2. Empty of barium folds of mucosa( three or four long straight parallel lines)

5. Normal in elderly

7. Irregular lumen

8. Shouldering edges

9. Several CMs in length

11. Almost invariably associated with hiatus hernia and GERD

12. Characteristically short

13. Smooth outlines

14. Tapering ends

17. pressure effect

19. The outline of lesser curve of stomach is smooth with no filling defects or projection

20. Greater curve is nearly always irregular due to prominent mucosal folds

21. The Duodenal cap or bulb is nearly triangular in shape + short pyloric canal

22. The duodenum forms a loop around the head of pancreas to reach the duodenojejunal flexture

24. Histological Ex

25. Persistent dyspepsia

26. Follow up of ulcer

27. Ex of the patient after gastric surgery

29. GU

30. Narrowing

31. Thick gastric mucosal folds

32. Gastric outlet obstruction

33. Gastritis

34. Hiatus hernia

36. Altered normal mucosal pattern

37. Shouldering edges

38. CA of the fundus may obstruct the esophagus

39. CA of the antrum gastric outlet obstruction

41. Sessile or pedunculated

43. Projecting beyond the lumen

45. Thick rigid tube

46. No peristalsis

47. Obliteration of the mucosal folds

49. Zollinger- Ellison syndrome

50. Gastritis due to H. pylori

52. CA antrum

54. Lucent zone around it due to edema

55. Mucosal folds are often seen radiating toward the ulcer

57. Mucosal abnormality, mucosal folds thicken in malabsorption, oedema, hemorrhage in the bowel wall, and when inflamed or infiltrated.

58. Narrowing, normal narrowing is caused by peristalsis, they are smooth, concentric, transient with normal mucosal folds. When there is stricture, it’s caused by crohn’s disease, TB, lymphoma, they don’t contain normal mucosal folds and bowel dilates proximally.

59. Ulceration, may appear shallow or deep. Ulceration is seen in Crohn’s disease, TB, lymphoma... Cobble stone appearance may be seen due to ulceration and mucosal oedema.

61. Nearly always affects the terminal ileum.

62. Skin lesions involve several different parts of SI and LI, leaving normal remaining bowel.

63. Stricture.

64. Mucosal abnormality.

65. String sign, severe narrowing of a loop of bowel from spasm in the ulcerated part or from oedema and fibrosis and proximal dilatation.

66. Cobble stone appearance.

67. Thickened bowel wall and mucosal folds.

68. Inflammatory mass which displace the loops.

69. Fistulae to other loops of bowel, bladder and vagina.

71. Displacement of the loops by enlarged LN.

74. Thickened mucosal folds.

76. Gluten enteropathy

77. Tropical sprue

78. Deficiency of absorptive factors e.g bile or pancreatic enzymes.

80. Lymphoma

81. Anatomical abnormalities:

82. Decreased length of the bowel

84. Small bowel becomes dilated

87. Patient with persistent symptoms with a normal Ba enema.

88. Screening of a patient with a strong family Hx of colonic Ca.

89. Performing polypectomy.

92. Benign strictures have tapered ends, smooth outline of any length.

93. Ulceration maybe seen in strictures due to crohn’s dis.

94. Stricture due to diverticular disease is accompanied by other signs.

95. The site of the stricture can help, e.g.:

96. Diverticular disease is almost always confined to sigmoid colon

97. Ischemic strictures located between splenic flexure and sigmoid colon

98. Crohn’s dis and TB at caecum

100. Paralytic ileus (Dx is clinical)

101. Valvulus

102. Ulcerative colitis with toxic dilatation

104. Crohn’s disease (common).

105. TB (rare).

106. Amoebic dysentery (rare).

108. Short thick stalk

109. Irregular surface

111. Villous polyps: benign, sessile tumors, having sponge-like appearance, frequently mistaken for feces, mostly found in the rectum and cecum, having high incidence to change to Carcinoma.

112. Polypoid adenocarcinoma

113. Juvenile polyps: almost all isolated polyps in children.

114. Inflammatory polyps (pseudopolyps), seen in ulcerative colitis.

116. Show carcinoma.

117. Show spread and invasion.

118. Show metastasis.

121. Low and medium amplitude echoes.

123. Liver cysts:

124. Congenital: This could be single or multiple.

125. Infection.

126. Adult polycystic disease.

127. Hydatid cyst.

129. No echoes within the cyst.

130. Intensive echoes from the front and back of the cyst.

134. Occasionally isodense.

136. Budd chiari syndrome.

138. Splenomgaly.

139. At ultrasound the texture of liver is diffusely abnormal.

143. Best for showing gall stones.

144. Best for diseases of GB.

147. Unexplained abdominal pain thought to be biliary in origin when other investigations have been equivocal.

149. Vary in size and shape.

150. Dense outer rim with central lucency.

153. Inflammatory debris.

154. GB wall thickening.

155. Oedema adjacent to the wall of GB (is very important sign in distinguishing between chronic & acute cholecystitis).

157. CA of head of pancreas.

159. CBD lies just infront of the portal vein and is dilated when more than 7 mm in diameter.

162. Portal hypertension.

163. Chronic inflammation.

164. Hemolytic anemias.

167. Neoplasm of adjacent LN.

168. Focal pancreatitis.

169. Pancreatic abscess.

171. Irregular obliteration of the fat around the pancreas.

173. Irregular outline.

174. low density areas at CT.

175. Echo-poor area at U/S.

176. In very sever cases large fluid, filled area abscess.

178. The calcification in panceatitis is mainly due to small calculi within the pancreas, so often recognizable on plain film U/S and particularly CT.

179. Pseudocyst, just like acute type.

180. Enlargement… Either focal (rare and mistaken with CA) or general enlargement.

181. Atrophy: is non specific sign as it occurs in elderly and distal to CA... Maybe focal or general.

183. If large amount of fluid are present, fluid will be seen throughout the peritoneal cavity and stomach or ………… may be seen floating in the ascites.

184. At CT scan, ascites is of lower density than liver, spleen and kidney.

185. One of the easiest site to see ascites is near the liver, a uniform band of low density can identify with liver and diaphragm

186. Ascites cannot collect posterior to the upper part of liver because of the peritoneal reflection forming the so called bare area.

187. When loculated ascites is seen as discrete collection of fluid. Loculated lesion may not be distinguishable from fluid in abscess because the density of infected and uninfected fluid can be identical.

189. Either sub hepatic, Subphrenic, Para colic and pelvic.

190. Multiple abscesses are not uncommon.

191. Ascites frequently follow abdominal and pelvic abscess.

194. The abscess has slightly irregular walls and may contain internal echoes due to septation or debris. these internal echoes are not specific for infection.

196. Gas within the abscess seen in ½ of patients. It is very useful sign to distinguish infected and non infected fluid loculation.

197. The gas may take the form of multiple small streaks or bubbles, or may collect as one large bubble.

198. Air fluid level may be present within the larger collection.

199. The wall of the abscess show enhancement following IV contrast administration.

202. Calcification within the mass

203. Gas in the abscess

205. Lymphadenopathy

206. Aortic aneurism

207. Retroperitoneal tumors

208. Hematoma

210. There is usually fat containing space to left of aorta which is a good area to look for Lymphadenopathy. The only structure other than LN to be seen in this space is left renal vein.

211. The psoas muscles are seen as symmetrical rounded structures.

213. Size is the only criterion of abnormality normal, inflammatory and neoplastic nodes usually have the same features and texture at CT, US & MRI.

215. Calcification of adrenal gland may follow:

216. Old intra adrenal hemorrhage.

217. Old healed TB

218. Severe destruction or calcification may lead to Addison’s ∆

219. Enlargement may be due to

220. Neoplasm

221. Hyperplasia

222. Cyst

223. Abscess

224. Hemorrhage

225. Advantage of US and MRI over CT ;

226. Display retroperitoneum in any plane

228. Most hyper plastic gland in pituitary dependant Cushing ∆ are normal or only slightly enlarged at CT.

229. Aldosteronoma (Conn’s tumor) are usually < 1 cm and may be difficult to be identified.

230. Phaeochromocytomas: are

231. Very large at CT or MRI

233. MRI is very helpful

234. Non functional adenoma larger than 3cm are rare, may be due to metastasis or primary adrenal carcinoma. The common malignant adrenal tumor is neuroblastoma.

237. At angiography the outline of aortic lumen seen this is due to thrombus and not the wall that form the outline.

238. Aortography is of limited use in assessing the diameter although it is a good technique for the aorta above the aneurism.

240. Diagnosis is readily made by CT, MRI or US.

241. Hematoma may have similar feature to non fatty retroperitoneal tumor on CT and US.

242. Recent hemorrhage may show area of high density, while older hematoma have often undergone liquefaction (area of low attenuation)

244. Retroperitoneal abscess have many similar features to tumors and hematoma at both CT and US. Usually there is evidence of fluid center and gas.

245. The wall of the abscess may enhance with contrast.

246. Psoas abscess occasionally seen as an isolated entity which show enlargement of psoas muscle.

247. For diagnosis you should compare both psoas muscles.

248. ‘’ All the best ‘’