1. Namibian Intensive Agricultural Initiative
Detailed
Implementation
Plan
Prepared by SASA Operations
Officers:
Natalie Daley
natalieamdaley@gmail.com
Reidun Squires
reidun.squires@gmail.com
March 25th
2014
2. 2
Table of Contents
1.0 List of Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 Map of Namibia...................................................................................................................................... 4
3.0 Country Background............................................................................................................................... 5
4.0 Area of Focus and Project Summary ...................................................................................................... 5
5.0 Equipment and Capital Items Needed..................................................................................................... 6
6.0 Import Regulations................................................................................................................................ 10
7.0 Staffing Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 12
8.0 Visa Requirements................................................................................................................................ 13
9.0 Residency Requirements....................................................................................................................... 15
10.0 Organization Registration Requirements............................................................................................ 17
11.0 Banking and Currency ........................................................................................................................ 19
12.0 Health Information.............................................................................................................................. 20
13.0 Security Concerns .............................................................................................................................. 22
14.0 Office and Rental Accommodations................................................................................................... 24
15.0 Activities, Culture and Religion.......................................................................................................... 26
16.0 Appendix 1 Relevant Registration Articles......................................................................................... 29
17.0 Appendix 2 Activity Schedule Year 1 ................................................................................................ 30
18.0 Appendix 3 Activity Schedule Year 2 ................................................................................................ 31
19.0 Appendix 4 Activity Schedule Year 3 ................................................................................................ 31
20.0 Appendix 5 Budget for NIAI .............................................................................................................. 32
3. 3
List of Acronyms
BoN - Bank of Namibia
CAD - Canadian Dollar
NIAI - Namibian Intensive Agricultural Initiative
USAID - United States Agency for International Development
SACU - South African Customs Union
SADC - South African Development Community
SASA – Sustaining Agricultural Solutions in Africa
NAD - Namibian Dollar
NCA - Namibian Clearing Agency
ZAR - South African Rand
5. 5
Country Background
Namibia is a country located in Southern Africa bordering the South Atlantic Ocean between
Angola and South Africa. With a population of 2,198,406 it comprises 824, 292 sq kilometers
and has the least amount of rainfall in sub-Saharan Africa, making it the driest country in the
region. It contains the Namib Desert, considered the only true desert in southern Africa,
stretching for more than 2000 kilometers along the Atlantic coast1
. Because of the arid and often
humid climate, Namibia faces a number of difficult environmental challenges including
desertification, drought, land degradation and water scarcity2
.
The agricultural industry accounts for approximately 16% of the country’s labor force, with two
thirds of Namibia’s population living in rural areas and relying on subsistence agriculture3
.
Namibian agricultural policies place significant focus on achieving food security while
sustaining and creating job opportunities in the agricultural sector4
. However, only 2% of
Namibia’s land receives insufficient rainfall to grow crops, posing a challenge to the population
depending largely on subsistence farming for food supply5
. The persisting issue of food
insecurity contributes to the prevalence of poverty that remains an issue within Namibia and
Africa.
The subsistence farming that occurs in Namibia is mainly confined to the “communal lands” of
the country’s north6
. Many of the farm units are small and the total number of farmers using
intensive agriculture practices is estimated at no more than 500 people7
. Due to the frequent
shortage of water the majority of farms are clustered in places where there is sufficient water for
irrigation. However, most of these plots are quite small-with a total of 9000 hectares used, and an
estimated 50 000 hectares of arable/irrigable land still available8
. Although the labor is intensive
and requires specialized knowledge for production and marketing, farming in these regions can
provide valuable employment and allow for a network of farmers with collective expertise.
Area of Focus and Project Summary
Namibian Intensive Agricultural Initiative (NIAI) is a project developed by Sustaining
Agricultural Solutions in Africa (SASA) that strives to improve agricultural output within
Namibia through intensive farm management, specialist knowledge, improved technology and
educational programs for farmers. The project goal is to increase intensive agricultural farming
capacity in Namibia, specializing in products such as maize, wheat, grapes, ostriches, olives,
1
Namibia. 2014. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia
2
Environmental Law and Policy in Namibia. 2010. http://www.environment-namibia.net/constitution.html
3
The World Factbook. 2013. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wa.html
4
The Namibian. 2014. http://www.namibian.com.na
5
Modern Ghana. 2014. http://www.modernghana.com
6
Agricultural Technology. 2013. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/9620/agricultural-
technology/67796/Crop-processing-machinery
7
Environmental Law. 2010. http://www.environment-namibia.net/constitution.html
8
Ibid.
6. 6
dates, pigs, dairy products, vegetables and fruit. Farms in coordination will be small in size,
about 100 hectares of land per farmer. The intensive agricultural industry is small in Namibia; it
is suggested that there is 40,000 – 50,000 hectares of land that could irrigated and producing
yield9
. NIAI will reach 300 farmers in the Otjozondjupa, Oshana, Omaheke and Oshikoto
regions with improved irrigation and agricultural machinery. This will improve the commercial
sale of intensive agricultural products to be exported abroad to regional markets or Namibian
consumers.
NIAI is a 3-year project and is run under a US 4.5M USAID contract. The head office will be
located in Windhoek and there will be a field office located in either Otjiwarongo or Grootfontein
to assist with the coordination of multiple farms. From a project Design lens, the first year or
Phase 1 consists of designating farmers with new technology. Farmers will then be introduced
and trained with equipment, focusing on creating fertile soils and diversifying and specifying
what each farmer wants to produce. In the final months of Phase 1, which takes place from June-
August the planting of seeds will begin. This will ensure that the soils have been prepared and
farmers have undergone significant training on sustainable farming practices beforehand.
The second year or Phase 2 will consist of continuing to teach intensive farming practices and
ensuring they are being implemented at full capacity. Monitoring and evaluation will be an
important activity for the project to evaluate which farms are in need of more assistance.
Furthermore, M & E paired with Agricultural Specialists will perform assessments of the yields
of crops, making adjustments to the agricultural process as needed. Phase 2 will also start to
introduce self-sustainability and marketing concepts to farmers.
Phase 3 will focus on the educating farmers to become sustainable and promote themselves to
Namibian consumers and marketplaces. Monitoring and evaluation will continue, addressing the
specific needs and issues that arise during project implementation regarding soils and crop
yields. Cumulatively, the three phases will increase farmer’s resistance to climate change and
persistent drought, while increasing their economic livelihoods. SASA will facilitate the
partnership between farmers and the micro-finance organization FIDES Bank Namibia in the
final months of Phase 3 to ensure its sustainability and long term impact10
. This will enable
farmers to be active in a sustainable network of local markets while providing healthy and
nutritious crops for their families, resulting in a reduction in poverty.
Equipment & Capital Items Needed
SASA will ideally purchase all equipment (office/agricultural machinery) locally. It will depend
on the availability of the required items listed below. SASA will alternatively import from South
Africa (equipment details and suppliers listed below and import regulation listed in section 3).
Office equipment and vehicles will probably be easy to purchase, although proper agricultural
equipment may be problematic to obtain locally due to underdeveloped industries. Many
9
Farming Systems in Namibia. 2006. http://www.environment-
namibia.net/tl_files/pdf_documents/selected_publications/Farming%20Systems%20in%20Namibia_Mendelsohn_
2006.pdf.
10
FIDES Bank Namibia. 2014. http://www.microfinancegateway.org/p/site/m/template.rc/1.11.149342/
7. 7
Namibian communities are regarded as food insecure and recent assessments have stated that
14% of the country’s population were in need of food assistance11
. Over the recent years,
Namibia’s agricultural industry has become a more important part of government strategy, so
importing agricultural equipment may also be discouraged by the Namibian government in order
to build industries. Namibia already depends on South Africa for 66% of its imports12
.
Office Equipment and Goods for 2 Office Operations (head and field)
Worth US $ 1, 190, 00
o Office Supplies
Desks, chairs, lighting fixtures, (5) laptop computers and hardware
(printers and ink, internet connection), shelving units, waste baskets,
filling cabinets, safe, paper, stationary, curtains, fan or AC installation,
phones (landline/mobiles/satellite), whiteboards and projector, business
cards (300 farmers have 100 each - 30,000)
o Vehicles
(3) vehicles for drivers, will be bought locally, each for $ NAD 65,000 –
100,00013
o Fuel
For equipment and vehicles (CND $1.24 for a litre) Trucks (10) ~115
litres/ tank, Cars (3) ~50 litres/tank, Agricultural Equipment (75+) ~ 50-
100 litres/tank
Agricultural Equipment and Goods (field)
Worth US $975,000
o Ploughing machines – 15 @ US $200-3000 (used to new)
Used for initial cultivation of soil in preparation for loosening to seed and
plant. Ploughs if used, may be drawn by a working animal and made of
wood. If new it can be drawn by tractor and made of steel and iron.
o Tractors – 10 @ US $ 19,000 – 40,000
o Seeding machines – 15 @ US $300-3000
Used as a sowing device to strategically position seeds and then cover
them up.
o Rotovator – 20 @ US $1000- 3700 (used to new)
Hand held machinery to cultivate soil for preparation for loosening for
seeding and planting.
11
Responding to Namibia’s drought crisis. 2013. http://www.irinnews.org/report/98126/responding-to-namibia-s-
drought-crisis
12
Namibia Imports. 2013. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/namibia/imports
13
Nam Cars. 2014. http://www.namcars.com.na/
8. 8
o Cultivators – 5 @ US $ 1500 used max
Designed to stir and cultivate soil before or during planting, carefully
disrupting soil to get rid of weeds.
o New/used trucks – 10 @ US $1000- 5000 used
Used for various transport of fertilizer and small equipment
o Irrigation equipment
Drip products, pipelines, flood irrigation, centre pivot systems and
sprinklers
(250 +) various sized systems @ US $ 3,000-6,00014
or per square
foot US $ 24.5615
(including installation)
o Fertilizer
1 ton @ US $743 (Kenya rate)16
Purchase in Namibia:
JDE Agri Implements T/A Hoffmann’s Farm Implements (agricultural machinery)
Hage Geingob Street
Otjiwarongo
Namibia
Telephone: +264 67 302 738
Fax: +264 67 302 498
Website: http://jdeagri.com/
Hochland Tractor Centre (agricultural machinery)
Pelikan Street, Hochland Park
Windhoek
Namibia
Telephone: +264 61 229 655
Fax: +264 61 229 656
Website: tractors.com.na
Greenpark Irrigation and Maintenance (irrigation equipment)
Palladium & Iridium Street Prosperita
Windhoek
Namibia
Telephone: +264 61 232 525
14
NAIAD Irrigation Ltd. 2014. http://www.naiadirrigation.ca/price-of-underground-sprinkler-system-in-calgary/
15
Cost of Lawn Irrigation Systems. 2014. http://www.homewyse.com/costs/cost_of_lawn_irrigation_systems.html
16
Monthly International Prices for Fertilizers .2014. http://www.africafertilizer.org/Data/Monthly-International-
Prices-for-Fertilizers.aspx
9. 9
Labtech Suppliers Namibia (fertilizer supplier) 17
1697 Goshawk Street, Hochland Park
Windhoek
Namibia
Telephone: +264 61 259 273
The Mirror of Namibian Motor Trade 18
(agricultural equipment and vehicles)
Online ordering directory
NamCars.com.na
SWACO Group of Companies/Office World (office equipment)19
22 Bell Street, Southern Industrial
Windhoek
P.O.Box 279 Windhoek
Telephone: +264 61 220 00/1/2/3
Fax: +264 61 222 685
Email:klind@swacogroup.com
Maxes Office Machines20
(computer and hardware)
47 Macroni Street, Southern Industrial
Windhoek
P.O.Box 5088 Windhoek
Telephone: +264 61 22 3908
Fax: +264 61 23 3611
Email: info@toshiba-nam.com
Purchase in South Africa:
Netafim House (irrigation equipment)21
Industrial Avenue, Kraaifontein, 7570
P.O. Box 129
Kraaifontein, 7569
South Africa
Telephone: +27 21 987 0477
Fax: +27 21 987 0161
Email: sales@netafim.net
Haifa: Pioneering the Future (fertilizer supplier)22
Online ordering directory
17
Fertilizer Suppliers in Namibia. 2014. http://www.fertilizers1.com/fertilizer-suppliers/namibia.html
18
Nam Cars. 2014. http://www.namcars.com.na/Farm-Agriculture-Equipment-Namibia.html
19
Office World. 2014. http://www.swacogroupnamibia.com/officeworld/index.php
20
Maxes Office Machines. 2012. http://www.officemachines.com.na/index.html
21
Netafim South Africa. 2014. http://www.netafim.co.za/
22
Haifa Chemicals. 2014. http://www.haifa-group.com/tags/?tag=south%20africa
10. 10
John Deere (agricultural equipment) 23
Agricultural Equipment Online Dealership
South Africa
Commercial Trader (agricultural equipment)24
Agricultural Equipment Online Dealership
South Africa
Office National Africa Pty(Ltd) (office equipment/computer hardware)25
Corner Ridge Road and Vlagskip Street
Laser Park Honeydew
P.O.Box 862
Northriding 2162
Telephone: +27 11 704 0056
Fax: +27 86 558 2283
Email:marketing@officenational.co.za
Important Regulations for Equipment & Capital Items
SASA’s first choice will be to buy all equipment & capital items within Namibia. Details of
where to find equipment and capital items in both Namibia and South Africa are listed in the
directory of section 2 (above).
SASA’s second choice will be to import unavailable products from neighboring South Africa.
Namibia and South Africa belong to the South African Customs Union (SACU) and South
African Development Community (SADC) Free Trade Agreement, which surrenders Namibia’s
trade policy and allows for free exchange of trade between the common customs areas (CCA –
also including South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland)26
.
Equipment and capital items will be travelling by road via border posts. Namibia states that all
goods subject to Customs duties are to be declared to Custom officials at border posts.
According to Part 5 of the 2002 SACU Agreement, trade liberalization regarding details of
movement of domestic products, custom/specific duties or excise on imported goods,
prohibitions and restrictions and arrangements for regulating the marketing of agricultural
products is discussed. It is unclear what these restrictions are and what items in the agricultural
industry would have a customs duty or tariff. The official Tariff Board of SACU did not further
23
John Deere South Africa. 2014. http://www.deere.com/en_ZA/products/ag/
24
Commercial Trader. 2012. http://farm.autotrader.co.za/search
25
Office National. 2014. http://www.officenational.co.za/home.aspx
26
Southern African Customs Union. 2014. http://www.sacu.int/
11. 11
list any accessible resources with specifics on how much tariffs would be or any discussion of
consultation over agricultural commodities that were deemed worthy of custom duties27
.
See Appendix 1 for the relevant articles from the 2002 SACU agreement that apply to SASA’s
situation.
Due to the prevalent issue of food security in Namibia, the government is trying to control the
importation of “staple food and horticultural products” in order stabilize food industries and their
agricultural production potential; therefore there might be tariffs or customs at the border on the
equipment SASA is importing from South Africa28
.
When trading across borders with a standardized cargo of goods (20 foot sized container
weighing 10 tonnes), it could take up to 20 days and US $1,905 to import to Namibia; document
preparation, customs clearance and technical control, ports and terminal handling, inland
transportation and handling. Documents required include bill of landing, commercial invoice,
customs import declaration, customs release order, packing list, proof of payment or customs
fees and duties and terminal handling receipts29
.
SASA will be consulting with Namibian Clearing Agency (NCA) to help provide all the
necessary paperwork to Customs for clearance from South Africa into Namibia. They will help
classify goods for any duty rates and consult with Customs on any various trade issues or fees.
Nambian Clearing Agency
Office Direct: +264 63 280 978
NAM Fax: 088 638 751
RSA Fax: 086 543 5854
nagel@mweb.com.na
Fees can be an upwards of $675-$1300 based on a rough estimate (price of a truck clearance is
NAD $6,500 and a container is NAD $12,50030
)
NOTE: Any duties and tax payments must be paid in Namibian dollars (NAD) or the equivalent
in South African rand (ZAR) or by bank guaranteed cheques from a Namibian Bank31
.
Directorate Customs and Excise office contact:
Ministry of Finance
Fiscus Building
10 John Meinert Street, Windhoek
Namibia
Telephone +264 61 209 911
27
Ibid.
28
Trade Knowledge Network. 2013. www.iisd.org/tkn/pdf/ag_scenarios_south_africa_namibia.pdf
29
Namibia. 2014. http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/namibia/#trading-across-borders
30
Dominion Clearing and Forwarding. 2014. https://www.facebook.com/DominionClearingAndForwardingCc/info
31
Customs and Excise. 2014. http://www.mof.gov.na/customs-exercise
12. 12
Project Staffing Requirements
Project Manager
o Expat
o Fluent in English and one other official language of Namibia; Afrikaans, German,
Rukwangali, Silozi, Setwana, Damara/Nama, Herero or Oshiwambo
o Based at head office in Windhoek but will also travel to field office and farms
o US $60,000 per year – including accommodation, benefits/medi vac and transport
Monitoring and Evaluation Officer
o Expat
o Fluent in English and either Afrikaans or German
o Based at head office, with travel to field office and farms
o Contracted to visit for 1 month at end of year 1 then 2-3 times in year 2 & 3
o Must have experience working on similar regional projects
o US $ 3000 per month – including accommodation and transport to field
Agricultural Specialists
o 3 Expats
o Based at field office
o Contracted to visit farms full-time for first 2 years of the project
o Will need to travel frequently between field office and various farms
o Must have experience working in Intensive Agricultural projects
o US $ 50,000 per year – including accommodations, benefits and transport to
farms
Agricultural Equipment Consultant
o National
o Based at field office
o Contracted for 1 month at a time, when needed for the duration of the project
o Must have experience working with all agricultural machinery
o US $ 300 per week – including accommodation and transport to farms
Business and Marketing Consultant
o Expat or National – if expat, they need to be regionally familiar with agro-
industry
o Based at head office and in field
o Contracted for 8 months for last year of project, 4 months in field and 4 months at
head office
o Must have experience working for similar regional business and marketing
projects
o US $ 200 per week – including transport to field (if need be)
Administrative Assistants
o 2 national
o 1 based at head office and 1 field office for full duration of project
o Responsible for logistics, bookkeeping and office/finance management
13. 13
o US $ 110 per month each32
(minimum wage is NAD $ 3.44 per hour) – including
benefits and local taxes
Local Labour Assistants
o 5 nationals - 5 for the first year, 4 for second year and 3 for the last year
o Based at field office
o US $ 120 per month each – including benefits and local taxes
Interpreter
o National
o Hired as needed
o US $ 3 per hour - including transportation to field (if need be)
Drivers
o 3 nationals
o Work between head and field office for full duration of project
o US $ 110 per month – including benefits and local taxes
Security Guards
o 2 nationals
o Work at the warehouse, day/night for 3 months
o US $ 110 per month – including benefits and local taxes
Visa Requirements for Expat Staff
Expat staff will need to require either a business visas (up to 90 days and interchangeably called
work visas), work visas (up to 3 months) or work permits (which are interchangeably called
temporary work permits) before entering the country. Certain expat staffs like the M&E officer
will be residing in Namibia shorter than 3 months, so they will require only a business visa. Any
other expat residing longer than 3 months will require a work permit33
. The Ministry of Foreign
Affairs website in Namibia has been inactive since November 201334
. This seems to be the hub
for exact requirements for travel and work processes in Namibia. Information listed below has
been put together by many secondary resources.
Documents for Business Visa (90 days) or Work Visa (up to 3 months, or 6 months)
Completed Visa application form - Fill in the application form online, print out and sign
Valid passport - Passport must be valid at least six (6) months after departure from
Namibia
Two passport photos in color - Write your name on the back of the photos
Copy of flight ticket / itinerary
A document to confirm the applicant’s address during their time in Namibia. This may be
either a Hotel booking, a Safari itinerary or an invitation letter is required if the applicant
will be staying at the home with their family or friends.
32
Nambia Revises Minimum Wage. 2013. http://www.wageindicator.org/main/salary/minimum-wage/minimum-
wages-news/namibia-revises-it-minimum-wages-august-10-2013
33
Immigration in Namibia. 2012. http://www.mondaq.com/x/192392/work+visas/Immigration+in+Namibia
34
Ministry of Home Affairs and Immigration. 2010. http://www.mha.gov.na/
14. 14
Yellow Fever inoculation paperwork
Proof of payment
Documents for Temporary Work Permit (longer than 6 months)35
Completed Application for Temporary Work or Student Permit
Valid passport - Passport must be valid at least six (6) months after departure from
Namibia – so need to have long-term passports good for 3 years
Two passport photos in color - Write your name on the back of the photos
A document to confirm the applicant’s address during their time in Namibia.
Representation by Employer
Medical Certificate
Radiological Report
Highest Educational Qualifications and/or Certificates
Previous Work Reference or Certificates of Service
Police Clearance Certificate from Country of Origin (For applicants 18 and older)
If married to a Namibian Citizen the Marriage Contract needs to be provided
If position was advertised, a copy of Advertisement
A letter from Company/Institution registered in Namibia
A letter from Company/Institution from which you are presently employed with
Deed of Surety
Yellow Fever inoculation certificate
Proof of payment
Handling fees: upwards of CAD $75 (based on rough estimates of NAD $11,500, EU $50, Visa
issuing company US $175 and an American TDS service fee/consular fee combination US
$10036373839
). Renewing visas for expats will cost NAD $4040
.
NOTE:
The application fee for visa is not refundable. Passports sent by registered mail must be sent to
the Embassy box address. Do not address the letter to any staff member.
Extending Business or Work Visas will require resubmission with renewal forms41
.
It is unclear exactly how long a Temporary Work Permit is valid, 6-12months.
The processing time to obtain a permit is 7 working days to 6 months. It is issued by the Ministry
of Home Affairs. Registration has been observed to be very slow.
Registration of Canadian embassy is required for SASA involvement.
35
Application for Temporary Work Permit or Study. 2014.
http://www.namibianembassyusa.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=55&Itemid=87
36
Visa and Consular. 2012. http://www.namibiahc.com.ng/visaandconsular.htm
37
Ibid.
38
Travel Visa Pro. 2014. .tra e isapro.com htm s isas app ication orms namibia.pd
39
Namibia Visa Fees. 2014. http://www.embassy-info.com/visa/namibia-visa-fees-price.html
40
Tour and Safari Association of Namibia. 2012. http://www.tasa.na/news.php?cId=12
41
Namibia-Home Affairs Application Forms Collection. 2014.
http://www.scribd.com/collections/2956192/Namibia-Home-Affairs-Application-Forms
15. 15
Send completed applications to:
info@embassyofnamibia.se
Or
The Ministry of Home Affairs
Cohen Building
c/o Independence Avenue and Casino Streets, Windhoek
Private Bag 13200
Namibia
Consulate of Canada to Namibia in Windhoek
Suite 403
First Floor, Office Tower
Maerua Mall
Jan Jonker Street, Windhoek
Namibia
Telephone: +264 61 251 254
Fax: +264 61 251 686
NOTE: Although some of the expat staff will be residing in Namibia a long time, it has shown to
be extremely difficult to obtain permanent residency for foreigners4243
. SASA has decided to
operate on the available working visa and permits, and continuing on a renewal basis.
Residency Requirements for Expats
Police Registration
It is unclear if expats have to further register with police and/or directly obtain police clearance
on arrival to Namibia. It states that a police certificate is required, although it is unclear if this is
taken care of when applying for a visa before departure to Namibia (it is a required document
from your country of origin for the visa application).
NOTE: SASA will require staff registration for police clearance just to be safe.
Police Clearance Certification in Namibia44
You will need to present the following and proof of payment to Namibian police.
42
Travel Forum. 2014. http://www.tripadvisor.ca/ShowTopic-g293820-i9680-k4998420-
Permanent_Residence_in_Namibia-Namibia.html
43
Immigration in Namibia. 2014. http://zenani.hubpages.com/hub/Immigration-in-Namibia
44
Police Clearance Certificates. 2014. http://www.canadavisa.com/canadian-immigration-police-clearance.html#N
16. 16
Copy of passport
One passport photo
Statement of reason for stay
Length of stay and address in Namibia
A full set of fingerprints taken by a recognized police authority
Proof of payment to First National Bank
Processing fee: NAD $50
Namibian Police
Criminal Records Centre
Private Bag 12024
Ausspanplatz
Windhoek 9000
Namibia
Telephone: +264 22 029 678
Deposit cash payment to:
Bank Name: First National Bank
Account Name: Namibia High Commission – Safety & Security
Account No : 62210368264
Branch Code : 251345 - Brooklyn
Notification of Birth
It is unclear if this is a mandatory procedure45
but SASA will register the birth of any child from
any expat within its first year of birth. Visit the closest Ministry of Home Affairs and
Immigration office with the documents listed below. A Birth Notification form will be filled out
and submitted along with the other required documents. The Ministry will then issue a birth
certificate for the child.
Documents for Notification of Birth
Proof of birth (child’s certification of health from hospital)
Parent/s passports and permits giving you permission to be in Namibia. It is favourable if
both parents are present and if unavailable, bring their identification or death certificate.
Copy of the marriage certificate if applicable.
45
Late Registration of Birth. 2014. http://www.gov.na/civicbirthreg
17. 17
Registration Requirements for an Organization
SASA would be considered a public company with no share of capital in Namibia. There is a
provision in the Namibian Companies Act (section 21) that accords to the direct nature of an
NGO. NGO’s are often referred to as “association not for gain”, non-profit associations46
” or a
“Section 21 Company”. There must be a minimum of 7 members and 2 directors.
NOTE: Consulted the Companies and Patents Registration Office, a directorate of the Ministry
of Trade and Industry47
All documents must be filled in blank ink.
All documents need to be certified by a Notary Public48
.
All documents will take up to at least 5 working days to process.
To register SASA in Namibia, these are the following steps.
1) Submit NGO name reservation - form CM5 (NAD $500)
If approved, continue to step 2 & 3
2) Submit “Application for a Certificate of Incorporation and Certificate to Commence
Business”
a. This requires the submission of the following documents,
i. Memorandum and Articles of Association in triplicate - forms CM3, CM4,
CM4B, CM44B and CM44C (NAD $2500)
ii. Copy of the approved name – form CM5
iii. Notice of postal and registered addresses - form CM22
iv. List of Directors, Auditors and Public Officers – form CM29 (NAD $200)
v. Appointment of an Auditor – form CM31 (NAD $200)
vi. Application for Certificate to Commence Business – form CM46 (NAD
$1000 + annual duty)
vii. Request for Submission of Additional Copies – form CM51 (NAD $15)
3) A public officer must be appointed for dealing with the Ministry of Finance and auditors
for tax purposes. Section 21 Companies need to record financial year ends for the
purposes of income tax and tax returns. These will also help with the preparation of
financial statements by auditors. Section 21 Companies do not automatically receive tax
exemptions and must apply through relevant country legislation. The corporate income
tax is rate is currently 35%49
. The auditor will assist in these processes.
46
Namibian Companies Act 2004. 2014.
http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_NA/na/services/audit/57b6a6657d70c210VgnVCM3000001c56f00aRCRD.htm
47
How to Register a Business in Namibia. www.namibia.org.za/images/business/company_registration.pdf
48
Registering a Company. 2013. http://www.mti.gov.na/companies.html
49
How to Register a Company in Namibia. .namibia.org. a images business compan registration.pd
18. 18
Governing Regulations for Organization50
- or follow these guidelines:
http://www.osall.org.za/docs/2011/03/Namibia-Companies-Act-Companies-Administrative-
Regs-2010.pdf
Restrictions on appointing a Director
o Any minor
o Anyone that has not tried to settle any of their debt
o Removed from position of trust due to misconduct
o Convicted of criminal misconduct
o Anyone disqualified by a court
o Anyone in management must also qualify as a Director
o Companies auditor must not be Director
o Executive directors have to be appointed by Director
Directors are responsible for
o By representing transactions of company, financial position and keeping honest
accounting records
o Financial statements presented at Annual General Meeting
Balance sheet, income statement, source and application of funds, cash
flow statement, director and audited reports
o Minutes must be taken at all meetings
o Attendance sheet must be kept and signed by Director
o Directors must approve any contract
o Appointment of auditor, or able to stand in place for 30 days
o Directors liable for debts
General Annual Meetings
o Companies Act states there needs to be an annual meeting
15 months maximum apart
o 21 days notice for meeting required for all staff
o Financial statements must be reviewed
NOTE: Any other questions/matters can be regarded by the Namibian Companies Act of 2010 or
How to Register a Business in Namibia documents5152
Send completed applications and contact info:
Ministry of Trade and Industry Department
P.O. Box 21214
Windhoek 9000
Telephone: +264 61 220 9933
Fax: +264 61 220 148
Email: andima@mti.gov.na
50
Ibid.
51
Ibid.
52
Ibid.
19. 19
Banking and Currency Information
Local Banking
There are a number of commercial banks located in Windhoek, many offering specific non-
resident, emigrant and expat banking services. These include: foreign currency accounts,
checking and saving accounts, short and longer term investment accounts, loans and access to
electronic and online banking. The Bank of Namibia (BoN) is the central bank able to perform
most services. There are four BoN authorised commercial banks in Namibia: Bank Windhoek,
First National Bank, Nedbank & Standard Bank. Banks are typically open Monday-Friday 9:00-
15:30 and 9:00-11:00am on Saturdays.
To open an account in country the following documents are required
1) Articles of Incorporation
2) Letter of permission
3) 2 signatures from Board Of Directors
4) Letter from home country bank
5) Copy of grant/contract
Main Bank
Bank of Namibia
71 Robert Mugabe Ave
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 283-511-1
Fax: (61) 283-522-8
Website: www.bon.com.na
Bank Windhoek
Bank Windhoek Building,
262 Independence Avenue,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 299-120-7
Fax: (61) 299-145-9
Website: www.bankwindhoek.com.na
City Savings & Investment Bank
FGI Building,
Post Street Mall,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 221-057
Fax: (61) 221-555
Commercial Bank of Namibia
12-20 Bülow Street,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 295-911-1
Fax: (61) 295-204-6
First National Bank of Namibia
209 Independence Avenue,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 299-210-9
Fax: (61) 299-211-1
Website: www.fnbnamibia.com.na
Standard Bank Agricultural Bank of Namibia
20. 20
Standard Bank Centre,
Corner Werner List Street & Post Street Mall,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 294-212-6
Fax: (61) 294-258-3
Website: www.standardbank.com.na
Agribank Building,
10 Post Street Mall,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 207-411-1
Fax: (61) 207-428-8
Currency
There are no restrictions on the import of local or foreign currency, as long as it has been
declared on arrival. If departure from the country is within 12 months of arrival, the same
amount of imported and declared currency can be exported.
The Namibian dollar (N$) is the national currency and comes in many banknote
denominations including N$10, 20, 50, 100 and 200. The South African Rand is also accepted as
currency in Namibia53
. Banks located throughout the country allow easy currency and cash
exchange; however it is advisable to bring cash when visiting smaller towns. Major credit cards
are accepted in the majority of establishments except for petrol stations. Currently, the exchange
rate for one Namibian dollar is equal to .10 of the Canadian dollar54
.
Health Information
Recommended Vaccines
Include Hepatitis A, Typhoid, Hepatitis B, Rabies and routine vaccines (i.e. MMR, polio
vaccine, yearly flu shot, etc.). Anti-malarial medications are recommended, specifically in the
regions north of Windhoek between November and June55
. While there is no risk of yellow fever
in Namibia itself, proof of vaccination is required for anyone arriving from an infected area or
coming from a country with a risk of yellow fever56
.
Water in the main regions of Namibia is chlorinated and considered safe to drink, however most
visitors choose to drink bottled water to prevent upset stomachs and water-borne diseases. Due to
a consistently hot climate (particularly December-February), it is recommended that visitors in
Namibia have access to water at all times to remain hydrated.
Insurance
Health insurance is essential when visiting and working in Namibia. The cost of healthcare is
very high and upfront payment is typically required, regardless of medical insurance. There are a
number of international health insurance plans offered by various companies for individuals and
families. It is important to ensure that the insurance plan provides continuous coverage before
53
Namibia Travel Guides. 2014. http://www.hoteltravel.com/namibia/guides/travel_tips.htm
54
Convert Namibian Dollar to Canadian Dollar. 2014. themoneyconverter.com/NAD/CAD.aspx
55
Namibia Travel Guides. 2014. http://www.hoteltravel.com/namibia/guides/travel_tips.htm
56
Health Information for Travelers to Namibia. 2014.
http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/namibia
21. 21
leaving Canada and after return. It should also pay for foreign hospitalization and related medical
costs, whether up front or reimbursed later. It should also cover emergency dental care and
emergency transportation57
.
Medical Facilities
Medical facilities are very good in the larger towns and are relatively modern, particularly in
Windhoek58
. Smaller towns are less well-equipped, although private hospitals can be found in
Windhoek, Otjiwarango, and Swakopmund and there are many small clinics throughout the rest
of the country reaching the northern town of Ondangwa. There are altogether 248 clinics, 36
health centers and 47 hospitals, most of which are located in the north and larger towns59
.
Pharmacies are widely available throughout the country with an upwards of 20-30 located in the
capital.
NOTE: Country Code: +264
Medical Facilities in Windhoek:
Katatura State Hospital
Private Bag 13215,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 203-911
Rhino Park Private Hospital
Horsea Kutako Drive,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 375-010/ 225-434
Roman Catholic Hospital
Karl Werner List Street 92
Windhoek
Telephone:( 61) 270-200-4
Windhoek Medi-Clinic
Heliodoor St, Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 222-687
International SOS (private ambulance and medical evacuation)
--061-230505
--081-129-6300
--112 from a local cell phone
57
Namibia. 2014. http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/namibia
58
Namibia Travel Guides. 2014. http://www.hoteltravel.com/namibia/guides/travel_tips.htm
59
Health Services in Namibia. 2014.
http://www.nied.edu.na/divisions/projects/SEEN/SEEN%20Publications/Environmental%20Information%20Sheets
/Health%20and%20the%20Environment/6.%20Health%20Services%20in%20Namibia.pdf
22. 22
Windhoek Municipal Emergency Services (061-290-2702)
Security Concerns
The Namibia Police and Fire Brigade are located in the capital of Windhoek.
Private ambulance and medical evacuation can be contacted through the following numbers:
(081-129-6300) or 112 from a local cell phone. The Windhoek Municipal Emergency Services
can also be reached at (061-290-2702). While there are not currently any nationwide advisories
in effect the Canadian government suggest exercising a high degree of caution when traveling in
Namibia.
Border Conflict
It is advised to avoid traveling to the Kavango and Caprivi regions of northeast Namibia due to a
history of conflict between Angola and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of
Angola), which in the past has crossed the border into Namibia. In the past, violent raids and
planted landmines have resulted in the deaths and injury of local Namibians and foreign
tourists60
. The security situation along the Namibia-Angola border has significantly improved,
however it is advised to cross the border at official border crossings. To ensure the safety of all
staff, expats and national staff will be required to travel with security to these regions and will
not be permitted to travel here at night, if at all. Additionally, when traveling with security they
will be required to have a radio with them at all times.
Petty Crime
Incidence of violent crime against tourists throughout the majority of Namibia are rare, but
occurrence of petty crime is quite common. The most common offences are mugging (pick-
pocketing and bag-snatching), as well as robberies and vehicle theft. (travel.gc.ca) To avoid this
it is advisable to always be aware of surroundings (particularly in Windhoek), and keep money,
personal belongings and travel documents in a secure place in addition to avoiding townships
and remote areas after dark. Valuables should be kept out of sight and vehicles kept locked with
the windows shut61
. Check in times will be implemented and strictly followed in order to prevent
staff from staying out in the capital (Windhoek) late at night, thus significantly reducing the
threat of petty crime and theft. Security of valuables and farming equipment will be ensured by
the hiring of 24-hour security guards who will be responsible for guarding the equipment
imported for the project. SASA will complete a security assessment upon the first week of arrival
to Namibia in the area/neighbourhood of staff accommodation and primary project office.
Traffic and Road Assistance
It is essential to be aware that traffic drives on the left and turning right on a red light is not
permitted. Careful driving is of particular importance at night and on rural roads which are
60
Namibia. 2014. http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/namibia
61
Ibid.
23. 23
typically gravelled and have sloping sand shoulders, becoming especially slippery when wet62
.
Road accidents remain a concern and are one of the main contributors to fatalities of foreign
visitors63
. Because much of the country consists of desert, overland travel requires a considerable
amount of additional time and it is important to be cautious of animals on the roads that often
cause hazards. Travel between Rundu and Katima Mulilo via the Trans-Caprivi Highway is
restricted to daylight travel only64
. Furthermore, travel to desert areas should include additional
preparation in the form of sufficient water, fuel supplies and spare tires. Most gas stations only
accept cash.
When in remote areas it is advised to be aware of people looking for assistance next to roads, as
unsuspecting tourists have been victims of armed attacks. Hitchhiking is ill advised as the
incidence of single-vehicle rollovers is high as a result of intoxicated or reckless driving,
combined with poor vehicle maintenance.
To mitigate the risks of traffic incidents and unsafe travel, SASA will ensure that all expats are
accompanied on their travel by local and national staff. Additionally, travel at nighttime will be
permitted on unsafe or dirt roads and check-in times will be designated at all office and
accommodation locations, especially for those permitted with vehicle use. Organizational
policies will ensure that spare tires will always be provided when traveling outside of the capital.
Sufficient amounts of drinkable water will always be provided to all staff to ensure hydration in
the hot and humid climate of Namibia. Lastly, emergency contact numbers for hospitals, police
and other emergency assistance will be provided to all staff to carry with them at all times.
Emergency Contact Numbers:
Emergency (mobile) 112
Emergency (fixed line) 081-112
Ambulance (Windhoek Municipality) 211-111
Ambulance (Windhoek State Hospital) 203-2270
MRI Medrescue International 230-505
Police 10111
Windhoek Fire Brigade 211-111
62
Ibid.
63
Namibia 2013 Crime and Safety Report. 2013.
https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=14060
64
Namibia. 2014. http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/namibia
24. 24
Office Rental and Accommodation
Commercial Office Space
Most office spaces available range from US $1600 to $2000 per month depending on size, which
ranges from 100-120 sq. m within these prices. Almost all offer washroom facilities and parking
is available, and has fairly central locations within Windhoek. Higher end offices are also
available and include a kitchenette, parking spaces and in some instances 24 hour security. These
range from US $2100-4800 a month. All prices exclude utility expenses.
Office space rentals are available that also offer extra rooms for staff accommodation. Prices for
these units range from US $3000-4000 a month and include a kitchen and private parking.
Furnished units rent for approximately US $500 extra a month.
Warehouse Rentals
Range from US $1500-7000/month and are located primarily in larger towns. Some warehouses
offer a small office space that could potentially be used as a primary office space as well. Both
office space and warehouse rentals will have to be sought out further once in country, as there
are not many listings for office and warehouse space outside of larger towns and cities.
House Rentals/Accommodation
There are many accommodation options for expats for housing and apartment rentals. Three
bedroom apartments are approximately $1600, 4 bedroom apartments can be up to $280065
.
Bachelor apartments or lofts range from $600-$900, and 2 or 3 bedroom townhouse are offered
from $1500-180066
. Terms of lease and rental deposits can be freely agreed upon, although
monthly rental deposits are typically paid for ahead of time67
.
Expat and Private Schools in Namibia:
Windhoek International School
Scheppmann Street, Pioneerspark
Private Bag 16007, Windhoek
http://www.wis.edu.na
Private and Independent school that offers enrollment from preschool to year 13. Runs during the
“northern academic year” of mid-August to mid-June. The school offers the International
Baccalaureate Program and is open to students of all ability levels. Instruction is in English but
German, French and Portugese are offered as second languages. After school activities are
offered for at least five to six months out of the school year in a wide range of interests. Fees
65
House.na. 2011. http://house.na/property-to-let/Commercial-and-industrial/Office
66
My Namibia. 2014. http://property.my.na/detail.php?tId=2&pId=42
67
Banks in Namibia. 2014. http://www.namibia.alloexpat.com/namibia_information/banks_namibia.php
25. 25
range from $3000 a year for toddlers to up to $15000 a year for middle and final years in
addition to an enrolment fee of N7000
International School of Walvis Bay
86 Hage Geingob Street, Walvis Bay
Erogno
Telephone: +264 64 204789
Website: http://www.iswb.edu.na
Also an independent school, available for children ages 3 to 18. Fees range from $1600 for
primary to $5000, in addition to a $250 administration and registration fee. Uniforms must be
worn and codes of conduct are listed further on the school’s website. Sport, music and art
activities are offered and encouraged at the school.
St. Paul's College Deutsche Hohere Privatschule
P.O. Box 78,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 373-100
Fax: (61) 221-306
Website: www.dhps-windhoek.de
Offers education from primary to secondary grades, promoting and encouraging education and
culture in the German language but teach primarily in English. $6000 for primary to $8000 to
secondary.
St. Paul’s College
393 Sam Nujoma Drive,
Windhoek
Telephone: (61) 227-783
Fax: (61) 236-461
Email: stpc.dc@iway.na
Website: www.spcnam.org
One of the top academic schools in the country focuses on education preparation for University
and offering many sport programs. Fees vary from $6500 for primary to $9200 for secondary.
26. 26
Activities, Culture, Religious Services
Religion
Namibians describe themselves as very spiritual as traditional religion has been considered
animistic, attributing souls and spiritual powers to natural objects and other phenomena. Ninety
percent of Namibians are Christian (primarily Lutheran) and Western churches have a large
influence in Namibia68
. There are three primary Roman Catholic Church regions in the country;
the Archdiocese of Windhoek (located in the central and north west regions), Vicariate of Rundi
(north east) and the Diocese of Keetmanshoop (in the central and south) (rcchurch.ca).
Congregation opportunities in Windhoek:
His People Christian Church, Windhoek
71 Rehobother Road
Snyman Circle Ausspannplatz
Telephone: + 264 61 259 139
Central Service 930-1130 am
Windhoek Shofar Christian Church
Service every Sunday in Afrikaans and English (1030-12)
PO Box 11441, Klein Windhoek
Telephone: +264 (0)61 236 521
Central Methodist Church
19 Luderitz Street, Windhoek
Sunday Service 11:30am
Telephone: +246 61 22 8921
Emmanuel Church Windhoek
Sunday Worship Meetings:
8:30 English Meeting
10:15 Afrikaans Meeting
18:00 Evening Meeting
PO Box 21085
Telephone: +264 (61) 241 444
Language
The country’s official language is English, although only approximately 7 percent of the
population speaks the language and it is less frequently spoken by older Namibians. The most
common language is Afrikaans, largely influenced from white South Africa, and German is
68
Namibians. 2014. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Namibians.html#b#ixzz2rvzdyZf0
27. 27
spoken by Namibians of German descent69
. The major indigenous languages include: Oshivambo
(most widely used and spoken primarily in the north), Otjiherero, Nama, Damara, and
Rukwangali.
Fashion
Casual dress attire is accepted throughout the country and most people residing in Windhoek
dress in modern fashions. There are also instances of traditional Herero dress where some
women have adopted the German Victorian fashions of the nineteenth-century colonists. The
Himba tribe wear leather thongs or skirts, smearing their bodies with ochre and sporting copper
or leather bands around their necks70
.
Social Conventions
Generally, Namibia is a very tolerant and laid-back country. Western conventions exist in urban
areas and are usually applied in instances of first encounters with people or when visiting
someone’s home. When in rural regions it is important to follow the advice of a local guide and
show respect. Tolerance is very important and Namibians vow to greet each other as brothers and
sisters, using the handshake and extended forms of greeting as the most common form of
introduction.
NOTE: Tipping is not normally included in the bill, but it is accepted for good service71
.
Laws and Culture
While in Namibia, expats are subject to local laws. It is important to note that homosexual
activity is illegal. When visiting government buildings or military sites, photos cannot be taken
without permission72
. Like Canada it is against the law to use a cell phone or to drive while
under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Canadian driver’s licenses in English are accepted but an
International Driving Permit (IDP) is recommended73
. The Government of Namibia does not
require public buildings to be accessible or require that new government buildings have ramps.
For this reason individuals with disabilities may find accessibility difficult74
.
Holidays
There are two important holidays that fall on August 26: Red Day and Heroes Day. Red Day was
established in the nineteenth century by the Herero (a group dependent on cattle herding who lost
the rights to their grazing lands) in remembrance of their fallen chiefs. The day is marked by
wearing dark red costumes. Heroes day was established after independence, and is a holiday
69
Ibid.
70
Ibid
71
Namibia Travel Guides. 2014. http://www.hoteltravel.com/namibia/guides/travel_tips.htm
72
Namibia. 2014. http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/namibia?CountryDropDown1%24ddlCountries=angola
73
Ibid
74
Ibid
28. 28
celebrating SWAPO’s first armed battle with the South African military75
. Independence Day on
March 31 consists of military parades, political speeches and food and festivities.
Other Holidays include:
1. January: New Year
1. May: Workers' Day
4. May: Cassinga Day
25. May: Africa Day
26. August: Heroes Day
10. December: Human Rights Day
25. December: Christmas
26. December: Family Day
Changeable public holidays: Good Friday - Easter Monday - Easter Sunday - Ascension Day.
Public holidays, which fall on a Sunday, move to Monday76
Social Activities
Windhoek has a variety of activities offered on a daily basis from art and photography exhibits,
to fitness classes, movies and karaoke. An updated list of activities can be found at:
http://www.whatsonwindhoek.com.The National Museum of Namibia is located in Windhoek.
Here there are plenty of restaurants and local artist and theatre productions, however there are
also many activities that allow expats and visitors to experience the beautiful Namibian
countryside. Namibia is home to the oldest desert and the highest sand dunes that offer a wide
array of activities. Many companies offer motor bike, quad, helicopter and guided car tours of
the Namib Naukluft Park. Sand boarding is also a popular activity among visitors, with
companies offering different packages depending on the level of adventure desired. Safaris and
wildlife sanctuaries offer tours and multiple day getaways are common, in addition to catamaran
tours on the coast. The most visited places include the Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon,
Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund,
Walvis Bay and Lüderitz77
.
75
Namibians. 2014. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Namibians.html#b#ixzz2rvzdyZf0.
76
Namibia von A bis Z. 2010. http://www.namibia-travel.net/travel-planning/namibia-a-z.html
77
Namibia Things To Do. 2014. http://www.mydestination.com/namibia/things-to-do/22493
29. 29
Appendix 1
Relevant articles include78
;
Article 18: “1. Goods grown, produced or manufactured in the Common Customs Area, on
importation from the area of one Member State to the area of another Member State, shall be
free of customs duties and quantitative restrictions, except as provided elsewhere in this
Agreement”.
Article 20: “1. The Council shall, on recommendation of the Tariff Board, approve customs duties to
be applied to goods imported into the Common Customs Area from outside that Area”.
Article 21: “1. The Ministers responsible for Finance in all Member States shall meet and agree
on the rates of specific excise and ad valorem excise duties and specific customs and ad
valorem customs duties to be applied to goods grown, produced or manufactured in or imported
into the Common customs Area”.
Article 25: “1. Member States recognize the right of each Member State to prohibit or restrict the
importation into or exportation from its area of any goods for economic, social, cultural or
other reasons as may be agreed upon by the Council.
Article 29: “1. Whenever a regulation for the marketing of an agricultural commodity is in
operation in any part of the Common Customs Area, such a regulation shall be applied on a
non-discriminatory basis to similar commodities produced in any other part of the Common
customs Area and marketed in the area where the marketing regulation is in operation, and the
Member States concerned, cognizant of the advantages derived from the effective operation of
these regulations, shall co-operate in the application of such regulations on a basis to be mutually
agreed upon.
2. Member States agree to consult from time to time on matters affecting the production and
consumption of agricultural commodities and the improvement and extension of marketing
arrangements for such commodities.
3. Notwithstanding paragraph 1, each Member State may impose marketing regulations for
agricultural products within its borders, provided such marketing regulations shall not restrict
the free trade of agricultural products between the Member States, except as defined below:
(a) emergent agriculture and elated agro-industries as agreed upon by Member States; or
(b) any other purposes as agreed upon between Member States.
4. Each measure shall be subject to a negotiated sunset clause outlining its conditions and period.
5. Whenever possible, agricultural trade formalities and documents shall be simplified and
harmonized, and all Member States shall work towards the harmonization of standards.
78
2002 Southern African Customs Union (SACU). 2007.
http://www.sacu.int/main.php?include=docs/legislation/2002-agreement/part5.html