SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 7
software qualitymanagement question bank
In this file, you can ref useful information about software quality management question bank
such as software quality management question bankforms, tools for software quality
management question bank, software quality management question bankstrategies … If you need
more assistant for software quality management question bank, please leave your comment at the
end of file.
Other useful material for software quality management question bank:
• qualitymanagement123.com/23-free-ebooks-for-quality-management
• qualitymanagement123.com/185-free-quality-management-forms
• qualitymanagement123.com/free-98-ISO-9001-templates-and-forms
• qualitymanagement123.com/top-84-quality-management-KPIs
• qualitymanagement123.com/top-18-quality-management-job-descriptions
• qualitymanagement123.com/86-quality-management-interview-questions-and-answers
I. Contents of software quality management question bank
==================
Unit I :
1. Explain boehm and Mccall hierarchical model of quality.
2. How will you measure software quality? :
3. Explain the views of quality
4. Explain the classification of metrics.
5. Explain gilbs approach
6. Explain GQM model
Unit II :
1. Explain about rewies and audit.
2. Explain about documentation.
3. Explain about characteristics of team.
4. Explain about quality tasks.
Unit III :
5. Explain Ishkawas seven basic tools.
6. Explain about Rayleigh model
7. Explain about defect removal and protection.
8. Explain reliability models.
Unit IV :
9. Explain about elements of QMS.
10. Explain about Rayleigh growth model.
11. Explain about the methods that are you used for measuring software quality.
12. Explain about complexity metrics and models.
13. How will you analyze customer satisfaction? :
14. Explain about Rayleigh growth model of QMS.
Unit V :
15. Explain about six sigma concepts.
16. Explain about CASE tools.
17. Explain the stages involved in SSADM
18. Explain CMM and CMMI.
19. Explain about ISO 9000 series.
Model/Sample Question Paper :
Part A – (10×2=20) Marks :
1. What are the criteria for quality? :
2. What is the significance of Quality Metrics? :
3. What are quality standards? :
4. List four tools for quality.
5. What is Quality Management Systems? :
6. What are the elements of Quality Management Systems? :
7. Bring out the difference between a process and product.
8. What is W2HH principle? :
9. What is the necessity of integrating metrics with in software engineering process? :
10. List few metrics useful for small organization.
Part B-(5×16=80 marks) :
11. How can you manage quality? :
12. (a) Explain in detail, the different views of quality
(b) Name and explain in detail any two models which you have studied to predict the quality of
any software.
13. (a) Write short note on the following :
I. Elements of Quality Management System (QMS)? :
II. Quality Management Systems for Software
III. Quality assurance
(b). Discuss in detail, the ISO 9000/9001 series, which serves as a generic quality
14. (a). Discuss CMM and how to attain the different levels.
(b). Explain briefly the principles and practices in Quality management system
15. (a). Discuss about the measures and metrics in process domains.
(b). Discuss about the measures and metrics in product domains.
==================
III. Quality management tools
1. Check sheet
The check sheet is a form (document) used to collect data
in real time at the location where the data is generated.
The data it captures can be quantitative or qualitative.
When the information is quantitative, the check sheet is
sometimes called a tally sheet.
The defining characteristic of a check sheet is that data
are recorded by making marks ("checks") on it. A typical
check sheet is divided into regions, and marks made in
different regions have different significance. Data are
read by observing the location and number of marks on
the sheet.
Check sheets typically employ a heading that answers the
Five Ws:
 Who filled out the check sheet
 What was collected (what each check represents,
an identifying batch or lot number)
 Where the collection took place (facility, room,
apparatus)
 When the collection took place (hour, shift, day
of the week)
 Why the data were collected
2. Control chart
Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts
(after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior
charts, in statistical process control are tools used
to determine if a manufacturing or business
process is in a state of statistical control.
If analysis of the control chart indicates that the
process is currently under control (i.e., is stable,
with variation only coming from sources common
to the process), then no corrections or changes to
process control parameters are needed or desired.
In addition, data from the process can be used to
predict the future performance of the process. If
the chart indicates that the monitored process is
not in control, analysis of the chart can help
determine the sources of variation, as this will
result in degraded process performance.[1] A
process that is stable but operating outside of
desired (specification) limits (e.g., scrap rates
may be in statistical control but above desired
limits) needs to be improved through a deliberate
effort to understand the causes of current
performance and fundamentally improve the
process.
The control chart is one of the seven basic tools of
quality control.[3] Typically control charts are
used for time-series data, though they can be used
for data that have logical comparability (i.e. you
want to compare samples that were taken all at
the same time, or the performance of different
individuals), however the type of chart used to do
this requires consideration.
3. Pareto chart
A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type
of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where
individual values are represented in descending order
by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the
line.
The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence,
but it can alternatively represent cost or another
important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is
the cumulative percentage of the total number of
occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of
measure. Because the reasons are in decreasing order,
the cumulative function is a concave function. To take
the example above, in order to lower the amount of
late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first
three issues.
The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the
most important among a (typically large) set of
factors. In quality control, it often represents the most
common sources of defects, the highest occurring type
of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer
complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006) devised an
algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance
limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in
the Pareto chart.
4. Scatter plot Method
A scatter plot, scatterplot, or scattergraph is a type of
mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to
display values for two variables for a set of data.
The data is displayed as a collection of points, each
having the value of one variable determining the position
on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable
determining the position on the vertical axis.[2] This kind
of plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, scatter
diagram,[3] or scatter graph.
A scatter plot is used when a variable exists that is under
the control of the experimenter. If a parameter exists that
is systematically incremented and/or decremented by the
other, it is called the control parameter or independent
variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal
axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily
plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable
exists, either type of variable can be plotted on either axis
and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of
correlation (not causation) between two variables.
A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations
between variables with a certain confidence interval. For
example, weight and height, weight would be on x axis
and height would be on the y axis. Correlations may be
positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated).
If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right,
it suggests a positive correlation between the variables
being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left
to lower right, it suggests a negative correlation. A line of
best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in
order to study the correlation between the variables. An
equation for the correlation between the variables can be
determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear
correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear
regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution
in a finite time. No universal best-fit procedure is
guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary
relationships. A scatter plot is also very useful when we
wish to see how two comparable data sets agree with each
other. In this case, an identity line, i.e., a y=x line, or an
1:1 line, is often drawn as a reference. The more the two
data sets agree, the more the scatters tend to concentrate in
the vicinity of the identity line; if the two data sets are
numerically identical, the scatters fall on the identity line
exactly.
5.Ishikawa diagram
Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams,
herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or
Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru
Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific
event.[1][2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are
product design and quality defect prevention, to identify
potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or
reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes
are usually grouped into major categories to identify these
sources of variation. The categories typically include
 People: Anyone involved with the process
 Methods: How the process is performed and the
specific requirements for doing it, such as policies,
procedures, rules, regulations and laws
 Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc.
required to accomplish the job
 Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc.
used to produce the final product
 Measurements: Data generated from the process
that are used to evaluate its quality
 Environment: The conditions, such as location,
time, temperature, and culture in which the process
operates
6. Histogram method
A histogram is a graphical representation of the
distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability
distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative
variable) and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.[1] To
construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of
values -- that is, divide the entire range of values into a
series of small intervals -- and then count how many
values fall into each interval. A rectangle is drawn with
height proportional to the count and width equal to the bin
size, so that rectangles abut each other. A histogram may
also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then
shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several
categories, with the sum of the heights equaling 1. The
bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping
intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be
adjacent, and usually equal size.[2] The rectangles of a
histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to
indicate that the original variable is continuous.[3]
III. Other topics related to software quality management question bank (pdf
download)
quality management systems
quality management courses
quality management tools
iso 9001 quality management system
quality management process
quality management system example
quality system management
quality management techniques
quality management standards
quality management policy
quality management strategy
quality management books

More Related Content

What's hot

Economics In Software Engineering
Economics In Software EngineeringEconomics In Software Engineering
Economics In Software EngineeringParthKhatri12
 
Software reuse ppt.
Software reuse ppt.Software reuse ppt.
Software reuse ppt.Sumit Biswas
 
CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter (1)
CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter  (1)CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter  (1)
CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter (1)Dr. Ahmed Al Zaidy
 
Extreme Programming (XP)
Extreme Programming (XP)Extreme Programming (XP)
Extreme Programming (XP)dcsunu
 
Web Engineering - Web Application Testing
Web Engineering - Web Application TestingWeb Engineering - Web Application Testing
Web Engineering - Web Application TestingNosheen Qamar
 
Need for Software Engineering
Need for Software EngineeringNeed for Software Engineering
Need for Software EngineeringUpekha Vandebona
 
4 evolution-of-programming-languages
4 evolution-of-programming-languages4 evolution-of-programming-languages
4 evolution-of-programming-languagesRohit Shrivastava
 
Software Quality Assurance
Software Quality Assurance Software Quality Assurance
Software Quality Assurance ShashankBajpai24
 
Types of Programming Languages
Types of Programming LanguagesTypes of Programming Languages
Types of Programming LanguagesJuhi Bhoyar
 
Software Testing
Software TestingSoftware Testing
Software TestingSengu Msc
 
software development and programming languages
software development and programming languages software development and programming languages
software development and programming languages PraShant Kumar
 
REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING
REQUIREMENT ENGINEERINGREQUIREMENT ENGINEERING
REQUIREMENT ENGINEERINGSaqib Raza
 

What's hot (20)

Economics In Software Engineering
Economics In Software EngineeringEconomics In Software Engineering
Economics In Software Engineering
 
Operating System
Operating SystemOperating System
Operating System
 
Introduction to software
Introduction to softwareIntroduction to software
Introduction to software
 
Slides chapter 3
Slides chapter 3Slides chapter 3
Slides chapter 3
 
Software reuse ppt.
Software reuse ppt.Software reuse ppt.
Software reuse ppt.
 
CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter (1)
CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter  (1)CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter  (1)
CIS110 Computer Programming Design Chapter (1)
 
Extreme Programming (XP)
Extreme Programming (XP)Extreme Programming (XP)
Extreme Programming (XP)
 
Web Engineering - Web Application Testing
Web Engineering - Web Application TestingWeb Engineering - Web Application Testing
Web Engineering - Web Application Testing
 
Need for Software Engineering
Need for Software EngineeringNeed for Software Engineering
Need for Software Engineering
 
Evolution of Computer Languages
Evolution of Computer LanguagesEvolution of Computer Languages
Evolution of Computer Languages
 
Programming Languages
Programming LanguagesProgramming Languages
Programming Languages
 
4 evolution-of-programming-languages
4 evolution-of-programming-languages4 evolution-of-programming-languages
4 evolution-of-programming-languages
 
Software maintenance
Software maintenanceSoftware maintenance
Software maintenance
 
Software Quality Assurance
Software Quality Assurance Software Quality Assurance
Software Quality Assurance
 
software engineering
software engineeringsoftware engineering
software engineering
 
Types of Programming Languages
Types of Programming LanguagesTypes of Programming Languages
Types of Programming Languages
 
Software Testing
Software TestingSoftware Testing
Software Testing
 
software development and programming languages
software development and programming languages software development and programming languages
software development and programming languages
 
REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING
REQUIREMENT ENGINEERINGREQUIREMENT ENGINEERING
REQUIREMENT ENGINEERING
 
The Software Development Process
The Software Development ProcessThe Software Development Process
The Software Development Process
 

Similar to Software quality management question bank

Quality management dashboard
Quality management dashboardQuality management dashboard
Quality management dashboardselinasimpson2901
 
Process based quality management system
Process based quality management systemProcess based quality management system
Process based quality management systemselinasimpson2801
 
Electronic quality management system
Electronic quality management systemElectronic quality management system
Electronic quality management systemselinasimpson2401
 
Software quality management plan
Software quality management planSoftware quality management plan
Software quality management planselinasimpson1501
 
What is the quality management
What is the quality managementWhat is the quality management
What is the quality managementselinasimpson2901
 
Iso 9001 quality management system
Iso 9001 quality management systemIso 9001 quality management system
Iso 9001 quality management systemselinasimpson0201
 
Quality management qualification
Quality management qualificationQuality management qualification
Quality management qualificationselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management qualifications
Quality management qualificationsQuality management qualifications
Quality management qualificationsselinasimpson1901
 
Purpose of quality management
Purpose of quality managementPurpose of quality management
Purpose of quality managementselinasimpson2301
 
Software for quality management
Software for quality managementSoftware for quality management
Software for quality managementselinasimpson341
 
The importance of quality management
The importance of quality managementThe importance of quality management
The importance of quality managementselinasimpson1501
 
Quality management system training courses
Quality management system training coursesQuality management system training courses
Quality management system training coursesselinasimpson311
 
Quality management system planning
Quality management system planningQuality management system planning
Quality management system planningselinasimpson1601
 
Data quality management tools
Data quality management toolsData quality management tools
Data quality management toolsselinasimpson1601
 
Continuous quality management
Continuous quality managementContinuous quality management
Continuous quality managementselinasimpson341
 
Advantages of quality management
Advantages of quality managementAdvantages of quality management
Advantages of quality managementselinasimpson2001
 

Similar to Software quality management question bank (20)

Quality management dashboard
Quality management dashboardQuality management dashboard
Quality management dashboard
 
Process based quality management system
Process based quality management systemProcess based quality management system
Process based quality management system
 
Electronic quality management system
Electronic quality management systemElectronic quality management system
Electronic quality management system
 
Software quality management plan
Software quality management planSoftware quality management plan
Software quality management plan
 
What is the quality management
What is the quality managementWhat is the quality management
What is the quality management
 
Iso 9001 quality management system
Iso 9001 quality management systemIso 9001 quality management system
Iso 9001 quality management system
 
Quality management training
Quality management trainingQuality management training
Quality management training
 
Quality management qualification
Quality management qualificationQuality management qualification
Quality management qualification
 
Quality management qualifications
Quality management qualificationsQuality management qualifications
Quality management qualifications
 
Purpose of quality management
Purpose of quality managementPurpose of quality management
Purpose of quality management
 
Management quality system
Management quality systemManagement quality system
Management quality system
 
Software for quality management
Software for quality managementSoftware for quality management
Software for quality management
 
The importance of quality management
The importance of quality managementThe importance of quality management
The importance of quality management
 
Quality management system training courses
Quality management system training coursesQuality management system training courses
Quality management system training courses
 
What is quality management
What is quality managementWhat is quality management
What is quality management
 
Quality management system planning
Quality management system planningQuality management system planning
Quality management system planning
 
Quality management pmp
Quality management pmpQuality management pmp
Quality management pmp
 
Data quality management tools
Data quality management toolsData quality management tools
Data quality management tools
 
Continuous quality management
Continuous quality managementContinuous quality management
Continuous quality management
 
Advantages of quality management
Advantages of quality managementAdvantages of quality management
Advantages of quality management
 

More from selinasimpson3001

Training in quality management
Training in quality managementTraining in quality management
Training in quality managementselinasimpson3001
 
Supplier quality management software
Supplier quality management softwareSupplier quality management software
Supplier quality management softwareselinasimpson3001
 
Quality risk management training
Quality risk management trainingQuality risk management training
Quality risk management trainingselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management systems guidelines
Quality management systems guidelinesQuality management systems guidelines
Quality management systems guidelinesselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management system documents
Quality management system documentsQuality management system documents
Quality management system documentsselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management system construction
Quality management system constructionQuality management system construction
Quality management system constructionselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management software ltd
Quality management software ltdQuality management software ltd
Quality management software ltdselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management positions
Quality management positionsQuality management positions
Quality management positionsselinasimpson3001
 
Quality management distance learning
Quality management distance learningQuality management distance learning
Quality management distance learningselinasimpson3001
 
Process of quality management
Process of quality managementProcess of quality management
Process of quality managementselinasimpson3001
 
Presentation on quality management system
Presentation on quality management systemPresentation on quality management system
Presentation on quality management systemselinasimpson3001
 
Iso 9001 quality management system requirements
Iso 9001 quality management system requirementsIso 9001 quality management system requirements
Iso 9001 quality management system requirementsselinasimpson3001
 

More from selinasimpson3001 (13)

Training in quality management
Training in quality managementTraining in quality management
Training in quality management
 
Supplier quality management software
Supplier quality management softwareSupplier quality management software
Supplier quality management software
 
Quality risk management training
Quality risk management trainingQuality risk management training
Quality risk management training
 
Quality management systems guidelines
Quality management systems guidelinesQuality management systems guidelines
Quality management systems guidelines
 
Quality management system documents
Quality management system documentsQuality management system documents
Quality management system documents
 
Quality management system construction
Quality management system constructionQuality management system construction
Quality management system construction
 
Quality management software ltd
Quality management software ltdQuality management software ltd
Quality management software ltd
 
Quality management seminars
Quality management seminarsQuality management seminars
Quality management seminars
 
Quality management positions
Quality management positionsQuality management positions
Quality management positions
 
Quality management distance learning
Quality management distance learningQuality management distance learning
Quality management distance learning
 
Process of quality management
Process of quality managementProcess of quality management
Process of quality management
 
Presentation on quality management system
Presentation on quality management systemPresentation on quality management system
Presentation on quality management system
 
Iso 9001 quality management system requirements
Iso 9001 quality management system requirementsIso 9001 quality management system requirements
Iso 9001 quality management system requirements
 

Software quality management question bank

  • 1. software qualitymanagement question bank In this file, you can ref useful information about software quality management question bank such as software quality management question bankforms, tools for software quality management question bank, software quality management question bankstrategies … If you need more assistant for software quality management question bank, please leave your comment at the end of file. Other useful material for software quality management question bank: • qualitymanagement123.com/23-free-ebooks-for-quality-management • qualitymanagement123.com/185-free-quality-management-forms • qualitymanagement123.com/free-98-ISO-9001-templates-and-forms • qualitymanagement123.com/top-84-quality-management-KPIs • qualitymanagement123.com/top-18-quality-management-job-descriptions • qualitymanagement123.com/86-quality-management-interview-questions-and-answers I. Contents of software quality management question bank ================== Unit I : 1. Explain boehm and Mccall hierarchical model of quality. 2. How will you measure software quality? : 3. Explain the views of quality 4. Explain the classification of metrics. 5. Explain gilbs approach 6. Explain GQM model Unit II : 1. Explain about rewies and audit. 2. Explain about documentation. 3. Explain about characteristics of team. 4. Explain about quality tasks. Unit III : 5. Explain Ishkawas seven basic tools. 6. Explain about Rayleigh model 7. Explain about defect removal and protection. 8. Explain reliability models. Unit IV : 9. Explain about elements of QMS.
  • 2. 10. Explain about Rayleigh growth model. 11. Explain about the methods that are you used for measuring software quality. 12. Explain about complexity metrics and models. 13. How will you analyze customer satisfaction? : 14. Explain about Rayleigh growth model of QMS. Unit V : 15. Explain about six sigma concepts. 16. Explain about CASE tools. 17. Explain the stages involved in SSADM 18. Explain CMM and CMMI. 19. Explain about ISO 9000 series. Model/Sample Question Paper : Part A – (10×2=20) Marks : 1. What are the criteria for quality? : 2. What is the significance of Quality Metrics? : 3. What are quality standards? : 4. List four tools for quality. 5. What is Quality Management Systems? : 6. What are the elements of Quality Management Systems? : 7. Bring out the difference between a process and product. 8. What is W2HH principle? : 9. What is the necessity of integrating metrics with in software engineering process? : 10. List few metrics useful for small organization. Part B-(5×16=80 marks) : 11. How can you manage quality? : 12. (a) Explain in detail, the different views of quality (b) Name and explain in detail any two models which you have studied to predict the quality of any software. 13. (a) Write short note on the following : I. Elements of Quality Management System (QMS)? : II. Quality Management Systems for Software III. Quality assurance (b). Discuss in detail, the ISO 9000/9001 series, which serves as a generic quality 14. (a). Discuss CMM and how to attain the different levels. (b). Explain briefly the principles and practices in Quality management system 15. (a). Discuss about the measures and metrics in process domains. (b). Discuss about the measures and metrics in product domains. ================== III. Quality management tools
  • 3. 1. Check sheet The check sheet is a form (document) used to collect data in real time at the location where the data is generated. The data it captures can be quantitative or qualitative. When the information is quantitative, the check sheet is sometimes called a tally sheet. The defining characteristic of a check sheet is that data are recorded by making marks ("checks") on it. A typical check sheet is divided into regions, and marks made in different regions have different significance. Data are read by observing the location and number of marks on the sheet. Check sheets typically employ a heading that answers the Five Ws:  Who filled out the check sheet  What was collected (what each check represents, an identifying batch or lot number)  Where the collection took place (facility, room, apparatus)  When the collection took place (hour, shift, day of the week)  Why the data were collected 2. Control chart Control charts, also known as Shewhart charts (after Walter A. Shewhart) or process-behavior charts, in statistical process control are tools used to determine if a manufacturing or business process is in a state of statistical control. If analysis of the control chart indicates that the process is currently under control (i.e., is stable, with variation only coming from sources common to the process), then no corrections or changes to process control parameters are needed or desired. In addition, data from the process can be used to predict the future performance of the process. If
  • 4. the chart indicates that the monitored process is not in control, analysis of the chart can help determine the sources of variation, as this will result in degraded process performance.[1] A process that is stable but operating outside of desired (specification) limits (e.g., scrap rates may be in statistical control but above desired limits) needs to be improved through a deliberate effort to understand the causes of current performance and fundamentally improve the process. The control chart is one of the seven basic tools of quality control.[3] Typically control charts are used for time-series data, though they can be used for data that have logical comparability (i.e. you want to compare samples that were taken all at the same time, or the performance of different individuals), however the type of chart used to do this requires consideration. 3. Pareto chart A Pareto chart, named after Vilfredo Pareto, is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line. The left vertical axis is the frequency of occurrence, but it can alternatively represent cost or another important unit of measure. The right vertical axis is the cumulative percentage of the total number of occurrences, total cost, or total of the particular unit of measure. Because the reasons are in decreasing order, the cumulative function is a concave function. To take the example above, in order to lower the amount of late arrivals by 78%, it is sufficient to solve the first three issues. The purpose of the Pareto chart is to highlight the most important among a (typically large) set of factors. In quality control, it often represents the most
  • 5. common sources of defects, the highest occurring type of defect, or the most frequent reasons for customer complaints, and so on. Wilkinson (2006) devised an algorithm for producing statistically based acceptance limits (similar to confidence intervals) for each bar in the Pareto chart. 4. Scatter plot Method A scatter plot, scatterplot, or scattergraph is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data. The data is displayed as a collection of points, each having the value of one variable determining the position on the horizontal axis and the value of the other variable determining the position on the vertical axis.[2] This kind of plot is also called a scatter chart, scattergram, scatter diagram,[3] or scatter graph. A scatter plot is used when a variable exists that is under the control of the experimenter. If a parameter exists that is systematically incremented and/or decremented by the other, it is called the control parameter or independent variable and is customarily plotted along the horizontal axis. The measured or dependent variable is customarily plotted along the vertical axis. If no dependent variable exists, either type of variable can be plotted on either axis and a scatter plot will illustrate only the degree of correlation (not causation) between two variables. A scatter plot can suggest various kinds of correlations between variables with a certain confidence interval. For example, weight and height, weight would be on x axis and height would be on the y axis. Correlations may be positive (rising), negative (falling), or null (uncorrelated). If the pattern of dots slopes from lower left to upper right, it suggests a positive correlation between the variables being studied. If the pattern of dots slopes from upper left to lower right, it suggests a negative correlation. A line of best fit (alternatively called 'trendline') can be drawn in order to study the correlation between the variables. An
  • 6. equation for the correlation between the variables can be determined by established best-fit procedures. For a linear correlation, the best-fit procedure is known as linear regression and is guaranteed to generate a correct solution in a finite time. No universal best-fit procedure is guaranteed to generate a correct solution for arbitrary relationships. A scatter plot is also very useful when we wish to see how two comparable data sets agree with each other. In this case, an identity line, i.e., a y=x line, or an 1:1 line, is often drawn as a reference. The more the two data sets agree, the more the scatters tend to concentrate in the vicinity of the identity line; if the two data sets are numerically identical, the scatters fall on the identity line exactly. 5.Ishikawa diagram Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal diagrams created by Kaoru Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific event.[1][2] Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential factors causing an overall effect. Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation. Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify these sources of variation. The categories typically include  People: Anyone involved with the process  Methods: How the process is performed and the specific requirements for doing it, such as policies, procedures, rules, regulations and laws  Machines: Any equipment, computers, tools, etc. required to accomplish the job  Materials: Raw materials, parts, pens, paper, etc. used to produce the final product  Measurements: Data generated from the process that are used to evaluate its quality  Environment: The conditions, such as location, time, temperature, and culture in which the process operates
  • 7. 6. Histogram method A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. It is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable (quantitative variable) and was first introduced by Karl Pearson.[1] To construct a histogram, the first step is to "bin" the range of values -- that is, divide the entire range of values into a series of small intervals -- and then count how many values fall into each interval. A rectangle is drawn with height proportional to the count and width equal to the bin size, so that rectangles abut each other. A histogram may also be normalized displaying relative frequencies. It then shows the proportion of cases that fall into each of several categories, with the sum of the heights equaling 1. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The bins (intervals) must be adjacent, and usually equal size.[2] The rectangles of a histogram are drawn so that they touch each other to indicate that the original variable is continuous.[3] III. Other topics related to software quality management question bank (pdf download) quality management systems quality management courses quality management tools iso 9001 quality management system quality management process quality management system example quality system management quality management techniques quality management standards quality management policy quality management strategy quality management books