ትትት
-ትትት
- ትት
- ትትት
- ትት
- ትትትትት
-ትትት
- ትትት
-ትትት
- ትትት
-ትትትትትት/ትትትት/ - ትት
-ትትት
- ትትት
-ትትት
- ትትት-ትትትት
- ትትት
• ትትትትትትትት
ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
-ትትት
- ትትት
-ትትት
- ትትት
-ትትት
- ትት
-ትትትት
- ትትት
-ትትትትት
- ትትት
-ትትት
- ትትት ትት
-ት/ትትትት
- ትትት
-ትትትት
- ትትትት
-ት/ትት
- ትት
- ትትት
ትትት ትትትትት -ትትት
ትትትትትት - ትትትትትት
-ት/ትትት
- ትትትትት
-ትትት
-ት/ትትትት
-ትትትትት

- ትትትትትት
-ትትትት
- ትትት
-ትት

- ትትትት
- ትትትትት
16

6. Trends of Urban Planning in Ethiopia
Residential quarters ትትትትትትት
• ትትትትት into native and European quartersትትት ትትትት
South ward dev’t by abandoning the north
The ትትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
plans of Addis Ababa, Gonder and few other urban centers were addressed during the Italian
invasion and in the 1940’s.
Sir Patrick Abercrombie also prepared plan for Addis Ababa -1954-56
Schematic
ትትት topographicትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
ትት data
No reliable
Ring road
Bolten Hennessy and Partners ( 1959), British architects
 topographic map of acceptable standard
Elaboration of the ring road
Geen belt around the city
Satellite towns(Repi,Gefersa,Kaliti,kotebe &Kolfe and Bole – semi-satelite)
Decentralized industrial zones

Empress Taitu and/or Emperor Minilik’s effort to lay out formal settlement pattern around
Filwouha ( Addis Ababa)in 1887.
The sketch plan (master plan) for Addis Ababa was prepared by the French architect Le
Corbusier in 1936.
Guidi and C.Valle in 1937

17

6. Trends of Urban Planning in Ethiopia (cont’d)

A French led by De Marien also prepared the master plan of Addis Ababa in 1965
with special emphasis on the Churchill road.
Churchill road widening
Visual relationship b/n the city hall and the rail way station

It was in 1967 that considerable planning efforts were made to address the planning
• ትትትትት ትትትትትትት
issues of 40 towns by the Italian consulting team.ትትት ትትትት
In ትትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት was
the 1970's( soon after the revolution) the Addis Ababa master plan
once again articulated by a Hungarian ትትትትት ትትት Polonyi
ትትትት ትትትትት ትትት planner Professor C.K.
proposed:
ትትት on Meskelትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
emphasis ትት Square.
- Local experts participated
Defined the urban rural linkage
A megalopolis dev’t b/n Addis Abab ትትት ትትትትትትት
ትትት ትትት ት28-26 and Adama- creatinig a continuous linear dev’t.
It was in the 1970’s that the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing (MUDH)
• established to ትትትት ትት ት7 ትትትት ትትት
wasትትትት guide the development of urban centers by preparing urban plans.
Following the establishment of the Addis Ababa Master Plan Project Office
(AAMPPO), for the preparation of AA master plan; NUPI came into being in 1987 .
18

Urban Panning Practices in Ethiopia

Urban Panning Practices in Ethiopia

20

Recent Urbanization Trend
• ትትት ትትት ትትትት ትት ትትትትት
Fast urbanization rate
• ትትትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትትት
According to 2011 UN report the level of urbanization is:

World Average 52.1%
 developed countries 77.7%
 Africa 39.6%
Ethiopia 17%
Rate of Urbanization(2011)
 World Average 1.97%
developed countries 0.67%
• ትትትትት ትትት2.43%
developing countries ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
 Africa ትትት
ትትት 3.23% ት28-26 ትትት ትትትትትትት
Ethiopia 3.57%
• ትትትት ትትትት ትት ት7 ትትትት ትትት
The result of fast Economic development
ትትት proclamations and regulations are being
Different ትትትትት ትትትትትት

prepared

21

7. ትትትት ትትትትትት ትትትት
URBAN PLANNING APPROACHES AND EXPERIENCES
IN ETHIOPIA

Earlier times
Master Plan :ትትትትትትት also called ‘Statutory Plan’.
• ትትትትት Earlier approach, ትትት ትትትት
Life span 20 years
ትትት and detail
Rigid ትት ትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
Focuses more on spatial aspects
Not participatory
22

IN ETHIOPIA ( cont’d)

Development plan: content wise it was more or less similar as that of the
• ትትትትትbasic element that makes Development plan different from
Master plan. One ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትትት
theትትትት is :
master plan ትትት ትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት
planning period of 10 years.
It pays due attention to socio-economic aspects.
The study is made holistically.
Integrated Development Plan (IDP)-ትትትትት ትትት
ትትትት ትትትትት ትትት A South African Model
Similar as that of the Development plan
Highly participatory
Integrated approach
Considers cross ት28-26 ( HIV/AIDS, Equity-women, disadvantaged
ትትት ትትትcutting Issuesትትት ትትትትትትት etc.)
Action Plan: short term- implementation oriented plan.
• ትትትት ትትትት5 ትት ት7 ትትትት ትትት
 Its planning period is years.
the professional mix of ትትትትትት
ትትት ትትትትት the study team is limited.
Focuses on strategic areas( sites).

23


• ትትት ትትት ትትትት ትት ትትትትት
Rectification of the planning approach
• ትትትትት known as 'Guide Plan’, 'System Plan', ትትትትትት
Structure Plan: also ትትትትትትትት ትትት 'Framework Plan’, and
‘Growth Indicativeትትት ትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት
Plan’.
ትትትት plan
A framework
It is defined as a ትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
• ትትትትትtype of plan with broader growth directions.
 It has a time horizon of 10 years.
implemented in urban ትትትትትትትት
ትትት ትትት centers above 20,000 population ትትት ትትትት
Flexible ( gives room to zoning change)
ትትትት ትትትትትaትትት between a city-wide long term urban
Local Development Plan(LDP): is transition ትትትትት ትትት
ትትት ትት process of ትትትት of urban plans.
plan and projects in theትትት implementationትትትትት
- Detail plan up to block level
puts urban functions at neighborhood level
Basic plan: is a type of plan prepared ትትትtowns having a population between
ትትት ትትት ት28-26 for small ትትትትትትት
2000-20,0000.
Detail plan
Easily implementable
ትትትprofessional mix
Limited ትትትትት ትትትትትት
24


Urban Design :
Urban design is essentially a process by which quality in the
built environment is facilitated.
It is the art of place making or city building; the process of shaping the
physical setting for life in cities, towns, villages....
Urban Design is ‘the relationship between different buildings and the
streets, squares, parks, waterways and other spaces which make up:
 the public ትትት
• ትትትትትdomain; ትትትት 32ት ትትትትት
 the relationship of one part of a town or city with other parts;
ትትት ትትትmovement and activity.ትትትትትትት
the patterns of ት28-26 ትትት
25

ትትትት ትትትትትት Afterward
8. Planning in the 1980's andትትትት
This period was characterized by:
• The involvement of more and more local experts in urban planning,
ትትትት sphere begun to involve professionals from
• The planning ትትት ትት ትትት ትትትትትትትት various
• disciplines,
ትትትትት ትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
• The establishment of central urban plan making body in the country,
ትትት of the scope and contents of urban ትትት ትትትት
• Fine-tuningትትት ትትትትትትትትplans,
• Public access for the urban plans was being facilitated ,
• Paradigm-shifts in ትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
ትትት ትት the approaches of planning,
• Urban planning was being decentralized to regional governments,
• Greater number of urban centers were addressed by different types of urban plans,
• The private sector started to take partትትት ትትትትትትት
ትትት ትትት ት28-26 in the preparation of urban plans,
• With the objective of deepening decentralization in urban planning, regions have
• been capacitated in terms of ትት ት7them with the necessary equipment,
ትትትት ትትትት equipping ትትትት ትትት
trainings, etc.
26

9. Drawbacks of the Plans ትትትት
ትትትት ትትትትትት
• Despite efforts ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትትትት
ትትትትት made in Planning, they could not successfully be
implemented . The following could be noted as basic shortcomings of the
plans:
The plans ትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
• ትትትትትhad no proper legal backing,
They focused
ትትት ትትትon physical/spatial aspect ትትት ትትትት
ትትትትትትትት with little emphasis on
socio-economic and environmental, issues.
Urban-rural linkages were not exhaustively considered,
Public participation & ትትትት ትትትትት
ትትት ትት ትትት accessibility of plans to the general public is
limited or not properly handled. In some cases it was seen as a secret
political instrument , etc.
ትትት ትትት some of the plans were longer or not respected as
The time horizons ofት28-26 ትትት ትትትትትትት
• per the time set.
ትትትት ትትትት ትት ት7 ትትትት ትትት
27

10. Challenges and Prospects

Challenges
•Experience in the area of Urban plan preparation is not equally developed
in all regions( particularly in emerging regions),
•ትትት of urban plans are experienced at various levels,
Violation ትትት ትትትትትትትት ትትት ትትትት
•ትትትት ትትትትት ትትት ትትትትት ትትት
Drain of experienced professionals is leading to lose of institutional
ትትት
memory, ትት ትትት ትትትት ትትትትት
•Some of the regional planning institutions/departments lack the desired
professionals and basic equipments and logistics,
•Problem of legal backing in enforcing the various plans.
28

10. Challenges and Prospects(Cont’d)

Prospects
•Government’s economic and industrial policy
stimulates the urbanization process.
•More and more professionals are joining the planning
sector.
•Capacitating regionalትትትት ትትትትት have gained
ትትት ትት ትትት planning institutions
attention .
• The involvement of theትትት ትትትትትትት a wide
ትትት ትትት ት28-26 private sector creates
range of expertise in the preparation of urban plans.
•Preparation of manuals and regulations to bridge the

gaps identified in plan preparation and implementation.
29

30

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