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6認知與學習
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6認知與學習
1.
認知與學習 反動與潮流 訊息處理模式(the
information processing model) 記憶歷程&遺忘 後設認知(metacognition) 教導記憶與思考 SM STM LTM
2.
訊息處理模式(the information processing
model)p.338 遺忘 遺忘 感覺 記憶 短期 記憶 長期 記憶 後設認知(監控) 遺忘 注意 儲存 提取
3.
感覺記憶與注意 感覺記憶(感官登錄sensory register):從感官接受大 量訊息,僅能保留非常短的時間,若未進一步 處理訊息則會流失。
知覺的運作:由下而上、由上而下 教學技巧—「注意」的重要性 ◦ 引發興趣 ◦ 提供線索:提示、手勢、音調、記號 ◦ 情緒性內容: ◦ 特殊刺激:不尋常、矛盾、驚訝
4.
這是什麼字?
5.
眼見為實嗎?
6.
眼見為實嗎?
7.
眼見為實嗎?
8.
短期記憶與編碼 短期記憶:可以保留有限的訊息達數秒。 工作記憶:處理訊息的地方。
三元素(補充):中央執行者、語音圈、視覺空間速寫簿 工作記憶的容量 ◦ Miller: 7+-2 ◦ 策略運用:精緻複誦、意元(chunk) 教學技巧—「多未必好」 ◦ 適當的停頓,給予時間處理訊息 ◦ 教導策略 ◦ 良好的組織教材
9.
長期記憶與提取 長期記憶:長時間保留訊息的地方。 情節記憶(episodic
memory):以影像的方式儲存 經驗的記憶,以事件的時間和地點為基礎。 語意記憶(semantic memory):以概念網路的形式 來組織事實和普遍化的訊息。 程序性記憶(procedural memory):以複雜的刺激 反應連結的歷程訊息。即了解如何做。 教學技巧—先想想看喔
10.
學習知識的類型 一般性知識&特定性知識 陳述性知識:可以特過文字符號系統陳 述的知識
程序性知識:知道如何做的知識,行動 的知識 條件性知識:知道何時和為何應用陳述 性知識和程序性知識。(後設認知知識)
11.
其他相關的訊息處理模式 處理層次論:人對刺激有不同的處理層次,處 理越多就更能記住。EX.學生姓名與特徵。 雙碼理論:視覺—情節記憶,語文—語意記憶。
適當遷移處理論:另再強調訊息學習與測驗的 方式。 平行分配處理模式(PDP) 聯結者模式
12.
長期記憶與提取 教學技巧 ◦ 由影像來強化學習。EX:圖片、影片 ◦
融入調和的基模有助記憶 ◦ 程序性記憶有賴練習 ◦ 主動參與的學習效果最佳 ◦ 教導規則、原則是否有效?學習遷移的可 能 ◦ 以經驗為基礎的教學(聯結者模式)
13.
大腦與神經系統的構造
14.
突觸發展
15.
PET 腦部掃描
16.
記憶與遺忘的原因 干擾(interference) 倒攝抑制(retroactive
inhibition) 順攝抑制(proactive inhibition) 助長(facilitation):順攝、倒攝 初始效應(primacy effect)與時近(近始) 效應(recency effect) 自動化
17.
練習 集中練習(massed practice)v.s.分散練 習(distributed
practice) 部分學習(part learing) 過度學習(overlearning)
18.
後設認知與自我調節 後設認知 ◦ 對自己的了解 ◦
作或學習的策略 ◦ 使用情境 自我調節 ◦ 計畫:做什麼,如何做… ◦ 監控:做得好不好?速度與意義? ◦ 評價:反省與結果判斷
19.
教導記憶策略 語文學習 ◦ 配對聯結:荷蘭的首都、蚊子的英文 ◦
序列學習:化學元素表、詩詞 ◦ 自由回憶:台灣的縣市、八國聯軍 學習策略 ◦ 心像法 ◦ 關鍵字 ◦ 位置法 ◦ 字勾法 ◦ 頭字法
20.
有意義的學習與教學 惰性知識vs 有意義的學習
專家/生手與基模理論 活化先前知識—前導組體(p.349)、類比、精緻 化 組織訊息—發問技巧、概念模式 PQ4R—預覽(preview)、質疑(question)、 閱讀(read)、反省材料(reflect)、記誦(recite)、 複習(review)
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