There are no specific Iranian laws regulating payments to commercial intermediaries for military or non-military sales to the government. There are also no legal restrictions on discounts, fees, commissions or place/currency of payment for commercial intermediaries. Agreements with definite durations will expire according to their terms without additional procedures, but early termination may require foreseeable provisions. Commercial intermediaries are not considered employees or entitled to severance pay unless the relationship is deemed an employment under Iranian law.
This document summarizes restrictions and guidelines around providing gifts, meals, and reimbursing travel expenses for government officials in Iran according to Iranian law. It notes that there are no restrictions on the value of gifts or meals that can be given to government officials in Iran. When reimbursing travel expenses for government officials, benchmarks like the U.S. Department of State rates or Iran's Council of Ministers Decree categorizing countries into groups for reimbursement rates can provide guidance. The document was prepared by the law firm Torossian, Avanessian & Associates based in Tehran, Iran.
The summary is as follows:
1. The U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 aims to overhaul the U.K.'s bribery laws and go beyond the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in several respects, such as prohibiting both commercial and public bribery.
2. The Bribery Act imposes strict liability on corporations for failing to prevent bribery by persons associated with the corporation, unless the corporation can prove it had adequate procedures in place to prevent such bribery.
3. Key differences between the FCPA and the Bribery Act include: the Bribery Act prohibits facilitation payments, imposes liability on both parties
What are the signs of domestic violence?
• Destructive criticism and verbal abuse: shouting/mocking/accusing/name calling/verbally threatening.
• Pressure tactics: sulking, threatening to withhold money, disconnect the telephone, take the car away, commit suicide, take the children away, report you to welfare agencies unless you comply with his demands regarding bringing up the children, lying to your friends and family about you, telling you that you have no choice in any decisions.
• Disrespect: persistently putting you down in front of other people, not listening or responding when you talk, interrupting your telephone calls, taking money from your purse without asking, refusing to help with childcare or housework.
• Breaking trust: lying to you, withholding information from you, being jealous, having other relationships, breaking promises and shared agreements.
• Isolation: monitoring or blocking your telephone calls, telling you where you can and cannot go, preventing you from seeing friends and relatives.
• Harassment: following you, checking up on you, opening your mail, repeatedly checking to see who has telephoned you, embarrassing you in public.
• Threats: making angry gestures, using physical size to intimidate, shouting you down, destroying your possessions, breaking things, punching walls, wielding a knife or a gun, threatening to kill or harm you and the children.
• Sexual violence: using force, threats or intimidation to make you perform sexual acts, having sex with you when you don't want to have sex, any degrading treatment based on your sexual orientation.
• Physical violence: punching, slapping, hitting, biting, pinching, kicking, pulling hair out, pushing, shoving, burning, strangling.
• Denial: saying the abuse doesn't happen, saying you caused the abusive behavior, being publicly gentle and patient, crying and begging for forgiveness, saying it will never happen again.
Lloyd Pierre-Louis presented "2015 Ohio Ballot Issues" to the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission on October 27, 2015.
The presentation discussed important issues on the ballot for Ohio voters.
False personation laws have been enacted at both the state and federal levels to prevent individuals from falsely assuming another person's identity to gain benefits or cause harm. Prior to 1998, these crimes were prosecuted under false personation statutes, but the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 made identity theft a separate federal crime with increased penalties of up to 15 years in prison. Subsequent laws like the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act of 2004 and Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act of 2008 further strengthened penalties for identity theft and provided restitution for victims.
Gray's Summary of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Gray International (Gray) is an international network of public accounting and consulting firms based in the U.S., Hong Kong, China and Europe. Gray was started over 10 years ago in the U.S. (via its predecessor) and took the form of Gray International in 2013 as the result of the networking of multiple independent practices and professionals.
Gray provides international accounting and compliance solutions in the U.S., Americas, Asia and Europe. Gray focuses on U.S. accounting, tax, and governmental compliance for multinational companies, investors, U.S. persons living overseas and foreign investors and companies investing in or moving to the U.S.
Gray also consults on compliance with U.S. laws for businesses and financial institutions overseas such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), the IRS Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program, and the Program for Non-Prosecution Agreements or Non-Target letters for Swiss Banks.
Grays principals, partners, and employees have served clients worldwide. Gray has offices in Geneva, Hong Kong, Seattle, Shanghai and plans to open an office in Singapore in late 2013.
Grays U.S. public accounting firm (Gray CPA, PC) is registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Center for Audit Quality.
For more information about us, please visit us at:
www.grayintl.com
This document summarizes restrictions and guidelines around providing gifts, meals, and reimbursing travel expenses for government officials in Iran according to Iranian law. It notes that there are no restrictions on the value of gifts or meals that can be given to government officials in Iran. When reimbursing travel expenses for government officials, benchmarks like the U.S. Department of State rates or Iran's Council of Ministers Decree categorizing countries into groups for reimbursement rates can provide guidance. The document was prepared by the law firm Torossian, Avanessian & Associates based in Tehran, Iran.
The summary is as follows:
1. The U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 aims to overhaul the U.K.'s bribery laws and go beyond the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in several respects, such as prohibiting both commercial and public bribery.
2. The Bribery Act imposes strict liability on corporations for failing to prevent bribery by persons associated with the corporation, unless the corporation can prove it had adequate procedures in place to prevent such bribery.
3. Key differences between the FCPA and the Bribery Act include: the Bribery Act prohibits facilitation payments, imposes liability on both parties
What are the signs of domestic violence?
• Destructive criticism and verbal abuse: shouting/mocking/accusing/name calling/verbally threatening.
• Pressure tactics: sulking, threatening to withhold money, disconnect the telephone, take the car away, commit suicide, take the children away, report you to welfare agencies unless you comply with his demands regarding bringing up the children, lying to your friends and family about you, telling you that you have no choice in any decisions.
• Disrespect: persistently putting you down in front of other people, not listening or responding when you talk, interrupting your telephone calls, taking money from your purse without asking, refusing to help with childcare or housework.
• Breaking trust: lying to you, withholding information from you, being jealous, having other relationships, breaking promises and shared agreements.
• Isolation: monitoring or blocking your telephone calls, telling you where you can and cannot go, preventing you from seeing friends and relatives.
• Harassment: following you, checking up on you, opening your mail, repeatedly checking to see who has telephoned you, embarrassing you in public.
• Threats: making angry gestures, using physical size to intimidate, shouting you down, destroying your possessions, breaking things, punching walls, wielding a knife or a gun, threatening to kill or harm you and the children.
• Sexual violence: using force, threats or intimidation to make you perform sexual acts, having sex with you when you don't want to have sex, any degrading treatment based on your sexual orientation.
• Physical violence: punching, slapping, hitting, biting, pinching, kicking, pulling hair out, pushing, shoving, burning, strangling.
• Denial: saying the abuse doesn't happen, saying you caused the abusive behavior, being publicly gentle and patient, crying and begging for forgiveness, saying it will never happen again.
Lloyd Pierre-Louis presented "2015 Ohio Ballot Issues" to the Mid-Ohio Regional Planning Commission on October 27, 2015.
The presentation discussed important issues on the ballot for Ohio voters.
False personation laws have been enacted at both the state and federal levels to prevent individuals from falsely assuming another person's identity to gain benefits or cause harm. Prior to 1998, these crimes were prosecuted under false personation statutes, but the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act of 1998 made identity theft a separate federal crime with increased penalties of up to 15 years in prison. Subsequent laws like the Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act of 2004 and Identity Theft Enforcement and Restitution Act of 2008 further strengthened penalties for identity theft and provided restitution for victims.
Gray's Summary of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act.
Gray International (Gray) is an international network of public accounting and consulting firms based in the U.S., Hong Kong, China and Europe. Gray was started over 10 years ago in the U.S. (via its predecessor) and took the form of Gray International in 2013 as the result of the networking of multiple independent practices and professionals.
Gray provides international accounting and compliance solutions in the U.S., Americas, Asia and Europe. Gray focuses on U.S. accounting, tax, and governmental compliance for multinational companies, investors, U.S. persons living overseas and foreign investors and companies investing in or moving to the U.S.
Gray also consults on compliance with U.S. laws for businesses and financial institutions overseas such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), the IRS Offshore Voluntary Disclosure Program, and the Program for Non-Prosecution Agreements or Non-Target letters for Swiss Banks.
Grays principals, partners, and employees have served clients worldwide. Gray has offices in Geneva, Hong Kong, Seattle, Shanghai and plans to open an office in Singapore in late 2013.
Grays U.S. public accounting firm (Gray CPA, PC) is registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and the Center for Audit Quality.
For more information about us, please visit us at:
www.grayintl.com
Although white collar crimes are non-violent offenses. They are criminal offenses nonetheless and can be punished just as harshly as other, more well-know crimes; a basic understanding of some of the more common white - collar crimes might prevent you from unknowingly participating in one . Learn more about white collar crimes in California in this presentation.
This document outlines a "Declaration of NonTaxpayer Rights" that asserts the rights of "non-taxpayers" who are not subject to federal jurisdiction or the Internal Revenue Code. It claims the IRS will respect constitutional rights, require consent, maintain privacy and due process, provide representation and appeals, emphasize service over revenue collection, and waive certain penalties. It warns against voluntarily subjecting oneself to federal jurisdiction and claims the IRS cannot be trusted based on its own internal documents. The document is presented as if written by the IRS itself outlining new policies and procedures for how it will treat non-taxpayers.
The newsletter discusses 3 main topics: 1) Company liquidations and whether they should be used primarily for debt collection given a recent court case. 2) A new government directive cutting salaries for state-owned enterprises and the legal issues it raises. 3) Protections for borrowers provided under Zimbabwe's new Microfinance Act, including requirements for loan agreements and a borrowers' right to complain.
MICHAEL BROWN EVIDENCE OPINION State of Missouri vs. Darren WilsonKen Williams
This document provides the qualifications and background of a retired homicide detective. It notes that he worked for the Brockton Police Department from 1995-2010 and is now employed by the Plymouth County Sheriff's Department Crime Lab. It details his experience and training in homicide investigation, interrogation, and crime scene processing. It emphasizes the importance of police integrity, accountability, and impartial enforcement of the law.
Dark money refers to undisclosed political donations meant to influence elections. Senate Bill 1516 rewrote Arizona's campaign finance laws, making it easier for dark money groups to operate. Citizens have the right to refer laws to the ballot through a petition process. This campaign aims to gather enough signatures to refer SB 1516 to the November ballot, where voters can repeal the law. While there are other initiatives addressing campaign finance reform, this referendum focuses solely on repealing SB 1516 in order to restore transparency to political donations in Arizona.
This document summarizes public procurement laws and processes in Vietnam. It discusses the key laws and regulations governing public procurement, including the bidding process. It outlines the steps involved in bidding for a public tender, including how to access tender documents and opportunities, requirements for bid submission, and processes after contract award. It also provides an overview of Vietnam's regulatory framework and procedures for filing complaints related to the public procurement process. Reforms to improve transparency and compliance with international standards are recommended.
The Johnson Law Firm aggressively pursues claims against intoxicated drivers who cause wrecks, and the businesses that served them the liquor. To discuss your legal options, contact our offices in Pikeville, Kentucky, today to speak with a knowledgeable drunk driver accident lawyer.
Dui in Illinois: What Is Impaired Driving?Joe Pioletti
Impaired driving occurs when an individual operates a vehicle while under the influence of drugs or alcohol that impair the individual’s ability to operate the vehicle in a safe manner.
This article discusses four US laws beyond the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) that can be used to prosecute foreign bribery cases: (1) the Money Laundering Control Act, which makes money laundering a separate offense and allows for heavier penalties than the FCPA; (2) the Travel Act, which prohibits using interstate commerce to support unlawful activities like bribery and enables prosecution of commercial bribery; (3) the mail and wire fraud statutes, which bring otherwise local crimes into federal jurisdiction; and (4) the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), which prohibits using an enterprise to pursue patterns of criminal acts including bribery
The Legal 500: Bribery and Corruption Comparative Guide 2018Matheson Law Firm
Claire McLoughlin and Karen Reynolds, Partners in the Commercial Litigation and Dispute Resolution Department and Co-heads of the Regulatory and Investigations Group, co-author the Ireland chapter for The Legal 500: Bribery and Corruption Comparative Guide 2018.
This document compares the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the UK Bribery Act 2010. The FCPA only prohibits bribery of foreign public officials, while the UK Bribery Act prohibits both public and private sector bribery. The UK Act also has broader territorial reach and can prosecute foreign companies or individuals. Both laws prohibit active bribery directly or indirectly through intermediaries, but the UK Act also prohibits passive bribery. Facilitation payments are permitted under the FCPA but prohibited under the UK Act. The UK Act also has a strict liability offense for companies that fail to prevent bribery by persons associated with the organization.
1) The document discusses state and local law enforcement's role in enforcing immigration laws. It notes that while the federal government is responsible for immigration enforcement, they lack the resources to do so effectively.
2) It examines how some state and local law enforcement agencies have taken on immigration enforcement duties through programs like 287(g). This allows them to identify and detain undocumented immigrants.
3) However, taking on immigration enforcement can be problematic as it diverts resources away from other law enforcement responsibilities and may damage relationships with immigrant communities. Effective policies and oversight are needed.
Richard Mardo to Members of Parliaments of the World (07.25.2013) @MundoVenteDespiertaVenezuela
This document is a letter from Venezuelan opposition parliament members to members of parliaments worldwide regarding attacks on parliamentary immunity in Venezuela in the case of Representative Richard Mardo. The letter summarizes that Mardo has been accused of corruption based on forged documents from his political opponents. His immunity is set to be removed on July 30th in violation of constitutional procedures, effectively blocking him from running in upcoming elections. The letter requests international condemnation of these actions that undermine democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela.
The Reid-Schumer-Menendez Conceptual Proposal for Immigration reformjenkan04
The document summarizes a proposed comprehensive immigration reform plan from Democratic senators. Key points include:
- Providing benefits to same-sex partners of citizens and eliminating family visa backlogs.
- Delaying legalization until border security benchmarks are met, like increasing border patrol.
- Creating a pathway to citizenship after 8 years if requirements are met, including paying taxes and passing background checks.
- Reforming visa programs and allowing some agricultural/lower-skilled workers and foreign STEM graduates to apply for citizenship.
US SALT Alert: IL Amends Click-Through Nexus Statutes to Address Internet Tax...Alex Baulf
On August 26, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn approved legislation that amends the state’s sales and use tax click-through nexus statutes. In 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court held in Performance Marketing Association, Inc. v. Hamer that the state’s click-through nexus statutes were void and unenforceable due to the federal prohibition against discriminatory state taxes on electronic commerce contained in the Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA).The legislation addresses this decision by expanding the nexus provisions to include situations where potential customers are referred to out-of-state retailers by a promotional code or other mechanism beyond an Internet link that allows the retailer to track purchases. Also, the legislation adds provisions that permit the retailer to rebut the presumption of nexus. This legislation is effective January 1, 2015.
The Driver License Compact is an interstate agreement used by the District of Columbia and 44 states to exchange information concerning license suspensions and traffic violations of non-residents and forward them to the state where they are licensed known as the home state. Are you from one of the 44 states where you can be penalized for an out of state offense?
Recall Elections and Anti Party Hopping Law (for JK Dasar dan Manifesto Keadi...Danesh Prakash Chacko
On 6th September 2021, I was invited by selected PKR Members of Parliament to do a comparison between recall elections and anti party hopping law to manage political defections. These are my slides for my 20 minute presentation and I would like to stress that readers must read the Moving forward, References and Appendices closely
The ANC National Officials met to receive a briefing from Secretary General Ace Magashule about summons to appear in court on charges related to his time as Premier of the Free State province. Magashule assured Officials he will fully cooperate with law enforcement and present himself in court. He also expressed that he does not want individuals or groups marching or printing materials in his name. The Officials wish all ANC structures to respect this and the rule of law. The Officials will ensure Magashule receives a fair legal process and call on society to allow the law to take its course.
This document summarizes some frequently asked ethics questions regarding client trust accounts. It provides concise answers to questions about determining if a financial institution is approved to hold trust accounts, how to handle payments that contain both earned and advance fees, what to do with excess funds paid by a third party, and whether fees due to another attorney under a division of fees agreement can be held in a lawyer's trust account. The summary addresses key issues lawyers often have about complying with rules regarding proper handling of client funds.
Over 200 new laws went into effect on January 1st. Some of them directly impact judicial proceedings and the people who interact with the court system.
This document is a thesis submitted by Samuel Fikiri Cinini to the University of KwaZulu-Natal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Social Sciences degree. The thesis explores the victimization vulnerability of foreign nationals in the city of Durban, South Africa. It begins with acknowledgements and an introduction that defines key concepts and provides historical context on migration. The problem formulation section outlines the legal, socio-economic and criminal justice issues relevant to foreign nationals' victimization risk. The study aims to understand foreign nationals' experiences of victimization and discrimination in Durban and the factors influencing their vulnerability. It employs both theoretical frameworks and a review of empirical studies on migrants' experiences globally and
Although white collar crimes are non-violent offenses. They are criminal offenses nonetheless and can be punished just as harshly as other, more well-know crimes; a basic understanding of some of the more common white - collar crimes might prevent you from unknowingly participating in one . Learn more about white collar crimes in California in this presentation.
This document outlines a "Declaration of NonTaxpayer Rights" that asserts the rights of "non-taxpayers" who are not subject to federal jurisdiction or the Internal Revenue Code. It claims the IRS will respect constitutional rights, require consent, maintain privacy and due process, provide representation and appeals, emphasize service over revenue collection, and waive certain penalties. It warns against voluntarily subjecting oneself to federal jurisdiction and claims the IRS cannot be trusted based on its own internal documents. The document is presented as if written by the IRS itself outlining new policies and procedures for how it will treat non-taxpayers.
The newsletter discusses 3 main topics: 1) Company liquidations and whether they should be used primarily for debt collection given a recent court case. 2) A new government directive cutting salaries for state-owned enterprises and the legal issues it raises. 3) Protections for borrowers provided under Zimbabwe's new Microfinance Act, including requirements for loan agreements and a borrowers' right to complain.
MICHAEL BROWN EVIDENCE OPINION State of Missouri vs. Darren WilsonKen Williams
This document provides the qualifications and background of a retired homicide detective. It notes that he worked for the Brockton Police Department from 1995-2010 and is now employed by the Plymouth County Sheriff's Department Crime Lab. It details his experience and training in homicide investigation, interrogation, and crime scene processing. It emphasizes the importance of police integrity, accountability, and impartial enforcement of the law.
Dark money refers to undisclosed political donations meant to influence elections. Senate Bill 1516 rewrote Arizona's campaign finance laws, making it easier for dark money groups to operate. Citizens have the right to refer laws to the ballot through a petition process. This campaign aims to gather enough signatures to refer SB 1516 to the November ballot, where voters can repeal the law. While there are other initiatives addressing campaign finance reform, this referendum focuses solely on repealing SB 1516 in order to restore transparency to political donations in Arizona.
This document summarizes public procurement laws and processes in Vietnam. It discusses the key laws and regulations governing public procurement, including the bidding process. It outlines the steps involved in bidding for a public tender, including how to access tender documents and opportunities, requirements for bid submission, and processes after contract award. It also provides an overview of Vietnam's regulatory framework and procedures for filing complaints related to the public procurement process. Reforms to improve transparency and compliance with international standards are recommended.
The Johnson Law Firm aggressively pursues claims against intoxicated drivers who cause wrecks, and the businesses that served them the liquor. To discuss your legal options, contact our offices in Pikeville, Kentucky, today to speak with a knowledgeable drunk driver accident lawyer.
Dui in Illinois: What Is Impaired Driving?Joe Pioletti
Impaired driving occurs when an individual operates a vehicle while under the influence of drugs or alcohol that impair the individual’s ability to operate the vehicle in a safe manner.
This article discusses four US laws beyond the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) that can be used to prosecute foreign bribery cases: (1) the Money Laundering Control Act, which makes money laundering a separate offense and allows for heavier penalties than the FCPA; (2) the Travel Act, which prohibits using interstate commerce to support unlawful activities like bribery and enables prosecution of commercial bribery; (3) the mail and wire fraud statutes, which bring otherwise local crimes into federal jurisdiction; and (4) the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO), which prohibits using an enterprise to pursue patterns of criminal acts including bribery
The Legal 500: Bribery and Corruption Comparative Guide 2018Matheson Law Firm
Claire McLoughlin and Karen Reynolds, Partners in the Commercial Litigation and Dispute Resolution Department and Co-heads of the Regulatory and Investigations Group, co-author the Ireland chapter for The Legal 500: Bribery and Corruption Comparative Guide 2018.
This document compares the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the UK Bribery Act 2010. The FCPA only prohibits bribery of foreign public officials, while the UK Bribery Act prohibits both public and private sector bribery. The UK Act also has broader territorial reach and can prosecute foreign companies or individuals. Both laws prohibit active bribery directly or indirectly through intermediaries, but the UK Act also prohibits passive bribery. Facilitation payments are permitted under the FCPA but prohibited under the UK Act. The UK Act also has a strict liability offense for companies that fail to prevent bribery by persons associated with the organization.
1) The document discusses state and local law enforcement's role in enforcing immigration laws. It notes that while the federal government is responsible for immigration enforcement, they lack the resources to do so effectively.
2) It examines how some state and local law enforcement agencies have taken on immigration enforcement duties through programs like 287(g). This allows them to identify and detain undocumented immigrants.
3) However, taking on immigration enforcement can be problematic as it diverts resources away from other law enforcement responsibilities and may damage relationships with immigrant communities. Effective policies and oversight are needed.
Richard Mardo to Members of Parliaments of the World (07.25.2013) @MundoVenteDespiertaVenezuela
This document is a letter from Venezuelan opposition parliament members to members of parliaments worldwide regarding attacks on parliamentary immunity in Venezuela in the case of Representative Richard Mardo. The letter summarizes that Mardo has been accused of corruption based on forged documents from his political opponents. His immunity is set to be removed on July 30th in violation of constitutional procedures, effectively blocking him from running in upcoming elections. The letter requests international condemnation of these actions that undermine democracy and the rule of law in Venezuela.
The Reid-Schumer-Menendez Conceptual Proposal for Immigration reformjenkan04
The document summarizes a proposed comprehensive immigration reform plan from Democratic senators. Key points include:
- Providing benefits to same-sex partners of citizens and eliminating family visa backlogs.
- Delaying legalization until border security benchmarks are met, like increasing border patrol.
- Creating a pathway to citizenship after 8 years if requirements are met, including paying taxes and passing background checks.
- Reforming visa programs and allowing some agricultural/lower-skilled workers and foreign STEM graduates to apply for citizenship.
US SALT Alert: IL Amends Click-Through Nexus Statutes to Address Internet Tax...Alex Baulf
On August 26, Illinois Governor Pat Quinn approved legislation that amends the state’s sales and use tax click-through nexus statutes. In 2013, the Illinois Supreme Court held in Performance Marketing Association, Inc. v. Hamer that the state’s click-through nexus statutes were void and unenforceable due to the federal prohibition against discriminatory state taxes on electronic commerce contained in the Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA).The legislation addresses this decision by expanding the nexus provisions to include situations where potential customers are referred to out-of-state retailers by a promotional code or other mechanism beyond an Internet link that allows the retailer to track purchases. Also, the legislation adds provisions that permit the retailer to rebut the presumption of nexus. This legislation is effective January 1, 2015.
The Driver License Compact is an interstate agreement used by the District of Columbia and 44 states to exchange information concerning license suspensions and traffic violations of non-residents and forward them to the state where they are licensed known as the home state. Are you from one of the 44 states where you can be penalized for an out of state offense?
Recall Elections and Anti Party Hopping Law (for JK Dasar dan Manifesto Keadi...Danesh Prakash Chacko
On 6th September 2021, I was invited by selected PKR Members of Parliament to do a comparison between recall elections and anti party hopping law to manage political defections. These are my slides for my 20 minute presentation and I would like to stress that readers must read the Moving forward, References and Appendices closely
The ANC National Officials met to receive a briefing from Secretary General Ace Magashule about summons to appear in court on charges related to his time as Premier of the Free State province. Magashule assured Officials he will fully cooperate with law enforcement and present himself in court. He also expressed that he does not want individuals or groups marching or printing materials in his name. The Officials wish all ANC structures to respect this and the rule of law. The Officials will ensure Magashule receives a fair legal process and call on society to allow the law to take its course.
This document summarizes some frequently asked ethics questions regarding client trust accounts. It provides concise answers to questions about determining if a financial institution is approved to hold trust accounts, how to handle payments that contain both earned and advance fees, what to do with excess funds paid by a third party, and whether fees due to another attorney under a division of fees agreement can be held in a lawyer's trust account. The summary addresses key issues lawyers often have about complying with rules regarding proper handling of client funds.
Over 200 new laws went into effect on January 1st. Some of them directly impact judicial proceedings and the people who interact with the court system.
This document is a thesis submitted by Samuel Fikiri Cinini to the University of KwaZulu-Natal in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Social Sciences degree. The thesis explores the victimization vulnerability of foreign nationals in the city of Durban, South Africa. It begins with acknowledgements and an introduction that defines key concepts and provides historical context on migration. The problem formulation section outlines the legal, socio-economic and criminal justice issues relevant to foreign nationals' victimization risk. The study aims to understand foreign nationals' experiences of victimization and discrimination in Durban and the factors influencing their vulnerability. It employs both theoretical frameworks and a review of empirical studies on migrants' experiences globally and
SR Engineering & Services Co. Ltd. is a leading supplier of high quality industrial products and services in Thailand, established in 2008. It aims to provide top quality industrial products and meet international quality standards with reliable customer service. The company works with reputable manufacturers from the US and Japan to ensure high product quality and has built a solid reputation through honest and trustworthy relationships with customers. SR Engineering provides trading, technical staff supply, and technical advice services and has a wide range of domestic and international customers.
Independence day celebrations at wagah attari borderNews World India
Independence Day was celebrated at the Wagah-Attari border between India and Pakistan with school children giving cultural performances ahead of the Beating Retreat ceremony, and the border was lit up in the colors of the Indian flag in the evening to mark the occasion.
You can get yourself an ISO Dubai Certification with the help of IS O Consultants to ensure success for your business in the future. Exsolution group offers the best ISO Dubai Certification Consultancy and if you want to see you company reach new pinnacles of success, contact us for a guaranteed ISO Certification.
twingz helps energy companies and consumers to save money and reduce their CO2 footprint.
We are doing so by enabling consumers to get into control of their real time energy consumption, while energy companies with the aggregated data can make better forecasts for their procurement on the energy-stock-market.
This document provides an overview of the history of artificial intelligence and deep learning technology. It discusses early pioneers in AI such as Alan Turing, the creation of the Turing machine, and the Dartmouth Conference in 1946 which is considered the birth of artificial intelligence. It also describes important early computers including the Z3, Colossus, ENIAC, and IBM computers. The document then explains artificial neural networks and deep learning concepts such as feedforward neural networks, backpropagation, gradient descent, and convolutional neural networks. It concludes with mentioning some current deep learning leaders.
Commercial law governs business transactions and provides rules that merchants must follow. It includes areas like contracts, company law, sales, and banking. Commercial law must be flexible to adapt to changes in business and globalization, while also providing certainty. The foundation of commercial law is contract formation, which allows parties to enter transactions with assurance agreements will be enforced. For a valid contract, there must be an offer, acceptance of that offer, and consideration or benefit exchanged between the parties. Commercial law covers legal issues that arise before a lawsuit is filed.
How Amendment to Contracts in Vietnam Can be Made.pdfVietnam Solicitor
Once a contract is made legally, contracting parties shall implement and such contract is respected by third parties. As stated in Civil Code 2015 (“CC”): “Each commitment or agreement that does not violate regulations of law and is not contrary to social ethics shall be bound by contracting parties and must be respected by other entities”. However, in the implementation process, the contract can be amended, which means, rights and obligation of...
Once a contract is made legally, contracting parties shall implement and such contract is respected by third parties. As stated in Civil Code 2015 (“CC”): “Each commitment or agreement that does not violate regulations of law and is not contrary to social ethics shall be bound by contracting parties and must be respected by other entities”. However, in the implementation process, the contract can be amended, which means, rights and obligation of parties can be amended accordingly.
How Amendment to Contracts in Vietnam Can be Made.pdfANT Lawyers
Once a contract is made legally, contracting parties shall implement and such contract is respected by third parties. As stated in Civil Code 2015 (“CC”): “Each commitment or agreement that does not violate regulations of law and is not contrary to social ethics shall be bound by contracting parties and must be respected by other entities”. However, in the implementation process, the contract can be amended, which means, rights and obligation of...
We recognize the amazing potential for business in Cameroon... However, American businesses and AmCham members encounter difficulties doing business in Cameroon. According to UN statistics, the United States is the leading investor in Cameroon in terms of dollars invested but enforcing contracts and corruption deters potential investors and impedes development.
The document discusses key concepts in US and Indonesian competition law and antitrust legislation. It explains that antitrust laws seek to promote competition by prohibiting anticompetitive business practices that harm consumers. Major US antitrust laws discussed include the Sherman Act of 1890, Clayton Act of 1914, and Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914. The Sherman Act prohibits anticompetitive contracts and monopolies. The Clayton Act addresses early-stage anticompetitive practices, while the FTC Act established the Federal Trade Commission to enforce antitrust laws. The document also discusses key Indonesian competition laws and defines concepts like per se illegality versus the rule of reason analysis.
The document discusses various types of agreements that are considered void as against public policy under Indian law. It outlines agreements that interfere with administration of justice, such as agreements stifling prosecution or involving maintenance and champerty. It also discusses agreements that interfere with personal freedom, parental rights, marital status, or the period of legal limitations. Traffic in public offices and agreements creating interests opposed to duty are also deemed void as against public policy.
This document provides information for businesses looking to do business with sovereign Native American nations. It discusses that Native American tribes have sovereign immunity similar to foreign governments. Businesses must research the tribal laws and understand they may not be able to sue in state/federal courts. The document recommends obtaining letters of credit or requiring partial payments to mitigate risks when extending credit to tribal businesses.
Running head LEGAL UNDERPINNINGS OF BUSINESS LAW1LEGAL UNDER.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: LEGAL UNDERPINNINGS OF BUSINESS LAW 1
LEGAL UNDERPINNINGS OF BUSINESS LAW 8
BUSINESS LAW
Name
Institution
Date
Constitutional and legal underpinnings of business law
The 14th Amendment still stands as one of the most historically important building blocks to the history of the United States democracy. Along with the other two Reconstruction Amendments, it continues to uphold the nation’s promise that everyone is created equally under the law despite race, gender, nationality or orientation. The uniqueness of the 14th Amendment is defined in the United States Constitution and it still continues to be an influence on the history and growth of this great nation.
Section 1 of the 14th amendment that addresses Regulation of Business Enterprises: Rates, Charges, and Conditions of service which links businesses with public interest. In endeavoring to measure the impact of the due process clause upon efforts by the States to control the charges exacted by various businesses for their services. Since the inception of the 14th amendment the united states supreme court has devoted itself in the examination of two questions: (1) whether the clause precluded that kind of regulation of certain types of business, and (2) the nature of the restraint, if any, which this clause imposed on state control of rates in the case of businesses as to which such control existed.
In the case that a business was ‘‘affected with a public interest’’, control of its prices, rates, or conditions of service was viewed as an unconstitutional deprivation of liberty and property without due process of law. During the period of its application, however, this standard, ‘‘business affected with a public interest,’’ never acquired any precise meaning.
This part of the amendment limits business as it seeks to control any enterprise .For example in a profession such as a ticket reseller. They came to hold such a peculiar relation to the public that this was superimposed upon them. The owner by devoting his business to the public use, in effect grants the public an interest in that use and subjects himself to public regulation to the extent of that interest although the property continues to belong to its private owner and to be entitled to protection accordingly .Fixing the price at which tickets are resoled limited competition as high capital investors still have to resell them at the same price as the low capital investors.
Capital gains
From the article, the planning opportunities that could be beneficial are;
For individuals, the best strategy would be factoring in the tax implications of the assets to be sold so that one may ascertain whether the move would be appropriate ort not i.e. Convert them to ordinary income or leave them on the long term capital gain basis.
Also, the individuals seeking to sell their assets should be clear on whether they are under the corporate sale or not. This is because if the asset sale is under a corporation it woul.
This document provides definitions and classifications of business law concepts. It discusses what law is, the different types of laws, and business entities. It defines law and discusses its four principal functions. It describes the different classifications of laws such as written vs unwritten, national vs international, public vs private, substantive vs procedural, criminal vs civil. It also defines common business law terms related to contracts, business organizations, and commercial transactions.
FCS 3450 HOMEWORK #41.Thomas Franklin arrived at the following t.docxmydrynan
FCS 3450 HOMEWORK #4
1.
Thomas Franklin arrived at the following tax information:
Gross salary, $46,660
Interest earnings, $225
Dividend income, $80
One personal exemption, $3,400
Itemized deductions, $7,820
Adjustments to income, $1,150
What amount would Thomas report as taxable income?
2.
If Lola Harper had the following itemized deductions, should she use Schedule A or the standard deduction? The standard deduction for her tax situation is $5,450.
Donations to church and other charities, $1,980
Medical and dental expenses that exceed 7.5 percent of adjusted gross income, $430
State income tax, $690
Job-related expenses that exceed 2 percent of adjusted gross income, $1,610
3.
What would be the average tax rate for a person who paid taxes of $4,864.14 on a taxable income of $39,870?
4.
Based on the following data, would Ann and Carl Wilton receive a refund or owe additional taxes?
Adjusted gross income, $46,186
Itemized deductions, $11,420
Child care tax credit, $80
Federal income tax withheld, $4,784
Amount for personal exemptions, $6,800
Average tax rate on taxable income, 15%
5. Would you prefer a fully taxable investment earning 10.7 percent or a tax-exempt investment earning 8.1 percent? Why? (Assume a 28 percent tax rate.)
6. On December 30, you decide to make a $1,000 charitable donation. If you are in a 28 percent tax bracket, how much would you save in taxes for the current year? If that tax savings was deposited in a savings account for the next five years at 6 percent, what would be the future value of that account?
1
Assignment 2: JPMorgan Chase
Strayer University
LEG 100
Discuss how administrative agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) take action in order to be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities / banking, a foundation of the economy.
On January 11, 2012, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) voted 3-2 to propose regulations to implement Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 (Dodd-Frank Act), commonly referred to as the “Volcker Rule.” The proposal specifically prohibits a bank or institution that owns a bank from engaging in proprietary trading that is not at the behest of its clients, and from owning or investing in a hedge fund or private equity fund, and also limits the liabilities that the largest banks can hold .Under discussion is the possibility of restrictions on the way market making activities are compensated; traders would be paid on the basis of the spread of the transactions rather than any profit that the trader made for the client.
Determine the elements of a valid contract, and discuss how consumers and banks each have a duty of good faith and fair ...
This document summarizes key aspects of government contracting in Colombia. It outlines five principles: objectivity in selection, procedural economy, transparency, equality, and responsibility. It notes that foreigners may participate under reciprocity agreements. All individuals and entities wishing to contract with the government, whether Colombian or foreign, must register in the bidders' registry unless foreign entities have no domicile or branch in Colombia. Contractors must submit a performance bond, with some exceptions. Public-private partnerships are allowed for up to 30% public funding of private initiative projects through public tender.
1. The document discusses the major principles of contract law from the Somali civil code, including the definition of a contract, formation of contracts, capacity to enter contracts, types of contracts, and sources of contractual obligations.
2. It states that a contract is a legally binding agreement that requires elements like offer, acceptance, consideration, and intention to be legally enforceable.
3. The document also explains the sources of contractual obligations in Somali law and who has the legal capacity to enter into contracts.
This document provides a summary of key legal and business issues in Vietnam discussed in Asia Counsel Insights, including:
1) Foreign loans over $10 million to Vietnamese companies must be registered with the State Bank of Vietnam within 30 days of signing.
2) The government approved Citibank to establish a wholly foreign-owned bank in Vietnam.
3) A new decree implements regulations for real estate business, including model contracts.
4) A document outlines 159 business sectors subject to foreign investment conditions in Vietnam.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on mercantile law. It begins with definitions of law and mercantile law. It then lists various types of commercial laws like banking laws, sales laws, mortgages, bankruptcy laws, credit loan laws, and contract laws. Next, it discusses the significance of studying law for understanding contracts, business rights, establishing standards, and maintaining equilibrium. It also notes laws help reduce fraud and ensure ethical conduct. The document then examines the impact of law on society, such as facilitating dispute resolution and maintaining order. Finally, it discusses how laws protect individual rights and liberties.
This document provides an overview of commercial law and related topics. It defines commercial law as the set of laws related to trade and sales, including contract law, property law, business regulations, corporate law, intellectual property law, and tax law. It also discusses the key elements of a valid contract, common legal issues in commercial law such as contract violations, and the components of an effective internal control system.
Related party transactions (RPTs) are an integral part of any business, as companies often engage in transactions with parties that have some sort of relationship with the company.
The franchise is the right to operate a business that offers tax preparation services and other financial and related products and services under the MKG Tax Consultants brand and system.
An overview of state and federal laws, rules and regulations that govern how boards and staff of community development corporations may influence public policy.
1. TOROSSIAN, AVANESSIAN & ASSOCIATES
OFFICE:
17 Magnolia, Golriz Street
GhaemMaghamFarahani Avenue
Tehran
1588636517
Iran
TEL: +98 21 8884 3139 /40 - 8884 2843
FAX: +98 2188841725
,...-"-':::L::c;,.::.=.:..==::;..:.;lIiOi.:....:=:..=..:: wfirm.com
WEBSITE: .taalawfirm.co [under construction]
Last Reviewed/Updated: May 29, 2016
This document is designed to highlight for recipients some of the questions they should consider before working with commercial
intermediaries in Iran. It provides general information and does not constitute legal advice on any specific facts. In addition, laws
and regulations change and this information may not be the most current available. The advice of legal counsel should be obtained
for specific questions.
2. Flat Fee:
Commission:
Discounts:
Is the retention of a commercial intermediary paid on a flat fee
(hourly, daily, and monthly) basis generally permitted for non
military sales to the government?
There are no specific regulations under Iranian laws with regard to
manner of payment to commercial intermediaries whether for
military or non-military sales to the government. In most cases,
however, purchases by the government shall be conducted
through tenders and it is possible that in some tenders
retention/participation of commercial intermediaries are
completely exempted.
Is the retention of a commercial intermediary paid on a contingent
(success fee) basis generally permitted for non-military sales to
the government?
There are no specific regulations under Iranian laws with regard to
manner of payment to commercial intermediaries whether for
military or non-military sales to the government. In most cases.
purchases by the government shall be conducted through tenders
and it is possible that in some tenders participation of commercial
intermediaries are completely exempted.
Are there any legal restrictions on discounts offered to a
commercial intermediary in connection with sales to the
government (such as set minimum or maximum rates or whether
the discount may be included in the sales price charged to the
government)?
There are no legal restrictions/provisions in connection with
discounts offered to a commercial intermediary in relation with
sales to the government.
Page 2
3. Disclosure of
Discounts:
Military:
Registration:
Compensation:
Disclosure of
Compensation:
Must the discount granted to a commercial intermediary in
connection with sales to the government be disclosed to or
registered with the government? If so, what is the name of the
government entity or office where the disclosure must be made?
There are no legal provisions with regard to disclosure or
registration of discounts offered to a commercial Intermediary in
relation with sales to the government.
Do regulations differ for military sales? If so, what are the practical
aspects of those differences?
No, the regulations are not different for military sales.
Must the commercial intermediary be registered with or disclosed
to any government entity? (Or military entity for the sale of
military goods?).
There are no laws obliging commercial intermediaries to be
registered with or disclosed to any government entity, however,
such obligation may be placed on case by case basIs.
Are there any legal restrictions on the amount of the fee or
commission paid to a commercial intermediary?
No. There are no legal restrictions on the amount of the fee or
commission paid to a commercial intermediary.
Must the compensation be disclosed for sales to the government?
If so, what is the name of the government entity or office where
the disclosure must be made?
There is no legal obligation to disclose the compensation for sales
to government. ,
Page 3
4. Exclusivity:
Revolving Door:
Employee Status:
Non-Citizens:
Is a non-exclusive relationship with a commercial intermediary
permitted?
The subject Issue is no regulated under Iranian laws.
Must a government official wait a specific period of time before
working as a business intermediary promoting sales to the
government?
No, the current regulations do not require a wait time before a
previous government official can work as a business intermediary
promoting sales to the government.
Is there any risk that a commercial intermediary will be deemed an
employee under local law?
If the required provisions are provided in the contract between
the original seller and the commercial intermediary, there will be
no risk for the commercial Intermediary to be deemed as an
employee. It is almost impossible to be specific wi hout complete
review of a given contract, however, In general, the contract
should not be similar to the form of employment contracts or
include provisions that are specific to employment relationships.
Further, it should be expressly provided in the contract that the
relationship between the parties is not and shall in no way
considered to be an employee-employer relationship.
Is the retention of a non-citizen commercial intermediary
generally permitted?
There are no legal provisions prohibiting the retention of a non
citizen commercial intermediary.
Page 4
5. Non-Residents:
Corporate Form:
Government:
Payment:
Expiration:
Is the retention of a commercial intermediary residing or
incorporated outside Iran generally permitted?
There are no legal prOVisions prohibiting the retention of a
commercial Intermediary residing or incorporated outside Iran.
Must the commercial intermediary be organized in any particular
form?
No, there are no regulations reqUiring the commercial
intermediary to be organized in any particular form.
May current government officials or government ent ities have an
ownership interest in a commercial intermediary marketing to the
government?
No. Under Iranian laws, the entities in which current government
offiCials individually hold 5% or more Interest or collectively hold
20% or more Interest cannot enter into transactions with the
government.
Are there any restrictions on the place or currency of payment of
the commercial intermediary's fee?
No, there are no restrictions on the place or currency of payment
of the commercial intermediary's fee.
Will agreements of definite duration expire according to their
terms without additional notice, de-registration or liability?
If the necessary contractual provisions are provided correctly in
definite duration agreements, such agreements will expire
according to their terms, without additional notice, de-registration
or liability.
Page 5
6. Termination:
Severance:
Disputes:
Are there any restrictions on termination of an agreement prior to
its expiration? If so, what steps should the company take to
protect its interests in the event it would like to terminate an
agreement early?
Depending on the type of agreement, unilateral termination prior
to expiration of the term of the agreement may create
complications; therefore, it is necessary to foresee early
termination provisions in the agreement.
Are commercial intermediaries entitled to severance pay if their
agreement is terminated - or simply not renewed upon
expiration?
No, commercial intermediaries are not entitled to severance pay if
their agreements are terminated or not renewed upon expiration,
unless the relationship between the seller and the commercial
intermediary is an employment relationship.
Will a contract stipulating foreign law and foreign courts for
dispute resolution be upheld in Iran?
According to Iranian laws, the contracts are subject to the laws of
the place where such contract IS made, i.e. last signed, except if
both parties are foreign nationals and explicitly or Implicitly make
their contract subject to the laws of another jurisdiction. In case
the choice of foreign law IS made in accordance with the
foregoing, then such choice of law can be upheld in Iran. However,
it should be pointed out that it is the policy of Iranian government
for parties to require the governing law of their contracts to be
Iranian law.
Nothing under Iranian law bars Iranian parties to a contract,
including government agencies, from submitting their disputes 0
the jurisdiction of foreign courts.
Page 6
7. Arbitration:
Distributors:
Debarment:
Reporting:
Will an arbitration clause be upheld in Iran?
Yes, Iranian law generally recognizes arbitration as means of
dispute settlement. However, the Constitution of Iran bars
settlement or referral to arbitration of disputes involving Iranian
governmental or public assets with foreign parties, except with
the approval of the Council of Ministers or Parliament. Further,
Iran is a party to the New York Convention on Enforcement of
International Arbitral Awards; however, the practice of enforcing
foreign arbitral awards through Iranian courts under the New York
Convention is not well developed.
Are there any restrictions on the use of distributors or resellers?
No, there are no restrictions on the use of distributors or resellers.
Does Iran have laws or regulations debarring companies that have
pleaded guilty to or been convicted of corruption from competing
in government contracts? (Please note whether debarment is
mandatory or discretionary).
There are no legal provisions debarring companies that have
pleaded guilty to or been convicted of corruption from competing
in government contracts.
Does Iran have a government agency to which companies can
report requests for bribes? If so, can reports be made either
confidentially or anonymously?
Almost all government organizations have a separate sector for
supervision and inspection of the conduct of employees and
officers of the government organization to which companies can
report requests for bribes. In addition, there is an organizatIOn
named State Inspectorate Organization to which also companies
Page 7
8. Lobbying:
Internal Controls:
can report requests for bribes. Reports can be made confidentially
but not anonymously.
What are the regulations, requirements or laws that govern
lobbying or influencing government officials for policy, regulatory
or legislative changes in Iran?
The only law with connection to lobbying is the Law of Punishment
of Applying Unlawfullnflu nee. This is applicable to the cases
where: (1) a person for the purpose of applying his alleged
influence over government or municipality employees, civil
servants or public officials, accepts any cash or secures any
interest for himself or another person or secures a commitment to
this end; and (2) a person who uses his personal relationship with
the officials referred to in (1) above by unlawfully applying
influence for or against interests of another person.
Above (1) will subject such person to imprisonment of six months
to two years and cash penalty, in addition 0 reimbursement or
returnlllg of the acquired cash or property. If benefit such as
cash, interest or commitment, is secured and acquired allegedly
for the benefit of said authorities and officials, then the acqUiring
person will be sentenced to one to three years and cash penalty,
in addition to reimbursement or returning of the acquired cash or
property. Above (2) will subject such person to imprisonment of
one month to one year.
Are publicly-traded companies operating in Iran required under
local laws to maintain accurate books and records and a system of
internal controls?
Yes, publicly-traded companies operating in Iran are required to
maintain accurate books and records and internal control systems
such as mandatory auditIng.
Page 8
9. Commercial
(Private) Bribery:
Does Iran have laws prohibiting bribery of owners, employees or
directors of private, non-government customers? If so, please
provide a citation to the law and a brief summary.
Under Iranian laws, bribery is defined and is punishable if the
bribe is given to government/public sector officials.
Bribes, as generally defined, given to owners, employees or
directors of private companies is not defined as bribery under
Iranian laws and therefore not punishable as such. Nevertheless,
if such action, considering all other relevant circumstances, falls
under the definition of any other punishable act, then It can be
punishable.
This document was prepared by Torossian, Avanessian & Associates.
CONTACT: Sofie Djagharbekian
EMAIL: s.djagharbekian@taalawfirm.com
TEL: +982188843139/40-88842843
FAX:+982188841725
This document is designed to highlight for recipients some of the questions they should consider before working with commercial
intermediaries in Iran. It provides general information and does not constitute legal advice on any specific facts. In addition, laws
and regulations change and this information may not be the most current available. The advice of legal counsel should be obtained
for specific questions.
Page 9