B Shyenna Vega Professor Artist Writing for Criminal Justice Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System April 9, 2020 The primary duties of Police Officers (lower case) are to enforce the law, protect people, protect property, and patrol around to prevent incidents from happening (cite source) . The Criminal Justice (lower case) system is broken, and people of color are treated unequally. Police officers are influencing racial biases by their judgment of suspicion. In the courtroom, race plays a big role in decision making on how much time the individual serves. Racial Police biases are the leading cause of detention within for African Americans in America. Police stops are caused by four mechanisms, which are racial profiling, stereotyping, cognitive bias, and being prejudice towards an individual (source). Police officers are makingconduct police stops with a lack of evidence in violation of the_____ amendment Amendments (state the specific amendment officers violate when making unlawful stops). According to Kenne (2017), Terry v. Ohio (ital) was a violation of the Fourth Amendment (Please restate this. The court case addressed a violation of the 4th A) Police Officers may stop a suspect on the street and frisk him or her without probable cause if the police officer believes the individual had committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. In Terry v. Ohio, police officers did an unreasonable search and seizure, and it was noticed that the police stop might be considered with the influence of racial bias (source). Discuss the four mechanisms The Fourth Amendment protects their homes, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, upon probable cause. A search is a procedure led by approved operators of the law experiencing part or the entirety of a person's property, searching for explicit things that are identified with the wrongdoing that they are motivated to accept has been submitted. A seizure occurs if the officials claim things during the search. In Terry v. Ohio was an African American man that were unlawfully searched and seizers. Proofread In Whren v. United States, the police officers violated the Fourth Amendment. Police officers used a traffic violation to stop these men. According to Keene (2017), The Police officer's racial bias may be influencing the officer's perceptions and judgments of the individual's behavior. The Fourth Amendment does require a balancing test between a search and seizures, and the harm it might cause the individual. There was nothing about the traffic violation that was harmful towards the officer for them to persuade the search and seizures, which is why the officers violated the Fourth Amendment. A Traffic violation is an act or omission that’s prohibited by the law but is not a crime. Speeding, failing to stop or yield, falling to put your signal, seat belt violations, etc. are tra.

1. B
Shyenna Vega
Professor Artist
Writing for Criminal Justice
Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System
April 9, 2020
The primary duties of Police Officers (lower case) are to
enforce the law, protect people, protect property, and patrol
around to prevent incidents from happening (cite source) . The
Criminal Justice (lower case) system is broken, and people of
color are treated unequally. Police officers are influencing
racial biases by their judgment of suspicion. In the courtroom,
race plays a big role in decision making on how much time the
individual serves. Racial Police biases are the leading cause of
detention within for African Americans in America.
Police stops are caused by four mechanisms, which are racial
profiling, stereotyping, cognitive bias, and being prejudice
towards an individual (source). Police officers are

2. makingconduct police stops with a lack of evidence in violation
of the_____ amendment Amendments (state the specific
amendment officers violate when making unlawful stops).
According to Kenne (2017), Terry v. Ohio (ital) was a violation
of the Fourth Amendment (Please restate this. The court case
addressed a violation of the 4th A) Police Officers may stop a
suspect on the street and frisk him or her without probable
cause if the police officer believes the individual had
committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime. In
Terry v. Ohio, police officers did an unreasonable search and
seizure, and it was noticed that the police stop might be
considered with the influence of racial bias (source). Discuss
the four mechanisms
The Fourth Amendment protects their homes, houses, papers,
and effects, against unreasonable search and seizures, shall not
be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, upon probable cause.
A search is a procedure led by approved operators of the law
experiencing part or the entirety of a person's property,
searching for explicit things that are identified with the
wrongdoing that they are motivated to accept has been
submitted. A seizure occurs if the officials claim things during
the search. In Terry v. Ohio was an African American man that
were unlawfully searched and seizers. Proofread
In Whren v. United States, the police officers violated the
Fourth Amendment. Police officers used a traffic violation to
stop these men. According to Keene (2017), The Police officer's
racial bias may be influencing the officer's perceptions and
judgments of the individual's behavior. The Fourth Amendment
does require a balancing test between a search and seizures, and
the harm it might cause the individual. There was nothing about
the traffic violation that was harmful towards the officer for
them to persuade the search and seizures, which is why the
officers violated the Fourth Amendment.
A Traffic violation is an act or omission that’s prohibited by the
law but is not a crime. Speeding, failing to stop or yield, falling
to put your signal, seat belt violations, etc. are traffic

3. violations. In Whren v. United States, without signaling, Whren
made a turn, which leads the police officers to pull them over.
However, police officers were not in danger so that they can
proceed with a search and seizures. The violation of the Fourth
Amendment proved that officers could be using their personal,
racial biases while pulling African Americans over.
Both cases Terry v. Ohio and Whren v. United States are two
cases that police officers violated the Fourth Amendment.
Police Officers used their personal biases against these
individuals to try and incarcerate them. Evidence of these cases,
police officers are using implicit biases when making police
stops. Minorities should be treated equally and not judged by
their color skin or appearance. Minorities were treated as
slaves, known as savages and subjugated, and debased every
step of the way.
African American civilians (the word “citizens” would be more
appropriate) are more likely to be stopped by the police than
Caucasian civilians (source). African American and Caucasian
civilians experience different interactions with the
police(source).. African American people are especially bound
to encounter potentially deadly power (force?) when police
reveal the crime, and this disparity is most noteworthy for
African American youth contrasted with Caucasian
youth(source).. In New York City explicitly, (word choice error,
do you mean specifically?) the number of stop and frisks
expanded triple from 2003 to 2009 and were focused among
racial and ethnic minorities (source). According to Kramer and
Remster (2018), African American New York City occupants
are roughly 2.5 times more to be stopped than Caucasian
residents. The act of being stopped less is thought about
whether a disparity exists as far as what happens once people
are stopped.
Several African American men are beinghave been killed due to
excessive force from police officers. Eric Garen (is this the
victim’s name) was a black man who a New York City police
officer put him in a chokehold and continued even after Eric

4. Garner stated he couldn’t (Do not use contractions) breathe
(Please rephrase this sentence. It is not grammatically correct).
Botham Jean was killed by a Dallas police officer when she has
mistaken his home for hers, and she thought someone was trying
to rob her house. Christian Taylor was killed by an Arlington
police officer etc. According to Kramer and Remster (2018),
unarmed African American individuals are 3.5 times more likely
to be shot by police than unarmed Caucasians. Officers are
bound to see African American more dangerous than
Caucasians. (Perhaps your last sentence should be first then
follow with examples Do not use “etc.”
As stereotypes of African American people are frequently
explicitly about physical threats to an individual's safety.
Implicit bias may lead to police officers using unequal use of
force towards African Americans. According to Kramer and
Remster (2018), Police violence increased against African
American civilians after African American suspects fatally shot
police officers. Still, no such increase occurred after Caucasian
or Hispanic suspects fatally shot police. When African
Americans are breaking the law, they will be more likely to
experience force by police officers than Caucasians when
suspected of breaking the law.
(Introduce the explanation. Consider , One explanation for this
is . . .The broken windows theory yielded unintended results
and other guarantee impacts due to its negative effect on the
racial minorities the broken windows theory created an
enormous financial burden on the criminal justice system by
diverting limited resources (source). Social programs to
punishment and incarceration, thus undermining the traditional
police community and affected policing (this is a fragment).
According to Kamalu and Onyeozili (2018), The apparent
unjustifiable treatment, harassment, and subjection of African
Americans to stop, search, search and arrest has dissolved open
trust, traded off residents' fair treatment rights, and
delegitimized the law authorization according to helpless
gatherings, in this way making a suffering negative view of the

5. criminal justice system. Is this a quotation?
When the community is trying to grow, it creates a problem of
crime within the community. Broken windows in a community
are signs of instability, decay, high crime rate, and lack of
order. Impact in the African American community with no
felony is less likely to get a job than Caucasian with a criminal
background. According to Kamalu and Onyeozili (2018),
disproportionate arrest within African American and Hispanic
people in comparison with Caucasians. The amounts of arrest
lack proportionality and disparate impacts based on race.
African Americans are not able to be successful if police
officers let their biases come in between doing their job the
proper way.
Monetary bonds and other prohibitive measures to condition or
deny a defendant's discharge, making numerous defendants stay
in a correctional facility for months and years waiting until the
inmate has a trial. According to Assefa (2018), the detention
disproportionately affects black defendants who are more likely
to receive higher bond amounts and more restrictive conditions
than white defendants facing similar charges. Bond reform must
address the job of racial bias in adding to divergent confinement
results for African American defendants. Judges need to decide
fast with their decision but are very limited to the information
given. According to Assefa (2018), bond reform should have
judges to grow through training on implicit bias and the best
possible utilization of risk assessment instruments to all the
more fairly and study the risks a defendant poses if released to
avoid relying on inaccurate racial stereotypes.
There is racial discrimination in welfare care towards African
Americans. African American children continue to go into
foster care on their level of needs. According to Simon (2018),
While trying to see how state governing bodies can guarantee
that chance, instead of race, advises childcare positions, this
Note presents a unique examination looking at the racial
dissimilarity rates in childcare passages among states. Welfare
care interference may sometimes hurt the children there more

6. than they help them. According to Simon (2018), In 2016, All
over the country, nearly sixty thousand African American
children were removed from their homes. they are forced to go
to welfare care. African Americans' children were treated
unfairly; they will receive more time there and will most likely
to not return to their parents. (The highlighted words should not
be capitalized unless they are quotes.)
Criminal justice decision-makers are using implicit bias when
making decision-making points. According to Safiedine and
Chung (2018), These economic barriers and racial disparities
present themselves at various points throughout the criminal
justice system when it comes to arresting, and pretrial or
probation determination. African Americans are disadvantaged
because they are punished harshly and are not treated equally as
Caucasians. According to Safiedine and Chung (2018), The
criminal justice system must promote rehabilitation and
reducing recidivism. Encouraging individuals to have the desire
and opportunity to be contributing members. That can only
happen if the criminal justice system is fair and efficient.
Racial and ethnic disparities do does exist in the juvenile
justice system. According to Leiber and Fix (2019), African
Americans are six times likely to be incarcerated than
Caucasians and two times likely to be incarcerated than Latinos.
Change has not occurred within the juvenile justice system;
more African Americans are being incarcerated than Caucasians
will ever be. According to Leiber and Fix (2019), the gap
between African Americans and Caucasians were 15 percent.
African Americans are being racial profiled and getting a longer
time in juvenile.
If some lives matter, then all lives should matter. African
American people are always targeted and killed by a police
officer who is involving his or her personal beliefs when
working. It is not known that Caucasian people are killed more
than African Americans. According to Agozino (2018), in the
general population, it is true that African American individuals
are killed more than Caucasians. African Americans always felt

7. like a threat to everyone, but if All lives matter, then Black
lives matter as well.
African American police officers have challenges on the job
because of their race. According to Todak and Brown (2019),
policewomen are treated differently by their peers, both gender
and racial discrimination. On the police force, African
American policewomen had to deal with the effects of sexism
and racism. Non-minority police officers will refer to minority
citizens in racist terms. According to Todak and Brown (2019),
The non-minority officer did not recognize that the racist
comment could cause a fellow officer to feel degraded even if
she was not the target of the comment. Police officers should be
mindful of the comments they are saying because it can affect
their fellow officers; it can be hard to do their job.
When working on the police force, everyone should be treated
equally, no matter what race their fellow partner is. Police
officers are considered a thin blue line that sticks together.
According to Todak and Brown (2019), African American
policewoman stated that white men colleagues treated them
differently than their white colleagues. A Caucasian police
officer used different strategies when working with African
American policewomen. Caucasian policemen did not want to
work with women police officers in general because women
were not an expert in the physical aspect. According to Todak
and Brown (2019), Caucasian women gained protection when
African American policewomen received a rejection for their
protection.
African American police officers could not ask their fellow
colleagues for support because they were fighting for the same
limit resource. According to Todak and Brwon (2019), when an
African American policewoman gets promoted or earns a
coveted assignment in the police force, African American police
officers may perceive she took their spot. African American
policemen will always be looked at as strong, smart, and having
qualities. According to Todak and Brown (2019), African
American policemen have a higher chance of getting accepted

8. by their Caucasian male colleagues if they rejected their African
American women colleagues. African American policemen and
women would want to be accepted by all colleagues in their
workforce.
African American people are treated unequally, having to deal
with being incarcerated for a longer time, African American
men being shot and killed by police officers, and not treated the
way they should be by their fellow police officers because of
their race. A police officers' job is to enforce the law, but make
sure people feel safe. Racial biases, implicit biases, and
stereotypes against African Americans are the leading cause of
detention in America. Black lives matter: in any case, all lives
don't make a difference.
DELETE SPACE
References
Agozino, B. (2018). Black lives matter otherwise all lives do
not matter. African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies:
AJCJS, 11(1), I-XI. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/2046674973?accountid=12793
Assefa, L. S. (2018). ASSESSING DANGEROUSNESS
AMIDST RACIAL STEREOTYPES: AN ANALYSIS OF THE
ROLE OF RACIAL BIAS IN BOND DECISIONS AND IDEAS
FOR REFORM. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology,
108(4), 653-678. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/2207927358?accountid=12793
Kamalu, N. C., & Onyeozili, E. C. (2018). A critical analysis of
the 'broken windows' policing in New York City and its impact:

9. Implications for the criminal justice system and the african
american community. African Journal of Criminology and
Justice Studies: AJCJS, 11(1), 71-94. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/2046674016?accountid=12793
Keene, S. L. (2017). RAISING ARGUMENTS ABOUT THE
POTENTIAL INFLUENCE OF IMPLICIT RACIAL BIAS IN
POLICE STOPS. Criminal Justice, 32(2), 35-38. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/1924242945?accountid=12793
Kramer, R., & Remster, B. (2018). Stop, frisk, and assault?
racial disparities in police use of force during investigatory
stops. Law & Society Review, 52(4), 960. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/2161043175?accountid=12793
Leiber, M. J., & Fix, R. (2019). Reflections on the impact of
race and ethnicity on juvenile court outcomes and efforts to
enact change. American Journal of Criminal Justice: AJCJ,
44(4), 581-608.
doi:http://draweb.njcu.edu:2053/10.1007/s12103-019-09479-3
Safiedine, S. S., & Chung, K. J. (2018). THE PRICE FOR
JUSTICE: The economic barriers that contribute to an unfair
and unjust criminal justice system. Criminal Justice, 32(4), 40-
44. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/2058258040?accountid=12793
Simon, K. B. (2018). Catalyzing the separation of black
families: A critique of foster care placements without prior
judicial review. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems,
51(3), 347-389. Retrieved from
https://draweb.njcu.edu/login?url=https://draweb.njcu.edu:2058/
docview/2048063501?accountid=12793 I did not see this author
in your report
Todak, N., & Brown, K. (2019). Policewomen of color: A state-
of-the-art review.(insert space) Policing, 42(6), 1052-1062.
doi:http://draweb.njcu.edu:2053/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2019-0111

10. Professor’s Comments:
The paper shows a good grasp of some of the basic points made
in the avaiable literature. You gave good arguments and
presented good evidence.
· Please expand on the relevance of the cases you cited
· I don’t see any counterarguments. A critical part of your
position is to explore a counterargument that suggest police, or
the system are not biased entities. There is countervailing
evidence to suggest that it is completely fair. Doing this will
strengthen your paper.
· Your paper shifts from police to other aspects of the system.
Please use transitions. It would probably be easier to just focus
on police bias as policing seems to be most addressed. Your
paper would be improved by narrowing in on one specific part
of the system. State that there is systemic bias as you did but
focus on police.
· Grammatical errors
· Transition sentenced needed between the paragraphs.
· Common nouns are not to be capitalized
· When referring to police officers, generally, those words are
not capitalized. When referring to Officer Smith, the proper
noun is capitalized. Please correct this throughout the paper.
· Please fix your reference page. These titles should not be
capitalized. Even if they are capitalized in the actual article,
you don’t capitalize them in your reference page.
· A conclusion should summarize and highlight the most
important points established in the body of your paper and state
how these points support your thesis.