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1. +
HIV and hormonal
contraception:
New data, ongoing
controversy
Sharon Phillips MD MPH
Medical Officer
Department of Reproductive Health and Research
World Health Organization
Geneva, Switzerland
2. + HIV and unintended pregnancy:
two important public health concerns
17
million women globally are living with HIV
>150
million women worldwide use a hormonal
contraceptive method
Injectables
Africa
particularly common in sub-Saharan
Highly
effective contraceptive methods prevent
unintended pregnancy, maternal/infant
morbidity and mortality, and vertical
transmission of HIV
2
3. + Key questions addressed by WHO:
Do specific methods of hormonal
contraception increase risk of:
1. HIV acquisition in uninfected women?
2. HIV transmission to uninfected male partners?
3. HIV disease progression in women living with
HIV?
3
4. + Do specific methods of hormonal
contraception increase risk of:
1. HIV acquisition in HIV-negative women?
2. HIV transmission to HIV-negative male partners?
3. HIV disease progression in women living with
HIV?
4
5. + 2012 systematic review: Polis & Curtis
Systematic
search of published literature
Any
language, any date through Dec 15, 2011
Included RCT, prospective cohort, or case-control
studies
Excluded cross-sectional studies
Studies
compared HIV-uninfected women
using HC vs. HIV-uninfected women not
using HC
5
6. Observational studies of OCs & HIV acquisition
Adjusted OR, IRR, or HR (log scale) and 95% CI
Slide courtesy of C Polis
6
7. Observational studies of injectables & HIV acquisition
Adjusted OR, IRR, or HR (log scale) and 95% CI
Slide courtesy of C Polis
7
8. +
Observed association: Causal or
confounding?
Causal: DMPA use Increased risk of HIV acquisition
Confounding: DMPA use Less consistent use of
condoms Increased risk of HIV acquisition
Other potential factors: Provider bias in prescribing; women
more at risk more likely to use DMPA
With only observational data available impossible to
determine what is truly being measured
Some biological data bolster argument for an
association, but also inconsistent
Does it matter?
9. +
New MEC Recommendation for
women at high risk of HIV
COC/CIC/POP
1
Patch/Ring
1
DMPA/NET-EN
11
Implant
1
See clarification
10. + WHO HC-HIV consultation
technical statement, Feb 2012
…the group agreed that the data were not
sufficiently conclusive to change current guidance…
…However, because of the inconclusive nature of
the evidence, women using progestogen-only
injectable contraception should be strongly advised
to also always wear condoms and other HIV
preventive measures…
Expansion of contraceptive method mix and further
research on the relationship between hormonal
contraception and HIV infection is essential. These
recommendations will be continually reviewed in
light of new evidence.
10
11. + New data since WHO meeting
McCoy et al. analysis of MIRA data
Secondary data analysis of 4913 women in SA and Zimbabwe
participating in HIV prevention study
Site-adjusted
Cox PH
Baselineadjusted
Cox PH
IPTW Cox
PH MSM
Injectables 1.32
(1.00-1.74)
1.27
1.34
(0.94-1.72) (0.75-2.37)
OCs
0.84
0.86
(0.57-1.22) (0.32-1.78)
* AIDS 2013 (in press)
0.82
(0.58-1.15)
11
12. + Competing risks: Hormonal
contraception for women living
with HIV
Restrictions
on highly effective methods could
increase unintended pregnancies, if not replaced
by other highly effective methods
Unintended
pregnancy has implications on
maternal and infant morbidity/mortality, perinatal
HIV, possibly on response to ART, and on overall
wellbeing
Pregnancy
itself may impact risk of HIV
transmission, additional evidence needed
12
13. + Do specific methods of hormonal
contraception increase risk of:
1. HIV acquisition in uninfected women?
2. HIV transmission to HIV-negative male partners?
3. HIV disease progression in women living with
HIV?
13
14. +
2012 systematic review: Polis, Phillips, &
Curtis*
Study selection
Systematic
literature search
Any language, any date through Dec 15, 2011
Studies compared HIV-infected women using HC to HIVinfected women not using HC
Direct
evidence: outcome = incident
seroconversion in male partner of woman with
known HC use status
Indirect
evidence: outcome = genital HIV shedding
or plasma viral load
* AIDS 2013; 27:(493-505)
14
15. + Direct evidence: 1 study identified
(Heffron 2012*)
2476 couples with HIV-infected women
59 genetically-linked seroconversions in men
15 to men with partners using injectables
40 to men with partners not using HC (1.51/100 py)
4 to men with partners using OCs
(2.64/100 py)
(2.50/100 py)
Partners of HC users twice as likely to seroconvert
adjHR OCs:
2.1 (0.8-5.8)
adjHR injectables: 2.0 (1.1-3.6)
* Lancet Infectious Diseases 2012;12(1):19-26
15
16. + Indirect evidence from 17 studies
Genital
HIV shedding: assessment techniques,
outcomes, & findings from 11 reports inconsistent
Plasma
viral load: generally consistent evidence of no
association from nine reports
16
17. + Summary of transmission results
One
well-conducted study raises potential concerns
related to the use of injectable contraception and
transmission
Given
the paucity of direct evidence, mixed indirect
evidence from 16 studies, and the potential for
confounding, additional evidence is needed
17
18. + Do specific methods of hormonal
contraception increase risk of:
1. HIV acquisition in HIV-negative women?
2. HIV transmission to HIV-negative male partners?
3. HIV disease progression in women living with
HIV?
18
19. +
Voluntary contraception: Crucial
care for women living with HIV
Women
living with HIV who wish to have children
should be supported
Women
living with HIV who wish to defer or stop
childbearing must similarly be supported
Critical to their health and to preventing vertical HIV
transmission
Hormonal
contraception highly effective and
acceptable to women
20. + 2012 systematic review:
Phillips, Curtis, & Polis*
Systematic
literature search; any language, any date
through Dec 15, 2011
12
reports included (1 RCT, reported twice; 11
observational)
Excluded: studies
with no comparison group; case
control studies
HIV
disease progression measured by mortality,
time to CD4 count below 200, time to ART initiation,
increase in HIV RNA viral load, or decrease in CD4
cell count
* AIDS 2013 27(5): 787–794
20
21. +
Studies assessing OCs and mortality
(Adj HR)
Stringer RCT (2009)*
Kilmarx (2000)
MRC (1999)
Polis (2010)
Allen (2007)
OCs decrease
risk of mortality
OCs increase risk
of mortality
*Actual use analysis
21
22. +
Studies assessing injectables and
mortality (Adj HR)
Stringer RCT (2009)*
Kilmarx (2000)
Polis (2010)
Stringer Multi-Country (2009)
Allen (2007)
Injectables decrease
risk of mortality
Injectables increase
risk of mortality
*Actual use analysis
22
23. +
Summary of HIV disease
progression results
One
randomized trial raised some concerns; had
important limitations related to crossover and
dropout
Ten
observational studies reported no increased
risk for HIV disease progression
24. +
New MEC Recommendation for
women living with HIV (unchanged
from prior recommendations)
COC/CIC/POP
1
Patch/Ring
1
DMPA/NET-EN
1
Implant
1
Women on ART may require special consideration
regarding the use of hormonal contraceptives
25. + New since 2012 WHO meeting:
Heffron 2013*
2269
women living with HIV
HC
does not accelerate disease progression and may be
associated with slower progression
Contraception Adjusted HR
(95% CI)
No HC
Any HC
p-value
Reference
0.74 (0.56-0.98) 0.04
Injectables
0.72 (0.53-0.98) 0.04
OCPs
0.83 (0.48-1.44) 0.50
* AIDS 2013; 27(2): 261-267
25
26. + Conclusions: Safety of hormonal
contraception for women living with HIV
HIV disease progression: neither OCPs nor DMPA appear to
accelerate HIV disease progression
Transmission to HIV-negative male partners: evidence base
limited, inconsistent
One direct study suggests increase risk with HC
Indirect evidence on HC and shedding is inconsistent, on HC and
plasma viral load suggests no increase in risk
Consider findings in context of increasing use of ART
Importance of counseling on HC plus HIV prevention interventions
26
27. + Conclusions: Safety of hormonal
contraception for HIV-negative women at
risk for HIV acquisition
OCPs: data do not suggest an increased risk of HIV acquisition
Implants, rings, patches, hormonal IUDs: limited data
NET-EN: data are limited, do not suggest increased risk
DMPA: substantial uncertainty
Potential risk must be balanced against risks of unintended pregnancy
(maternal morbidity & mortality, unsafe abortion, infant morbidity
&mortality), and potential risk of HIV acquisition associated with
pregnancy
27
28. +
Thank you!
Acknowledgments:
Chelsea Polis, PhD
Kathryn Curtis, PhD
Mary Lyn Gaffield, PhD
Further information at:
http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/family_planni
ng/hc_hiv/en/
Contact: phillipss@who.int
29. + HC for women using ARVs
Type of ARV
Nucleoside
reverse
transcriptase
inhibitors
(NRTIs)
Hormonal methods of
contraception
COC, CIC,
DMPA, NET-EN,
P/R, POP
LNG/ETG
Category 1
Category 1
Intrauterine contraception
(either Cu-IUD or LNG-IUD)
Initiation
Continuation
Category 2/3*
Category 2
Category 2
DMPA: Category 1 Category 2/3*
NET-EN,
LNG/ETG:
Category 2
Category 2
RitonavirCategory 3
boosted protease
inhibitors
DMPA: Category 1 Category 2/3*
NET-EN,
LNG/ETG:
Category 2
Category 2
Non-nucleoside
reverse
transcriptase
inhibitors
(NNRTIs)
* There is no known interaction between ART & IUD use. However, AIDS as a condition is classified as
Category 3 for insertion and Category 2 for continuation unless the woman is clinically well on
antiretroviral therapy, in which case both insertion and continuation are classified as Category 2
29
30. Method mix: among all married users,
percent using specific method
Source: UNPD 2011
Editor's Notes
As a reminder, the most recent MEC findings are above. After reviewing the evidence available in 2008, the final recommendations for women living with HIV were a category 1 for all methods of hormonal contraception listed here. We will not be considering the evidence regarding the use of either the levonorgestrel or copper T IUD during this meeting.
Women on specific kinds of ART may need special consideration regarding the use of hormonal contraceptives.
Similarly, there was no association between oral contraceptives and mortality in any of the studies reviewed. All confidence intervals include 1 and point estimates fall on either side of 1.
The following slides are graphical representations of the hazard ratios in each study, with 95% confidence intervals. The vertical line at 1 is indicative of no difference. The diamond represents the sample size. As you can see, when looking at injectables and the outcome of mortality, there are no significant findings for a difference, as all confidence intervals cross 1.
As a reminder, the most recent MEC findings are above. After reviewing the evidence available in 2008, the final recommendations for women living with HIV were a category 1 for all methods of hormonal contraception listed here. We will not be considering the evidence regarding the use of either the levonorgestrel or copper T IUD during this meeting.
Women on specific kinds of ART may need special consideration regarding the use of hormonal contraceptives.
There is no known interaction between ART & IUD use. However, AIDS as a condition is classified as Category 3 for insertion and Category 2 for continuation unless the woman is clinically well on ART, in which case both insertion and continuation are Category 2