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(a) What was the objective of the experiment carried out by Hershey and Chase? (b) How was the objective accomplished? (c) What is the significance of this experiment? Solution 9.5 Hershey and Chase Experiment a. Objective: to determine whether the genetic material was from DNA and Protein. b. By marking phosphorus, a constituent of DNA, and sulfur, a constituent of protein, in a virus, it was conceivable to exhibit that alone the labeled phosphorus was brought into the host cell amid the viral reproductive cycle. The DNA was sufficient to deliver new phages. c. Conclusion: DNA not the protein is the genetic material that shows characteristics of an individual..

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The universe began 13 7 billion years ago, is most directly an exa.pdf

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The Stevens Company provided $57000 of services on account during 2014, its first year in ope estimates that it will be unable to collect 2% of its revenues on account. The amount of uncollectible accounts expense recognized on the 2014 income statement was o $285 O $10.000 O $1140 O $4.250 type here to search e??? Solution Uncollectible expense = 2% of service on account = 57000*2% = $1,140 answer Uncollectible expense = 2% of service on account = 57000*2% = $1,140 answer.

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The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the _ papillae. filiform fungiform foliate valuate Solution Answer: a). Filiform Explanation: The tongue contains 4 types of papillae, the most common type is filiform, thin and wire shaped and do not contain taste buds. Dorsal and anterior border of the tongue are mushroom shaped papillae, fungiform, these have taste buds located near the middle or in the cleft of the papillae..

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QUESTION 13 Which of the following benefits is a component of Social Security? A. workers\' compensation B. disability benefits C.unemployment compensation D. legal assistance Solution answer ) option B Disability benefits the U.S. Social Security system has three major components: retirement benefits, survivors\' benefits and disability insurance. answer ) option B Disability benefits the U.S. Social Security system has three major components: retirement benefits, survivors\' benefits and disability insurance..

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Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sierra Corporation on January 1, 2015, for $796,960 cash. At the acquisition date, Sierra’s total fair value, including the noncontrolling interest, was assessed at $996,200 although Sierra’s book value was only $623,000. Also, several individual items on Sierra’s financial records had fair values that differed from their book values as follows: Buildings and equipment (10-year remaining life) For internal reporting purposes, Padre, Inc., employs the equity method to account for this investment. The following account balances are for the year ending December 31, 2015, for both companies. Padre, Inc., buys 80 percent of the outstanding common stock of Sierra Corporation on January 1, 2015, for $796,960 cash. At the acquisition date, Sierra’s total fair value, including the noncontrolling interest, was assessed at $996,200 although Sierra’s book value was only $623,000. Also, several individual items on Sierra’s financial records had fair values that differed from their book values as follows: Solution Ans: Determination of consolidate Balances: Acquisition-date subsidiary fair value (given) $996,200 Book value of subsidiary (given) $623,000 Fair value in excess of book value $373,200 Allocations to specific accounts based on difference between fair value and book value Land $226,000 Buildings and equipment $18,000 Copyright $150,000 Notes payable $15,200 Total $373,200 Annual excess amortizations: Buildings and equipment ($18,000 / 10) $1,800 Copyright ($150,000 / 20) $7,500 Notes payable ($15,200 / 8) $1,900 Total $7,600 Acquisition Method: Consolidation Entries Accounts Padre Sierra Debit Credit No controlling Interest Consolidates Total Revenues (1,396,980) (657,250) (2,054,230) Cost of goods sold 736,000 399,000 1,135,000 Depreciation Expense 298,000 15,100 E 1,800 311,300 Amortization Expense - 8,600 E 7,500 16,100 Interest Expense 50,100 5,550 E 1,900 57,550 Equity in Income of Sierra (177,120) - I 177,120 - Separate Company Net Income (490,000) (229,000) consolidate Net Income (534,280) No controlling Interest in Sierra\'s Income (44,280) 44,280 Controlling Interest in CNI (490,000) Retained Earnings 1 / 1 (1,380,000) (463,000) S (463,000) (1,380,000) Net Income (above) (490,000) (229,000) (490,000) Dividend Paid 260,000 65,000 D 52,000 13,000 260,000 Retained Earnings 12/31 (1,610,000) (627,000) (1,610,000) Current Assets 854,920 569,100 1,424,020 Investments in Sierra 922,080 - D 52,000 S I A - Land 369,000 60,600 A 226,000 655,600 Buildings and Equipment 955,000 324,900 E 1,800 A 18,000 1,263,700 Copyright - 163,400 A 150,000 E 7,500 305,900 Total Assets 3,101,000 1,118,000 3,649,220 Accounts Payable (220,000) (199,000) (419,000) Notes Payable (521,000) (132,000) A 15,200 E 1,900 (639,700) NCI in Sierra 1/1 NCI in Sierra 12/ 31 (199,240) (230,520) (230,520) Common Stock (300,000) (100,000) S 100,000 (300,000) Additional paid-in capital (450,000) (60,000) S 60,000 (450,00.

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Operating Systems Structure 1- Explain briefly why the objectives of a purely batch multiprogramming operating system conflict with those of an interactive system. 2- What features from the Mainframe operating system Multics do we see in modern operating systems? Solution Answer 2.. The various features of Multics are : -Segmented memory -Virtual memory -High-level language implementation -Shared memory multiprocessor -Multi-language support -Relational database -Security -On-line reconfiguration -Software engineering Out of the above features, the feature that are present in modern operating system are: 1) security Each user has to be authenticated with an username and password (network and multi-user operating system). Their data and files will be kept private from other users, unless they choose to make some shareable with others. The operating system will only allow administrators (\'super users\') to change parts of the operating system and install applications. 2)Segmented memory To use shared memory, we have to perform 2 basic steps: Request to the operating system a memory segment that can be shared between processes. The user can create/destroy/open this memory using a shared memory object: An object that represents memory that can be mapped concurrently into the address space of more than one process.. Associate a part of that memory or the whole memory with the address space of the calling process. The operating system looks for a big enough memory address range in the calling process\' address space and marks that address range as an special range. Changes in that address range are automatically seen by other process that also have mapped the same shared memory object. 3)Virtual memory Virtual memory is a memory management capability of an OS that uses hardware and software to allow a computer to compensate for physical memory shortages by temporarily transferring data from random access memory (RAM) to disk storage. Virtual address space is increased using active memory in RAM and inactive memory in hard disk drives (HDDs) to form contiguous addresses that hold both the application and its data. 4)Shared memory multiprocessor Shared memory is the fastest interprocess communication mechanism. The operating system maps a memory segment in the address space of several processes, so that several processes can read and write in that memory segment without calling operating system functions. However, we need some kind of synchronization between processes that read and write shared memory. Consider what happens when a server process wants to send an HTML file to a client process that resides in the same machine using network mechanisms: The server must read the file to memory and pass it to the network functions, that copy that memory to the OS\'s internal memory. The client uses the network functions to copy the data from the OS\'s internal memory to its own memory. As we can see, there are two copies, one from memory to the network an.

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Need help with this java code. fill in lines where needed. Also, not sure how to make the text files and load them into program. Thanks!! Create a package named \"reading_with_exceptions\". Write a class named: Reading_With_Exceptions with the following method: void process(String inputFilename) Your program will encounter errors, and we want you to gracefully handle them in such a way that you print out informative information and continue executing. Your process routine will try to open a file with the name of inputFilename for input. If there is any problem (i.e. the file doesn\'t exist), then you should catch the exception, give an appropriate error and then return. Otherwise, your program reads the file for instructions. Your process routine will read the first line of the file looking for an outputFilename String followed by an integer. i.e.: outputFilename number_to_read Your program will want to write output to a file having the name outputFilename. Your program will try to read from \"inputFilename\" the number of integers found in \"number_to_read\". Your process method will copy the integers read from inputFilename and write them to your output file(i.e. outputFilename). There should contain 10 numbers per line of output in your output file. If you encounter bad input, your program should not die with an exception. For example: If the count of the numbers to be read is bad or < 0 you will print out a complaint message and then read as many integers as you find. If any of the other numbers are bad, print a complaint message and skip over the data If you don\'t have enough input numbers, complain but do not abort After you have processed inputFilename, I would like your program to then close the output file and tell the user that the file is created. Then Open up the output file and copy it to the Screen. For example, if inputFilename contained: We would expect the output of your program to be (Note that after 23 numbers we stop printing numbers): The main program will access the command line to obtain the list of filenames to call your process routine with. For those of you who benefit from a Template, your program might look like: To prove that your program works, I want you to run your program with the following command line parameters: file1.txt non-existent-file file2.txt file3.txt Where non-existent-file does not exist. file1.txt contains: file2.txt contains: file3.txt contains: Solution // Reading_With_Exceptions.java import java.io.File; // required imports for the code import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.PrintStream; import java.util.Scanner; public class Reading_With_Exceptions { // class that runs the code // 1.) Create a Scanner from the inputFilename. Catch exceptions from errors. // 2.) Read the first String from the file and use it to create a PrintStream // catching appropriate exceptions // 3.) Using hasNextInt and nextInt, carefully re.

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IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 was created to overcome this. a) What is ICMPv4? b) How do we use ICMPv4 with the TCP/IP Suite? c) How does it overcome the limitations in IP? Solution What is ICMP? ICMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is an error reporting protocol network device like routers used to generate error messages to the source IP addresses when network problem prevent delivery of IP Packets. ICMP creates and sends messages to the source IP address indicating that a gateway to the router, host and service cannot be reached for packet delivery. Any Network IP device has the capability to send, receive or process ICMP messages. How do we use ICMPv4 with the TCP/IP Suite? Various message types are defined in ICMP that allow different types of information to be exchanged. These are usually either generated for the purpose of reporting errors, or for exchanging important information of different sorts that is needed to keep IP operating smoothly. ICMP itself doesn\'t define how all the different ICMP messages are used; this is done by the protocols that use the messages. In this manner, ICMP describes a simple message-passing service to other protocols. ICMP is not like most other TCP/IP protocols in that it does not perform a specific task. It defines a mechanism by which various control messages can be transmitted and received to implement a variety of functions. ICMP is considered an integral part of IP, even though it uses IP to sends its messages. The operation of ICMP involves some portion of the TCP/IP protocol software on a machine detecting a condition that causes it to generate an ICMP message. This is often the IP layer itself, though it may be some other part of the software. The message is then encapsulated and transmitted like any other TCP/IP message, and is given no special treatment compared to other IP datagrams. The message is sent over the internetwork to the IP layer at the receiving device. Again, since many of the ICMP messages are actually intended to convey information to a device\'s IP software, the IP layer itself may be the “ultimate destination” of an ICMP message once a recipient gets it. In other cases, the ultimate destination may be some other part of the TCP/IP protocol software, which is determined by the type of message received. ICMP does not use ports like UDP or TCP to direct its messages to different applications on a host; the software recognizes the message type and directs it accordingly within the software How does it overcome the limitation in IP? IP is an unreliable method for the delivery of network data. It is known as a best effort delivery mechanism. It has no built-in process to ensure that data is delivered. If an intermediary device such as a router fails, data cannot be delivered. Additionally, nothing in its basic design allows IP to notify the sender that a data transmission has failed. ICMP is the component of the TCP/IP protocol.

IP has no mechanism for error reporting or error-correcting. ICMPv4 .pdf

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Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types. How does a health entity need to ensure that all staff have an understanding of the aspects of informed consent? Solution Informal consent refers to the processnof getting permission before doing any sort of healthcare intervention or trial.the consent plays very vital role in all sort of research or test using a particular person. Thus it can be a legal.offense is any test or research conducted without taking any informal consent from the patient. Healthcare industry to be on their business ethics side should communicate all.the employees about the importance of having informal consent from the patients.The proper consent will avoind further complication or any sort of conflicts. Incase if the patient hasn\'t provided prowpr informal consent or in partial it can be assessed by review committee or institutional review board..

Informed Consent is a significant requirement for all provider types.pdf

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In the MVC Architecture, why is it important to keep the model, view, and controller independent of each other? Solution In the MVC Architecture, it is important to keep the model, view, and controller independent of each other. Because... In view layer, programmers will prepare user interface for collecting different types of inputs. Then user interface program is responsible for storing all values as a single group should send to the controller application. Then for storing multiple values as one group user interface application internally should use either array or collection object. The controller layer receives all values as a single object using array or collection reads input values from the array or collection object perform calculations and generate results then input and output values will send to the model application. The model layer will receive array or collection object reads all input and output values stores in the database..

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in roughly 400 words please describe: 3 affective outcomes of diversity and 3 cognitive outcomes of diversity. refer to ... Working in teams: moving from high potential to high performance.. BA Griffith and EB Dunham.. Ch.7 Solution if a firm is operating with cross culturals work force, it can be called as diverified team, which may include the members from various backgrounds, nations, with different cultures, education qualifications, religious and other aspects too. when people works with others, there is a great chance to upgrade their knowledge levels by interacting with others, they can explore to new techniques, and so on. when people work in teams, they discuss, interact, and expose their talent. others may extract those and the acceptable practices are followed by others. the effective outcomes of diversity are as follows: 1. people have habituated to openness and share everthing with others 2. they trust each other and exchange what they have and what others need, similarly seek helps from others in the limitations 3. it encourages team spirity, where all the people works on focused tasks. 4. stands with each other in the times of difficulties and in the times of success also. the cognitive outcomes of diversity: 1. during the times of problems and difficulties, all these members tries to recollect the prior experience related to this. 2. if there are any relevant experiences to this, they share with others, and drwn an acceptable solution to the present problem. 3. when people works and thinks to get a solution while they are in teams, the success of getting a correct solution is more..

in roughly 400 words please describe3 affective outcomes of diver.pdf

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I\'m having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of the mechanisms involved with transcription and translation, but the question itself is really throwing me off. 4. What kinds of mutations might result in transcriptional errors? What kinds of mutations might result in translational errors? What I\'m thinking for this one is that transcriptional errors are having to do with radiation-type mutations as well as incidences where the RNA polymerase or other polymerases make a mistake when creating that RNA template and the mistake does not get fixed. As far as the translational side, I\'m kind of clueless. Part of this homework is in the realm of CFTR and the delF508 gene and the W1282X gene, as well as nonsense and missense mutations. I do not know where they fall into this stuff. 6. Which part of the central dogma is represented by CFTRdel508 and by W1282X? Where is the information flow interrupted (transcription or translation)? Justify your answer. Again, I get the gist, but not really how these actually fit into the question. I BELIEVE the answer to be that the problem / informational flow interruption occurs during translation, but I\'m not sure that\'s correct, nor can I justify it. THANKS FOR THE HELP! :) Solution 4. Mutation like point mutations, framshift mutations, chromosomal disjunction etc causes incorrect base pairing at the DNA level, hence the RNA polymerase incorporates incorrect nucleotides and thereby creating incorrect mRNA sequences. Also, any mutations in RNA polymerase, and other transcriptional factors lead to transxccriptional errors Similarly the mRNA is incorrect then the ribosome and the tRNA also incorporates incorrect amino acids thereby forming a defective protein which leads to translational errors. Also, any mutation of the tRNA/ ribosome\'s sub units (50 S and 30 S) can also lead to translational errors thereby leading to a defective protein. 6. DNA ----> RNA ----> Protein The deletions inthe 2 genes fall in the DNA to RNA part of central dogma. Any mutations of the CFTRdel508 and W1282X gene causes the protein folding to be disrupted. The protein in question for these 2 genes is Cystic Fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). Since the protein is unable to fold properly (the missense mutation in CFTRdel508 causing the Phenylalanine not to get coded) hence the protein is unable to move out of the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Hence, the probelm is not at the translation level but mainly at the transcription level, since the deletion had occured in the DNA which resulted in the coding of an incorrect mRNA thereby forming a defective protein. So the major problem is at the transcriptional level..

Im having issues with two homework questions. I get the gist of th.pdf

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Implement the interface you wrote for Lab B (EntryWayListInterface). As a reminder, EntryWayListInterface allows the user to access to list elements only through the beginning and end of the list. Your implementation can use either an expandable array or linked nodes- it is your choice. You can decide what instance variables are needed. You must implement every method from the interface. Make sure to account for special conditions such as empty lists and singleton lists. Note: your instance data variable should be either a) an array or b) one or more nodes. It should not be an AList or LList object or an ArrayList object. Your implementation must: compile contain these implemented methods: insertHead insertTail deleteHead deleteTail display contains isEmpty isFull Also create a driver program to test your implementation. The driver program will operate from the client perspective. Your driver program should: display an empty list add five entries to the list- some at the head and some at the tail display the list remove the first entry remove the last entry display the list test to see if elements are in the list (test one element that is in the list and one that is not) remove the last three elements in the list try to remove an element from the empty list Write a second class to implement EntryWayListInterface. Instead of using an array or linked nodes, use either an AList or LList object as your instance data variable. In this way, you are using an existing data type (AList or LList) to implement a new data type (EntryWayListInterface). Inside the methods of this class, invoke methods on the AList or LList object to accomplish the task. /** An interface for the ADT list. Entries in a list have positions that begin with 1. * Accesses only entries that are the head or tail of the list. */ public interface EntryWayInterface { /** Adds a new entry to this list T. * @param newEntry The object to be added as a new entry. * @return True if the addition is successful, or false if not. */ public boolean insertHead(T newEntry); /** Deletes a new entry to this list T. * @param newEntry The object to be added as a new entry. * @return True if the addition is successful, or false if not. */ public boolean insertTail(T newEntry); /** Deletes the object that is at the head of list T. * @return the object that has been deleted and returns * null if no object was deleted. */ public T deleteHead(); /** Deletes the object that is at the tail of list T. * @return the object that has been deleted or else return null * if no object was deleted. */ public T deleteTail(); /** Displays the contents of the list T. */ public void display(); /** See whether this list T contains a given entry. * @param anEntry The object that is the desired entry. * @return the position of the entry that was found. * else returns false if the object is not in the list. */ public int contains(T anEntry); /** Sees whether this list is empty. * @return True if the list is empty, or false.

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I am trying to add the units to my println in Java, what I have so far is System.out.println(\"The projectile velocity is \" +decf.format(Vel)); When I give its input, its giving out But in reality its supposed to have units such as How do I add the units? Solution System.out.println(\"The projectile velocity is \" +decf.format(Vel) + \"feet per second\"); The above command will have the unit also with the answer.

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How does an understanding of management and organizational behavior lead to organizational effectiveness and efficiency? Why is the study of historical management theories important today? Solution Ans:- Organizational behavior examines how and why people act, think, and feel in corporate and other organized settings. The field is concerned with timeless questions such as the nature of leadership, how to motivate people, how to resolve interpersonal conflicts, and how to develop effective teams. We say “timeless” because the fundamental issues in organizational behavior—the rapidly changing workplace notwithstanding—aren’t new. In fact, the field’s roots go back thousands of years. For example, ancient Chinese emperors grappled with how to efficiently organize a vast work force of civil servants. And in the Roman Empire, experiments with tenure-based wage classifications (what are called tiered wage systems today) created problems. But we’ll spare you the details of some 4,000 years of history—you can pursue that on your own. The point is that concerns about organizational behavior have always been with us. We’ll jump ahead with our time line to the U.S. in the late 1800s. During that period, several famous “experiments” in human behavior were conducted in organizations. Robert Owen, for example, was a textile manufacturer who experimented with “innovations” such as providing breaks and hot meals for his employees. Likewise, the Pullman factory town was seen by many as innovative in its day. Today, of course, what was viewed as an attractive workplace in the 1800s comes across as laughable. For example, at the Boston Herald in the 1870s, a company rule stated that “men employees will be given an evening off each week for courting purposes, or two evenings a week if they go regularly to church.”6 Up until this point, efforts to improve worker productivity were largely confined to a handful of behavioral tinkerers. But 1900 marked the birth of the first systematic effort to scientifically study human behavior. In fact, for the next 40–50 years, scientific management was the dominant behavioral perspective in the U.S. Its champion was Frederick Taylor. An engineer by training, Taylor felt that applying scientific principles to human behavior was a practical and efficient way to maximize firm performance. Just as machines could be designed to optimally perform a certain task, he reasoned, so too could people be taught the ideal way to perform their specific jobs. Uncovering those “ideal ways” required a systematic analysis. The idea was to observe people doing actual work, discover the “human problems” preventing better performance, and then minimize them by training employees to do things correctly. Taylor conducted many experiments that tested whether worker movements, action sequences, physical positions, and job locations would raise or lower production. For instance, Taylor collected detailed information about how workers loaded coal bins, i.

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Hey, I need some help coding this C++ assignment. Objectives: This assignment will access your C++ language skills. After completing this assignment you will be able to do the following: (1) allocate memory dynamically (2) implement a default, explicit-value and copy constructor, (3) a destructor, (4)parse string, (5) identify substrings in a string, and (6) fully implement and manage a string class. In this assignment you will implement the WORD ADT (abstract data type) using a singly-linked list of characters. The WORD ADT is defined below. Call the class you implement \"WORD\". Remember, a singly-linked list is composed of nodes. You will also implement a class called \"character\" that has two fields: a char field called \"symbol\"; and a pointer field called \"next\". Essentially, each character is really a node in the list. Each node (character) in the list (word) will contain one alpha/numeric character of a word. Consider the following declaration of a character. A WORD is composed of characters: class character { public: char symbol; character *next; }; The state (private data members) of your WORD class should contain a pointer to the front of the list of characters called \"front\" and a pointer to the back of the list called \"back\". You may add more members to the state and more member functions to the behavior of the class if you determine necessary. Store the definition of your class in a file called \"word.cpp.\" and the declaration of your class in a file called \"word.h .\" You will implement all the code necessary to maintain a word. See the ADT below. Test the complete functionality of the class WORD. Use the file \"word_driver.cpp\" as a guide to help you understand and test all the functionality of the class. If you discover that you need more tests while implementing the functionality of WORD, then add more tests to your driver. ADT---WORD Data: A set of characters Operations: 1. IsEmpty: Check to see if the word A is empty; A is the current object; 2. Length: Determines the length of the word A; remember A is the current object; 6. operator<<: Overload the insertion operator as a friend function with chaining to print a word A; 7. operator= : Overload the assignment operator as a member function to take a string (C-style or C++ string, just be consistent in your implementation) as an argument and assigns its value to A, the current object; 8. operator= : Overload the assignment operator as a member function with chaining to take a word object as an argument and assigns its value to A, the current object; 9. operator+: Overload the ‘+” operator as a member function without chaining to add word B (adds the set of symbols that makep B\'s linked list to the back of A\'s linked list) to the back of word A; remember A is the current object; 10. Default constructor: The default constructor will initialize your state variables. The front of the linked list is initially set to NULL or 0; this implies a non-header node implemen.

Hey, I need some help coding this C++ assignment.ObjectivesThis.pdf

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Explain the rise of social movement unionism ? (250 word counts) Solution The social movement unionism is a form of trade unionism which has adopted broad goals to achieve social justice in contrast to traditional narrow economic agenda of collective bargaining. It stresses on forming labor-community alliances. It gives new dimensions to unions as social movements who will mobilize its members against workplace & social injustices. It concerns itself with more than organizing workers around workplace issues, pay and terms and conditions & want to engage in wider political struggle for social justice & democracy. It believes that workplace democracy will not likely be achieved outside of a broad popular movement that can alter the structures of law and political power. It uses social & political means to improve rights of labors. The social movement unionism emerged due to ineffectiveness of usual union rhetoric of uniting workers for social justice. In the real life this only represents a small part of a much bigger shift in union strategies in last few decades. This traditional way of unionism led to drastic decline in union memberships across industries & unions were also not able to do anything about it. From 1990s the world has witnessed massive economic changes at all scales & simultaneously a rapid decline in union power, membership and efficiency. This was basically due to decentralized & increased service oriented capital & labor markets. The economies across regions witnessed rapid globalization, capital turned from stable to mobile & economies turned from production oriented to consumption oriented. This drastic change in political & economic factors negatively affected labour’s ability to organise in many ways. There were large scale privatizations of public sector businesses which were previously considered unionized public sector workplaces. This privatization & decentralization broke up union branches & further complicated employer & employee relationships. This created issues between labor & employer related to work place. Therefor social movement unionism emerged in response to traditional business unionism. It stresses on democratic & political means to resolve problems in order to apply maximum economic leverage. It uses political & social power by reaching out to other stakeholder of society to fight for social justice & democracy..

Explain the rise of social movement unionism (250 word counts).pdf

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Explain in detail the Next Generation Networks (NGN). Draw its architecture. NOTE: Subject is Data Communication and Networks Solution NGNQoS can be described from five function layers: (1) Application layer that contains the typical middleware for authorization, accounting, directory, search and navigation for millions of users; (2) Network control layer aims at overcoming the bottleneck problems at edge nodes or servers and it is composed of a series of control Fig. 1. NGN Network Architectures 1058 W. Jia et al. agents for admission control, call setup and end-to-end QoS control through available bandwidth detection, local information control, class priority and intelligent scheduling. Multicast and anycast group managements will be implemented to leverage the load for admission control or service/message distributions; (3) Adaptation layer that supports different network configurations and network mobility. This layer can provide soft switching between different networks on different levels such as IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Ethernet, WLAN, WMAN and 3G networks. It supports both packet and circuit switching and provides interconnection between the two switching networks; (4) Network Transmission Layer that provides the effective endto- end QoS control for real-time requests and flows through integration of parameterized QoS control and class priority control. This is particularly important to resolve the bottleneck problems such as multi-path routing that enables the multiple choices for the path and anycast routing that enables the selection from different (replicated) servers and (5) Management layer that provides Web-based GUI browser and wireless connection information such as the data access using XML and Webbased visualization for data presentation, monitoring, modification and decision making in NGN. The IP telecommunication network architecture and software layer architecture are shown in Fig. 1 (see http://www.huawei.com) in which Bearer Control Layer and Logical Bearer Network perform network control together. End-to-end QoS control, Available bandwidth detection for resource allocations based on local information Adaptation: supports different network configurations and mobility: supports soft switching for packet and circuit switching between IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Ethernet, WLAN, WMAN and Physical Layer Management: Web-based client-server GUI or wireless information browser, accessing, updating, Visualization and presentation A.

Explain in detail the Next Generation Networks (NGN). Draw its archi.pdf

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Discuss/share examples of poorly written/inappropriate email messages sent to you. How would you revise such messages? If you have no personal examples to share, how can you increase readability of email messages? Solution Below is how readability of email messages can be increased - 1. Subject of the message - The subject of the message needs to clear and convey what the body should contain based on which the reader goes through the message completely. 2. Addressing the reader - It is important to warmly address the reader to generate a positive interest 3. Body of the message - The body of the message should include all the following - i. Correct grammar ii. Clear punctuation iii. Clear context of the message iv. Correct tone of the message v. Perfect ending for the body 4. The end of the message should be on a positive tone to ensure future communications are encouraged..

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Description (Part A) In this lab you will write a Queue implementation called CoolQueue, which closely matches the java.util.Queue collection, except with fewer methods. Test code is provided that allows you to compare your queue to the one in java.util.Queue, which you can assume is completely correct. Getting Started Create a project called Lab9 and download following files: QueueInterface.java TestProgram.java CoolQueue.java Fill in the supplied CoolQueue.java to make it implement the provided QueueInterface methods. Then use the TestProgram to verify that your code works. Here are the methods in the interface: public interface QueueInterface { // Add object onto rear of queue public abstract boolean add(E item); // Remove object from front of queue // Throws NoSuchElementException if empty public abstract E remove(); // Peek object from front of queue // Throws NoSuchElementException if empty public abstract E element(); // Check for empty public abstract boolean isEmpty(); // Returns size public abstract int size(); // Clears queue public abstract void clear(); // Various searches public abstract boolean contains(Object o); // Override toString public abstract String toString(); } Instructions Inherit the interface provided above. The Queue is a generic data structure, so declare an LinkedList. HINT: You should use the first entry or head of the LinkedList as the front of the queue. HINT: You should use the last entry or tail of the LinkedList as the rear of the queue. You must not use add(), remove(), or element() in the LinkedList object. You must implement toString() first, format is the same as LinkedList.toString(). Incremental development, so test one method at a time. Review the TestProgram to see what is tested by each test number, 1 through 7. Below is the CoolQueue.java: import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.NoSuchElementException; class CoolQueue implements QueueInterface { // Underlying data structure // Default constructor } Below is the TestProgram.java: import java.util.LinkedList; import java.util.NoSuchElementException; import java.util.Queue; import java.util.Random; public class TestProgram { static Random random = new Random(); public static void main(String[] args) { // Make a Java stack Queue javaQueue = new LinkedList<>(); // Make a student stack CoolQueue coolQueue = new CoolQueue<>(); // Which test? int testNumber = Integer.parseInt(args[0]); switch (testNumber) { case 1: // testAdd System.err.println(\"testAdd: verifying add() method\"); pushRandom(javaQueue, 10); pushRandom(coolQueue, 10); System.err.println(\"Java Queue: \" + javaQueue); System.err.println(\"Cool Queue: \" + coolQueue); break; case 2: // testRemove System.err.println(\"testRemove: verifying remove() method\"); pushRandom(javaQueue, 10); pushRandom(coolQueue, 10); // Legal removes for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.err.printf(\"javaQueue.remove(): %4s, coolQueue.remove(): %4s\ \", javaQueue.remove(), coolQueue.remove()); } // Queue e.

Description (Part A) In this lab you will write a Queue implementati.pdf

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