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ITK-121
KALKULUS I
3 SKS
Dicky Dermawan
www.dickydermawan.890m.com
INTRODUCTION
Kalkulus dianggap ditemukan Isaac
Newton pada tahun 1665.
Sebenarnya adalah hasil
perjuangan intelektual selama
sekitar 2500 tahun
Adalah ilmu tentang perubahan
Differensial
KALKULUS
Leibniz
Integral
Pengantar Kalkulus
 Sistem bilangan real
 Aljabar: Nilai mutlak, bentuk akar, persamaan,
pertidaksamaan
 Sistem koordinat Geometri Analitik
 Fungsi: real, aljabar, trigonometri
 Limit dan kontinuitas fungsi
 KALKULUS DIFFERENSIAL
 KALKULUS INTEGRAL
Fungsi
 Setiap input yang masuk selalu
menghasilkan satu harga tertentu
 Bila input berubah umumnya output
berubah
Proses
2x2
+ 1
x f(x)
1
2
3
9
input output
LIMIT: Harga Batas Suatu Fungsi
 Perubahan mempunyai arah tujuan
 Bila input semakin dekat dengan harga tertentu, maka umumnya
output akan mendekati harga tertentu
 Harga tertentu inilah yang dinamakan harga batas fungsi itu
Contoh 1. f(x) = 2x2
+ 1
bila x makin dekat ke 3, maka apa yang terjadi dengan f(x)
Hasil percobaan:
19
Ditulis lim (2x2
+ 1) = 19
x 3
Makin dekat ke x sama sekali tidak ada kaitannya dengan f(x) di titik itu
2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.01 3.01 3.1
• Contoh 2
Tidak bisa dihitung dari nilai f(x) dengan
subtitusi x =1
karena nilainya 0/0
Tetapi disini kalkulator berhasil
Yang tidak pernah gagal adalah pendekatan matematika yang
sah
0/0 adalah tidak jelas maka perlu diperjelas
1
1
lim 2
3
1 −
−
→ x
x
x
0 0.9 0.99 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.01 1.1 2
1 1.426 1.4925 1.49992 1.5 1.500075 1.5075 1.57 7/3
2
3
21
111
)2)(1(
)1)(1(
lim
1
1
lim
22
12
3
1
=
+
++
=
+−
++−
=
−
−
→→ xx
xxx
x
x
xx
• Contoh 3
• Makin dekat x ke 0, x2
makin dekat ke 0 cos x
makin dekat ke 1
• Sehingga
=





−
10000
cos2 x
x
0
lim
→x
x -1 -0.1 -0.01 0 0.01 0.1 1
0.99995 0.00990 0.000000009 0 0.085 0.00990 0.99995
0
lim
→x
=





−
10000
cos2 x
x
10000
1
10000
1
0
−
=−
• Contoh 4
Pendekatan yang bagus adalah
menggambar grafik
x
x
x
12
lim
0
−
→
Limit dari satu sisi: Limit kiri & limit
kanan
?lim
0
=
→ x
x
x
?
x
x
lim
1x
=
→
Latihan
=+−
−→
)13(lim 2
2
xx
x
=
−
→ 4
2
3
12
lim
x
x
x
=
−
−+
→ 1
43
lim
2
1 x
xx
x
=++
−→
352lim 2
3
xx
x
=
−
−
→
3
9
lim
9
x
x
x
=
−
−+
→ 2
6
lim
2
2 x
xx
x
=
−
→ 30
sin
lim
x
xx
x
=
−
→ x
x
x
cos1
lim
0
20
cos1
lim
x
x
x
−
→
=
−
−
→ 2
2
11
lim
2 x
x
x
=
→
x
x
64lim
0
Latihan
=
−+
→
h
h
lim
h
1)1(
2
1
=
−
→ x
xx
x
23
lim
0
2/1
0
)1(lim x
x
+
→
Latihan
=
−
→ x
x
x 2
33
lim
1

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01 limit & pengantar

  • 1. ITK-121 KALKULUS I 3 SKS Dicky Dermawan www.dickydermawan.890m.com
  • 2. INTRODUCTION Kalkulus dianggap ditemukan Isaac Newton pada tahun 1665. Sebenarnya adalah hasil perjuangan intelektual selama sekitar 2500 tahun Adalah ilmu tentang perubahan
  • 4. Pengantar Kalkulus  Sistem bilangan real  Aljabar: Nilai mutlak, bentuk akar, persamaan, pertidaksamaan  Sistem koordinat Geometri Analitik  Fungsi: real, aljabar, trigonometri  Limit dan kontinuitas fungsi  KALKULUS DIFFERENSIAL  KALKULUS INTEGRAL
  • 5. Fungsi  Setiap input yang masuk selalu menghasilkan satu harga tertentu  Bila input berubah umumnya output berubah Proses 2x2 + 1 x f(x) 1 2 3 9 input output
  • 6. LIMIT: Harga Batas Suatu Fungsi  Perubahan mempunyai arah tujuan  Bila input semakin dekat dengan harga tertentu, maka umumnya output akan mendekati harga tertentu  Harga tertentu inilah yang dinamakan harga batas fungsi itu Contoh 1. f(x) = 2x2 + 1 bila x makin dekat ke 3, maka apa yang terjadi dengan f(x) Hasil percobaan: 19 Ditulis lim (2x2 + 1) = 19 x 3 Makin dekat ke x sama sekali tidak ada kaitannya dengan f(x) di titik itu 2.9 2.99 2.999 3 3.01 3.01 3.1
  • 7. • Contoh 2 Tidak bisa dihitung dari nilai f(x) dengan subtitusi x =1 karena nilainya 0/0 Tetapi disini kalkulator berhasil Yang tidak pernah gagal adalah pendekatan matematika yang sah 0/0 adalah tidak jelas maka perlu diperjelas 1 1 lim 2 3 1 − − → x x x 0 0.9 0.99 0.9999 1 1.0001 1.01 1.1 2 1 1.426 1.4925 1.49992 1.5 1.500075 1.5075 1.57 7/3 2 3 21 111 )2)(1( )1)(1( lim 1 1 lim 22 12 3 1 = + ++ = +− ++− = − − →→ xx xxx x x xx
  • 8. • Contoh 3 • Makin dekat x ke 0, x2 makin dekat ke 0 cos x makin dekat ke 1 • Sehingga =      − 10000 cos2 x x 0 lim →x x -1 -0.1 -0.01 0 0.01 0.1 1 0.99995 0.00990 0.000000009 0 0.085 0.00990 0.99995 0 lim →x =      − 10000 cos2 x x 10000 1 10000 1 0 − =−
  • 9. • Contoh 4 Pendekatan yang bagus adalah menggambar grafik x x x 12 lim 0 − →
  • 10. Limit dari satu sisi: Limit kiri & limit kanan ?lim 0 = → x x x ? x x lim 1x = →
  • 11. Latihan =+− −→ )13(lim 2 2 xx x = − → 4 2 3 12 lim x x x = − −+ → 1 43 lim 2 1 x xx x =++ −→ 352lim 2 3 xx x = − − → 3 9 lim 9 x x x = − −+ → 2 6 lim 2 2 x xx x
  • 12. = − → 30 sin lim x xx x = − → x x x cos1 lim 0 20 cos1 lim x x x − → = − − → 2 2 11 lim 2 x x x = → x x 64lim 0 Latihan = −+ → h h lim h 1)1( 2 1