Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Concept Of Holistic Medicine Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar
1. Concept of Holistic Medicine: Dr. Shriniwas Kashalikar
The concept of holistic medicine emerges as a result of realization of the underlying unity
and continuity amongst the apparently different disciplines of medicine. In fact it emerges
from the realization of the universal unity and continuity. This is emergence of SATVIKA
JNAANA (Geeta 18.20).
It is usual for most of us to get stuck to the differences as they strike our senses; and build
our concepts; based on these observations of ours. The knowledge of different disciplines
and recognition of their separate existence; as disjointed or disconnected entities; is called
RAJASA JNAANA [Geeta 18.21].
Those who either practice mixed or integrated medicine or are not averse to dialogue or
advocate it, may fit in this category.
The third variety is ignorance about every other medical discipline and adamant adherence
to any given medical discipline alone is state of darkness called TAMASA JNAANA
[Geeta 18.22]. Most of the warring factions from different medical disciplines opposing the
emergence of holistic medicine can fit in this category.
The word holistic is derived from the Greek word holos which literally means a] Taking in
the whole of something b] Whole of organism is a more fruitful field of study than its parts
or symptoms.
It can be stated for the sake of simplicity and further clarity that the holistic medicine is
Trans-religious [not religious or not non religious i.e. neither holy nor unholy],
Trans-national [neither national nor non-national/anti-national],
Trans-cultural [neither of a particular culture nor against any particular culture],
Trans-intellectual [neither bound in a particular intellectual framework nor opposed to a
particular intellectual framework],
Trans-ideological [neither committed to a particular ideology nor opposed to a particular
ideology] and
Trans-scientific [neither unscientific nor locked in rigid criteria of physical sciences]
Study of holistic medicine constitutes efforts to understand, visualize and realize the multi-
charactered, multifaceted, multidimensional and multi-layered complex nature of life (in
addition to what is learnt in allopathy or what is learnt in any one discipline). The intention
of the study is to comprehend the continuity and validity (or otherwise) of the concepts of
different disciplines (allopathy, Ayurveda, SAANKHYA philosophy, homeopathy, yoga,
Chinese medicine etc.) which emerge and get evolved from different levels of
2. consciousness of differently constituted individuals in different regions with different
backgrounds.
The approach of holistic medicine can neither be classified as eclectic, analytical, synthetic
or reductionist etc. The holistic approach embodies all these as means to “see” the unity
and continuity in different phenomena.
The holistic medicine is therefore not a new system or new discipline of medicine. It is a
way to see things as they are rather than how they appear and thereby preserve and
promote health and improve effectiveness of healing.
Implications of Holistic Approach
Holistic approach simultaneously makes us aware of possibilities as well as limitations. For
example understanding the ayurvedic concepts such as DOSHA, DHATU, MALA, their
balance, their imbalance, concept of PRAKRUTI i.e. constitution etc. with holistic
approach, add new dimension to the knowledge of the student of physiology as well as to
the diagnostic skills of a clinician from the discipline of allopathy.
Understanding of the concepts of panchakarma, naturopathy, yoga etc. with holistic
approach makes the treatment also more effective because several different modalities and
remedies in the repertoire act at different levels or different points and complementarily.
Besides, holistic understanding of human existence, which is fundamental to the study of
holistic medicine gives us insight into the enormous healing powers within the patient and
helps us to help him/her to use them beneficially.
This is a great benefit in terms of empowerment of the clinician as well as the patient.
Holistic approach relieves health care providers such as doctors and paramedics and all
others; from the unhealthy patronizing and condescending attitude and makes us aware of
our limitations, i.e. gives us knowledge of our ignorance! It gives us the courage to see our
ignorance and admit it. It imparts intellectual honesty to admit the ignorance hidden under
the Greek, Latin, Sanskrit or other esoteric/mystifying terms, characteristic to many
branches of science in general and medicine in particular.
(Take for example hysteria. We do not know any physiological mechanisms underlying
this condition. But the ignorance is hidden under the term. Another example is that dreams,
thoughts , emotions etc. The ignorance about the physical dimensions of dreams, thoughts,
emotions etc, even as we can not dispute or disprove their existence; is hidden under
several terms)!
3. Holistic approach reduces hypocrisy and imparts humility.
Some more examples from the disciplines of medicine are as follows. Holistic approach
enables us to see the limitations intrinsic to the concept of standardization of weight,
height and possible errors in interpretation of biochemical parameters and calculation of
regimentalized doses of drugs due to lack of due consideration to variations in the
constitutions.
Holistic approach cautions us against indiscriminate use of ayurvedic drugs without due
consideration to the variation in the quality, nature, source etc. of the ingredients of the
drug as well as the constitution of the patient and the type of climate.
Holistic approach gives us insight into the possible mechanism of the action of
homeopathic drugs on the one hand and cautions about the ambiguity in the method of
diagnosis arising out of subjective factors related to the doctor as well as the patient, on the
other.
Holistic approach reveals to us the possibility of “cosmic homeostasis” on the one hand
while simultaneously exposing the possible fallibility intrinsic to bigotry in the practice of
gemology, astrology, numerology etc. due to number of different approaches with
fundamental differences in the interpretations, without sufficiently convincing reasons.
Beside all above, implication of the holistic approach is readiness to change and
accommodate new ideas, i.e. not getting shackled in dogmas of any kind.
But possibly the most important implication is development of proper perspective about
the health and healing, which would help in development of proper policies of services,
education, research, production in the field of mainstream medical care, education,
research and coordination of all these with a variety of policies (influencing the health
directly and indirectly) in other fields such as education, industry, environment, agriculture
etc.
From practical point of view, syllabus of holistic medicine including Namasmaran,
prayers, water therapy, proper food (diet), mud packing, massage, yoga, music, colors,
aroma and such simple healing methods (so much recommended by Mahatma Gandhi) and
so many health promoting research and service activities can be introduced.
4. It is this holistic approach, which would help the decision-makers; to realize that the
national unity and even freedom (which is essential for global unity) would be in
jeopardy in absence of such holistic (unifying) steps.
DR. SHRINIWAS KASHALIKAR