Annotated Bibliography This paper was done with the aim of investigating the link between smoke-free legislation or smoking ban with markers of inflammation, pulmonary function and symptoms of bar workers. It was done in Tayside, Scotland and it included the enrolment of 105 asthmatic and non-asthmatic nonsmoking bar workers. The main outcomes involved the evaluation of sensory and respiratory symptoms. The results revealed that the proportion of bar workers with sensory and respiratory symptoms dropped from 79.2% before the ban to 53.2% one to two months afterward. Therefore, smoke-free legislation was linked with remarkable early improvements in the sensory and respiratory symptoms. Hinds, M.H. (1992). Impact of a local ordinance banning tobacco sales to minors. Public Health Rep. 1992 May-Jun; 107(3): 355–358. This paper shows that most addictions to tobacco smoking start when an individual is younger than eighteen years. Despite the fact that most jurisdictions do not legalize the sale of tobacco to younger people, the enforcement of these laws is always taken less seriously encouraging the minors to still purchase tobacco easily. The author of this paper assessed the impact or effect of local ordinance created to prevent the sales of tobacco to minors by conducting surveys of tenth grade students after and before the implementation of the local ordinance. From this survey, tobacco smoking dropped from 25.3% to 19.7% overall. Among the girls, the tobacco smoking declined from 26.4% to 11.5%. The students who reported that they were asked to proof their age before purchasing tobacco increased from 29.3% to 61.5%. Therefore, local ordinances can be an effective tool that can help in the reduction of tobacco smoking among adolescents. Glasgow, R. E., Cummings, K. M. & Hyland A. (1997). Relationship of worksite smoking policy to changes in employee tobacco use: findings from COMMIT. Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation. Tob Control 1997;6:S44- doi:10.1136/tc.6.suppl_2.S44 These authors conducted this study to report information on the effect or impact of workplace smoking policies on worker smoking habit from a heterogeneous and large sample of workplaces and smokers in 22 diverse communities who participated in this trial. The population base which completed surveys and supplied data, consisted of a total of 8271 adult smokers who were employed. In the surveys, there were questions regarding the behaviors of tobacco use, demographic/personal characteristics, smoking cessation resources and smoking policy at the workplace. The regression analysis showed that workers working in smoke-free workplace were more than 25%ready and likely to quit the smoking. At the same time, these workers were more than 25%ready and likely to realize smoke cessation as compared to those working in workplaces that permitted or allowed smoking. This study concluded that smoke-free workplace policies help workers discontinue or reduce the use of to.

1. Annotated Bibliography
This paper was done with the aim of investigating the link
between smoke-free legislation or smoking ban with markers of
inflammation, pulmonary function and symptoms of bar
workers. It was done in Tayside, Scotland and it included the
enrolment of 105 asthmatic and non-asthmatic nonsmoking bar
workers. The main outcomes involved the evaluation of sensory
and respiratory symptoms. The results revealed that the
proportion of bar workers with sensory and respiratory
symptoms dropped from 79.2% before the ban to 53.2% one to
two months afterward. Therefore, smoke-free legislation was
linked with remarkable early improvements in the sensory and
respiratory symptoms.
Hinds, M.H. (1992). Impact of a local ordinance banning
tobacco sales to minors. Public Health Rep. 1992 May-Jun;
107(3): 355–358.
This paper shows that most addictions to tobacco smoking start
when an individual is younger than eighteen years. Despite the
fact that most jurisdictions do not legalize the sale of tobacco to
younger people, the enforcement of these laws is always taken
less seriously encouraging the minors to still purchase tobacco
easily. The author of this paper assessed the impact or effect of
local ordinance created to prevent the sales of tobacco to minors
by conducting surveys of tenth grade students after and before
the implementation of the local ordinance. From this survey,
tobacco smoking dropped from 25.3% to 19.7% overall. Among
the girls, the tobacco smoking declined from 26.4% to 11.5%.
The students who reported that they were asked to proof their
age before purchasing tobacco increased from 29.3% to 61.5%.
Therefore, local ordinances can be an effective tool that can
help in the reduction of tobacco smoking among adolescents.

2. Glasgow, R. E., Cummings, K. M. & Hyland A. (1997).
Relationship of worksite smoking policy to changes in employee
tobacco use: findings from COMMIT. Community Intervention
Trial for Smoking Cessation. Tob Control 1997;6:S44-
doi:10.1136/tc.6.suppl_2.S44
These authors conducted this study to report information on the
effect or impact of workplace smoking policies on worker
smoking habit from a heterogeneous and large sample of
workplaces and smokers in 22 diverse communities who
participated in this trial. The population base which completed
surveys and supplied data, consisted of a total of 8271 adult
smokers who were employed. In the surveys, there were
questions regarding the behaviors of tobacco use,
demographic/personal characteristics, smoking cessation
resources and smoking policy at the workplace. The regression
analysis showed that workers working in smoke-free workplace
were more than 25%ready and likely to quit the smoking. At the
same time, these workers were more than 25%ready and likely
to realize smoke cessation as compared to those working in
workplaces that permitted or allowed smoking. This study
concluded that smoke-free workplace policies help workers
discontinue or reduce the use of tobacco.
References:
Glasgow, R. E., Cummings, K. M. & Hyland A. (1997).
Relationship of worksite smoking policy to changes in employee
tobacco use: findings from COMMIT. Community Intervention
Trial for Smoking Cessation. Tob Control 1997;6:S44-
doi:10.1136/tc.6.suppl_2.S4
Hinds, M.H. (1992). Impact of a local ordinance banning
tobacco sales to minors. Public Health Rep. 1992 May-Jun;
107(3): 355–358.
Menzies, D., Nair, A., Williamson, P.A., Schembri, S., Al-
Khairalla, M., Barnes, M., Fardon, T.C., McFarlane, L.,
Magee, G.J. & Lipworth, B.J. (2006). Respiratory Symptoms,

3. Pulmonary Function, and Markers of Inflammation Among
Bar Workers Before and After a Legislative Ban on Smoking in
Public Places. JAMA. 2006;296(14):1742-1748.
doi:10.1001/jama.296.14.1742
Question 1
How did the United States Supreme Court shape modern
electoral rules?
Response 1
The United States Supreme Court shaped modern electoral rules
in several instances. Many argue the changes were necessary
and good, others argue the changes were detrimental in the long
run. The United States Supreme Court means well when they try
to make all things equal, including voting. However,
occasionally their rulings might give us some setbacks. The
United States Supreme Court guaranteed that suffrage would be
meaningful in their ruling on Baker v. Carr (1962), giving the
federal courts jurisdiction over voting cases (Bush 1). The
Court also guaranteed the “one person, one vote” rule in the
14th Amendment. The court held that redistricting could not
dilute a person’s vote (Bush 2).
The United States Supreme Court stated in 1964, and 1968 that
districts must have somewhat of an equal distribution of voters.
The Court is most strict about federal elections, allowing no
differences in equal distribution of voters. If there is less than
a 10 percent difference, the Court upholds the results in state
elections. The Court is more liberal with local government at
12 percent difference (Bush 3). Title I of The Civil Rights Act
of 1964 included voting protection, such as prevention of
denying the right to vote from an insignificant mistake during
registration (Bush 4).
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, did away with literacy tests,

4. and poll taxes. The state now had to have their voting
requirements checked by the federal government, much to the
dismay of some Southern states. Justice Roberts wrote an
opinion doing away with this requirement of the states, setting
back gains by Southern voters (4-5).
Response 2
In Baker v. Carr (1962) the Supreme Court strengthened
suffrage previously addressed the 19th amendment to the
constitution. Basically what the court did was ensure that
federal courts had jurisdiction over voting rights cases.
Thereby, guaranteeing “one vote one person” doctrine. Three
cases, two in 1964 and one in 1968 held that districts, in order
to be fair, must be roughly equal in population. The court in
1971 lowered the voting age to 18 thereby expanding the voting
age population. Lastly, in a step backward, this year, the court
overturned the 1965 voting rights act; allowing southern states
to enact restrictive voting laws once again. Bush_4
Question 2
What modern electoral rules are preventing full participation by
the voting age population? What arguments do opponents and
proponents advance to support their positions with respect to
these rules?
Response 1
The Voting Rights Act of 1964. The Title I of The Voting
Rights Act of 1964, provided for states not to deny the right to
vote because of a mistake in registration if the mistake was not
material (Bush 4). However, in my opinion each town can still
make it as difficult as they want to for people to vote, based on
an attitude of those in authority during the election process.
The Help America Vote Act of 2002 has a provision called
Election Commission, which requires each state to have a
statewide computerized voter database, id restrictions. This

5. provision may give the states an opportunity to be more
restrictive, thus preventing people from voting (Bush 6-8). I’ve
had personal experiences of trying to get a photo id for my
Mom, and it never happened since she did not have an original
birth certificate. We still have elderly who were born at home,
or in other countries without this documentation. – very
restrictive. While the photo ID may be a good idea in some
cases, it is not good for all. To have the elderly, or poor, or
anyone disabled for that matter, need to go somewhere in a car
to have a picture taken is simply unacceptable.
Response 2
In 2002 congress enacted sweeping changes they called reforms;
The Help American Vote Act of 2002. These changes were in
fact a failure in that they discouraged voter turn out by
requiring voter identification. Many states seized the
opportunity to require photo ids in an attempt to dissuade the
black vote; under the discuse of preventing fraud, where non
exists. This new identification push has disenfranchised as
many as 20 million Americans nationwide. Not to mention the
poll workers that are ill equipped to manage the changes. Also,
felons are restricted from voting and most are Hispanic or
Black; in Florida alone, 15% of all black males were barred
from voting. Bush_4
It is also noted that a great deal of research has found that as
the costs of voting increase the turnout decreases and that
includes the time and hassle for some to produce a photo id.
And, that it disproportionately affects the poor, ethnic
population; including the disabled and residentially mobile.
Think how frustrated you and I may get in the registry of motor
vehicles; not try that with an uneducated homeless man trying
to vote. Unfortunately, republicans support strict voter
registration laws because they know the majority of the people
they are discouraging, are democrat voters. Hershey_4

6. Question 3
What electoral reforms may be able to expand participation of
the voting age population? Do these reforms have any
unintended consequences?
Response 1
I like the idea of people being able to register to vote while
obtaining their driver’s license, made possible by President
Clinton when he signed the National Voter Registration Act in
1993 (Bush 6). The costs to states to do so might have been a
burden, without resulting votes. Early voting, it is said may
widen class bias, since voter with more money, and resources to
travel with work or pleasure are more likely to take advantage
of this opportunity (Berinsky 474). Restrictions of any sort
which result due to election reform hurt everyone, whether the
voter is Democrat, Republican, Independent, or third party, in
my view.
Response 2
Many reforms already in place make it more convenient for the
elderly and travelers but it has been found that none have
stimulated new voters but just retained those already voting.
That is mail voting and early voting. Bush_4 I noted the some
thoughts about internet voting that suggested it may only be
used by the wealthy and discriminate against the poor, however,
I feel it would be heavily used by the younger generation that is
currently the largest population that is lacking at the voting
booth today. Lastly, more than reforms, we need to look at other
ways to encourage voter turnout; because reforms only bring the
“cream of the crop” to the polls. Instead of making it easier, we
need to expand politically engaged citizens and make them want
to participate. If we took all the money and minds and
redirected them toward that goal rather than reforms we may be
more successful. Berinsky
Research Paper Proposal
Thesis

7. With the social ethics in the different societies being
different, the effects of some vices are common like smoking in
public; this paper analyses the need to ban public smoking both
as a social responsibility and also for health concerns.
Explanation
The effects of public smoking are categorized into two; the
ethics in smoking and the effects of secondary smoking. Thus,
the reasons as to why public smoking should be condemned and
illegalized by all forms of legislation and laws must deal with
the two aspects (Health Committee, 2005). The objectives and
purpose of banning public smoking includes
· This will ensure that there will be no involuntary smoking
(David, 2008)
· Banning of public smoking ensures that the passage of the
vicious culture to lower generations is reduced
· That secondary smoking is slowly diminished, and,
· As a way of fighting lung cancer (Health Committee, 2005)
Over fifty percent of lung cancer cases are brought about by
smoking. Thus any effort to reduce smoking would change the
prevalence rate for lung cancer (David, 2008). It is paramount
to note that once public smoking is condemned and illegalized,
there shall be both reduced smoking and also, some smokers
would quit smoking as they would not do in private either. Also,
banning of public smoking will ensure that there shall not be
involuntary smoking, also called secondary smoking (Health
Committee, 2005).
Cultures are mostly cross-changed from one generation to
another through sight. Thus, once public smoking is banned, it
shall be easy to control rate of smoking to the younger
generations. This will also happed to the effects of secondary
smoking which are closely related to smoking itself.
Sub points
Some of the supporting points to the banning of public
smoking include
· Creation of a virtuous society
· Denying of religious rights to citizens

8. · A way of cutting government expenditure and
· To ease congestion in hospitals (David, 2008)
· Control of environmental degradation
While the government does not have a right on choosing what
the citizens should do privately, it is also mandated to ensure
that the citizenship is portrayed in the best light in the
international community (Health Committee, 2005). Also, there
are many religious circles that hold smoking as a sin and an
abomination. To ensure that this right to withhold from smoking
is protected, public smoking should be abolished.
There are both direct ways and indirect ways of cutting
government spending and congestion in hospitals. One of the
indirect ways that the government would use to cut the spending
shall be banning of public smoking (David, 2008). By ensuring
that the amounts that are government would use in curing
victims of smoking and also this would ensure that there will be
fewer patients in hospitals. The space n hospitals could easily
be used for more complicated cases and also for any
emergencies that may arise. One of environmental degradation
factors includes air pollution. Thus, a ban on smoking which
leads to air pollution would come in handy in controlling
environmental pollution (Health Committee, 2005).
Possible Objections
It is expected that the smokers would never go down
without fighting. Some of the grounds that they would try to
raise include;
· That smoking is a right just like other human rights
· That it is not possible to control lung cancer through ban on
public smoking since smoking will still continue (David, 2008)
· That the government supports vegetation of tobacco and thus
it would be imprudent to discourage its consumption, and,
· That smoking in itself contributes very little to air pollution.
The opponents of a ban on public smoking would mostly be the
persons that are indeed smokers. One, the human rights do not
expressly add some rights to it. This makes it hard to make
legislation that ban public smoking. Secondly, smoking cannot

9. be claimed to be the worst contributor to air pollution. Thus to
come up with legislation banning smoking to control air
pollution would be misplaced (Health Committee, 2005).
A ban on public smoking is not a ban on smoking. Thus,
this would do little towards control of lung cancer. Also, as
noted smoking is not the only contributor towards lung cancer.
Thus, it is not prudent to assume that by making legislation
banning public smoking would reduce cases of lung cancer
(David, 2008).
Reply to Objections
The above objections are weak and thus the following
reply is made.
· The fact that some of the public smoking contributes very
little to lung cancer is a reason in itself to make its ban in
public smoking a mode of control towards the deadly disease.
Thus, while it would not stop all the population from smoking
at least the prevalence rate for lung cancer would be reduced
(Health Committee, 2005).
· Secondly, while most governments’ support the cultivation of
tobacco, legislation can also be made to control the cultivation
if at all that would reduce the prevalence rate for lung cancer
and other objectives of the ban (David, 2008).
· Every effort to control air pollution should not be undermined.
Thus, control through a ban on public smoking is a valuable
percentage in control of air pollution.
References
David, H., (2008). Smoking Bans. New York: SAGE

10. Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Health
Committee, (2005).Smoking HYPERLINK
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HYPERLINK
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Report, Together with Formal Minutes. London: Author