2.  Groups of nerve cells
have special jobs.
 Keeping everything
running requires
coordination as well as
large amounts of fuel
and oxygen.
 The brain has 100 billion nerve cells (neurons).
 Each nerve cell connects with many others to
form communication networks.

3.  Alzheimer's disease prevents
parts of a cell's factory from
running well. just like a real
factory, backups and
breakdowns in one system
cause problems in other
areas.
 As damage spreads, cells
lose their ability to do their
jobs and, eventually
die, causing irreversible
changes in the brain.

4.  Two abnormal structures
called plaques and tangles
are prime suspects in
damaging and killing nerve
cells.
 Though most people
develop some plaques and
tangles as they age, those
with Alzheimer's tend to
develop far more.

5.  Scientists do not know
exactly what role plaques
and tangles play in
Alzheimer's disease.
 Most experts believe they somehow play a
critical role in blocking communication among
nerve cells and disrupting processes that cells
need to survive.

6.  Alzheimer's
association
estimated that the
economic cost of
Alzheimer's disease
(AD) health care
system is 80-100
billion dollars
presently in the U.S.

7.  Loss of cholinergic synapses in hippocampus
and neocortex has been a consistent finding in
AD.
 Although advent of AChE inhibitors has been
effective in function. Yet, there has been
augmenting need to quest for new drugs.
 Because of their potential anti-oxidative
properties, moringa plants provide wealth of
bioactive compounds, which exert a substantial
strategy for the treatment of neurological
disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

8.  The objective of this research is to prepare
malunggay extracted flavonoids ,load it on
chitosan nanoparticles as a carrier system via
nose-to-brain delivery, for the treatment of”
Alzheimer's disease”.
 It has been found recently that Moringa
oleifera leaf extract ”flavonoids” enhances
memory via nootropics activity and provides
substantial antioxidants like vitamin C and E to
combat oxidative stress in AD.

9.  using polysorbate 80 coated chitosan
nanoparticles as brain delivery carriers .
 Chitosan was selected for nanoparticles
because of its recognized mucoadhesivity and
ability to enhance the penetration of large
molecules across mucosal surface.

10.  Gallic tannins
 Catechol tennins
 Steroids & triterpenoids
 Flavonoids
 Saponins
 Anthraquinones
 Alkaloids
 Reducing sugars

11. Why Nano-carrier?
 The blood brain barrier (BBB) is an obstacle
for large number of drugs particularly the
neuropeptides .
 Nanoparticles loaded with drugs show drug
release at right rate and dose at specific sites
in the body for a certain time to realize the
accurate delivery, which enhances the
therapeutic effect and reduces the toxicity and
side effects.

12. Why Chitosan?
 Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible
and bioadhesive polysaccharide .
 Chitosan is non-toxic and soft tissue
compatible in a range of toxicity tests.
 Widely used in pharmaceutical researches
and in industry as a carrier for drug delivery
and as biomedical material.

13. Nano preparations
Top-down
approach
Bottom –up
approach

14.  “Top-Down” approach
involves the breaking
down of large pieces of
material to generate the
required nanostructures
from them.
 This method is
particularly suitable for
making interconnected
and integrated structures
such as in electronic
circuitry.

15.  “Bottom-Up”
approach, single atoms and molecules are
assembled into larger nanostructures.
 This is a very powerful method of creating
identical structures with atomic precision.

16. Preparation of Chitosan NPs:
Flavonoids-loaded chitosan
nanoparticles can be prepared by
dissolving the extract (flavonoids) in
chitosan solution containing Tween 80
as a re-suspending agent to prevent
particle aggregation, before adding TPP.
At ambient temperature while stirring.
Bottom –up approach

17. Expected outcome
 It is hypothesized that muco-
adhesive nanoparticles as
intranasal formulation is an
alternative drug delivery systems
which can result in nose-to-brain
transport of moringa olifera leaves
extract and greater drug transport
and distribution into and within the
brain.
 This can help to maximize the therapeutic index of the active
components, reduce side effects, decrease the dose and
frequency of dosing, and perhaps even the cost of the therapy.