6. Pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
Interstitial oedema
Impaired blood flow
Ischaemia
Acinar cell injury
ACTIVATED ENZYMES
Interstitial inflammation
oedema
Gallstone
Chronic alcoholism
Release of intracellular
proenzymes and
lysosomal hydrolases
Activation of enzymes
Delivery of proenzymes to
lysosomal compartment
Intracellular activation of
enzymes
Proteolysis
(proteases)
Fat necrosis
(lipase, phospholipase)
Haemorrhage
(elastase)
ACINAR CELL INJURY
Alcohol, drugs trauma,
ischaemia, viruses
DEFECTIVE INTRACELLULAR
TRANSPORT
Metabolic injury (experimental)
Alcohol, duct obstruction
DUCT OBSTRUCTION
7. Symptoms and signs
The most common symptoms and signs include:
Severe epigastric pain radiating to the back, relieved by leaning forward
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and loss of appetite
Fever/chills
Hemodynamic instability, including shock
In severe case may present with tenderness, guarding, rebound.
8. Signs which are less common, and indicate severe disease, include:
Grey-Turner's sign (hemorrhagic discoloration of the flanks)
Cullen's sign (hemorrhagic discoloration of the umbilicus)
12. Moderate : transient organ
failure and/or complications <
48hr
May or may not have
necrosis
Local complications such as
fluid collection is usually seen.
13. Severe form (necrotic or hemorrhagic pancreatitis
)
marked acinar destruction with hemorrhage
extensive leukocyte infiltration
necrosis of parapancreatic fat
grossly an inflammatory tumor-
like mass with diffused hemorrhagic change
secondary infection induces the
formation of abscess or pseudocysts
14. Full blood count: neutrophil leucocytosis
Lab investigation
Electrolyte abnormalities include hypokaemia, hypocalcemia
ElevatedLDHinbiliary disease
Glycosuria(10%ofcases)
Bloodsugar:hyperglycaemiainseverecases
Ultrasound look for stonesinbiliary tract diseases.
AbdominalCTscanmay revealphlegmon(inflammatory mass), pseudocyst or
abscess(complications of acute pancreatitis)
15. Lab investigation
Amylase and lipase
Elevated serum amylase and lipase levels, in combination with severe
abdominal pain, often trigger the initial diagnosis of acute
pancreatitis.
Serum lipase rises 4 to 8 hours from the onset of symptoms and
normalizes within 7 to 14 days after treatment.
Marked elevation of serum amylase level during first 24 hours
16. Reasons for false positive elevated serum amylase include salivary gland disease
(elevated salivary amylase) and macroamylasemia.
Ifthelipaselevelisabout2.5 to 3 times thatofAmylase,itis an indication of
pancreatitis due to Alcohol or gallstone
Thedegreeofamylase/lipaseelevationdoes not correlatewith severity of acute
pancreatitis.
17. Ranson Score
predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis
At admission
age in years > 55 years
white blood cell count > 16000 cells/mm3
blood glucose > 11 mmol/L (> 200 mg/dL)
serum ALT > 250 IU/L
serum LDH > 350 IU/L At 48 hours
19. APACHE II score
(Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation)
Score 0 to 2 : 2% mortality Score 3 to 4 : 15% mortality
Score 5 to 6 : 40% mortality Score 7 to 8 : 100%
mortality
Hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid
Obesity
Indicators of organ failure
Hypotension (SBP <90 mmHG) or tachycardia > 130 beat/min
PO2 <60 mmHg
Oliguria (<50 mL/h) or increasing BUN and creatinine
Serum calcium < 1.90 mmol/L (<8.0 mg/dL)
20. Acute pancreatitis. The pancreas is enlarged (blue arrow) with
indistinct and shaggy margins.
There is peripancreatic fluid (red arrow) and extensive
peripancreatic infiltration of the surrounding fat (black arrow).
25. Progression of Disease
Autodigestion
Acute Inflammation of Pancreas
Necrosis of Pancreas
Digestion of vascular walls
Thrombus and Hemorrhage
Death
26. Acute Pancreatitis
Goals of Treatment
Relief of pain
Prevention or alleviation of shock
Decrease respiratory failure
↓ of pancreatic secretions
Maintain Fluid/electrolyte balance
27. Treatment and Nursing Care
1. Pain management
IV morphine
Antispasmodic agent
Positioning – sitting up and leaning
forward
28. Treatment
2. Prevention of Shock – hemodynamic
stability
* Administer Blood, Plasma
expanders, Albumin
* Ringers Lactate solution
30. Treatment and Nursing Care
6. Correction of electrolyte imbalance/
hypocalcemia
7. Maintain Hydration / Nutrition
31. Treatment and Nursing Care
Surgical therapy – if related to gallstones
ERCP
Endoscopic sphincterotomy
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
32. Follow up care
Dietary teaching
High-carbohydrate, low-fat diet
Abstinence from alcohol,
Patient/family teaching
* Signs of infection, high blood
glucose, steatorrhea
Treatment - Home Care
33. Reference
• Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicie 22nd
edition
• Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 10th
edition
• Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 19th
edition
• www.Medscape.com