This document discusses HIV infection and the four types of hypersensitivity reactions. It defines HIV and explains the four stages of HIV infection from acute to AIDS. It also describes the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of HIV. The four types of hypersensitivity reactions are defined: type I involves IgE antibodies and mast cell degranulation. Type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies directed against antigens. Type III involves antigen-antibody immune complex formation. Type IV is a cell-mediated reaction that can cause contact dermatitis.

1. TOPIC:
(HIV INFECTIN AND TYPES OF HYPERSINSITIVITY
Presented by:
 Salman ali (BsN 2yr)
 indus college of nursing

2. OBJECTIVES
Define HIV infection.
Explain the stages of hiv infection.
Discuss the epidemiology of HIV infection.
Describe pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of HIV
infection.
Discuss the pathophysiology of different types of
hypersensitivity, (briefly discuss type I ,type II , type III
and type IV.
Explain the prevention of HIV infection.

3. Introduction of HIV:
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a
virus that attacks the body's immune system. If
HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
HIV invades the helper T cells to replicate
itself.

4. STAGES OF HIV INFECTION:
Stage 1 – Primary(Acute HIV
infection):
Short, flu-like illness, fever,
headache, and rash- occurs for one to
twelve weeks after infection.
Infected person can infect other
people.

5. 2. CHRONIC HIV INFECTION:
STAGE 2 - ASYMPTOMATIC
It is also called chronic infection.
• Lasts for an average of ten years.
• This stage is free from symptoms.
• The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels.
• HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood.

6. 3. ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME(AIDS)
Stage 3 – Symptomatic:
•Also known as AIDS, is the most
advanced stage. It occurs when the
immune system is damaged to the extent
that it can no longer fight off infections.
Taking antiretroviral drugs keeps the
immune system strong enough to prevent
HIV from progressing to this stage.

7. Stage 4 - HIV AIDS
AIDS is the final, most
severe stage of HIV
infection. Because HIV
has severely damaged
the immune system, the
body cannot fight off
opportunistic infections.

9. Epidemiology:
 The HIV epidemic arose after
zoonotic infections with simian immunodeficiency
viruses from African primates.
Pathogenesis of hiv infection:
HIV pathogenesis is thought of as a chronic infection
involving slow degradation of immunity that ultimately
leads to AIDS. This scenario, however, could reflect the
decay of an immune system.

10. PATHOGENESIS OF HIV INFECTION:
HIV pathogenesis is thought of
as a chronic infection involving
slow degradation of immunity
that ultimately leads to AIDS.
This scenario, however, could
reflect the decay of an immune
system mortally wounded
during acute HIV infection.

11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF HIV INFECTION
 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection manifests as numerous signs
and symptoms and can affect multiple
systems. The most common presentations
include asymptomatic infection, fever,
chills, malaise, fatigue, swollen lymph
nodes, sore throat, and myalgia's.

12. HYPERSENSITIVITY:
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the
normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity
instead protecting.
 They are usually referred to as an over-reaction of the immune
system and these reactions start damaging body tissues and
uncomfortable.
CAUSES:
hypersensitivity syndrome is caused by a complex set of
interactions between a medication, your own immune system,
pollen, dust and many more.

13. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF TYPES OF
HYPERSENSITIVITY:
Type I hypersensitivity :
It is also known as an immediate
reaction and involves immunoglobulin
E (IgE) mediated release of antibodies
against antigen. This results in mast cell
degranulation and release of histamine
and other inflammatory mediators.
Onset of 2 to 30 minutes
eg: bronchiospasm

14. TYPE II HYPERSENSITIVITY:
Type II hypersensitivity reaction
refers to an antibody-mediated
immune reaction in which
antibodies (IgG or IgM) are
directed against cellular or
extracellular matrix antigens with
the resultant cellular destruction,
functional loss, or damage to
tissues.
Onset of 2to 8 hours.
eg: blood transfusion reaction

15. TYPE III HYPERSENSITIVITY:
In type III hypersensitivity
reaction, an abnormal immune
response is mediated by the formation
of antigen-antibody complex called
"immune complexes." They can
accumulate in various tissues such as
skin, joints, vessels, or glomeruli, and
trigger the classical complement
pathway.
 onset 3 to 6 develop.
eg : rheumatoid arthatitis

16. TYPE IV HYPERSINSITIVITY:
Type four hypersensitivity
reaction is a cell-mediated reaction
that can occur in response to
contact with certain allergens
resulting in what is called contact
dermatitis or in response to some
diagnostic procedures as in the
tuberculin skin test. Certain
allergens must be avoided to treat
this condition.
Eg ; diabetes 1

18. REFERENCE
https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-
aids/symptoms-causes
https://www.google.com/search?q=hiv+in+body+fluid