This document outlines the key steps of the scientific process including analyzing data, communicating findings, combining results with other studies, making claims about relationships between variables, using models to predict phenomena, generating investigable questions, and analyzing geoscience data to make claims about how changes to Earth's surface can impact other systems through feedbacks. It also discusses using maps to identify patterns as empirical evidence, employing systems models to predict behavior, and explaining stability and change by examining changes over time as they relate to Earth's systems, weather/climate, and the roles of water.