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ÒÍAfÈ»A
                         ÌZÄ»A ϯ

          THE GUIDANCE
        In 'Arabic Grammar
A Compilation Of The Rules Of 'Arabic Syntax

                             Translated By

                       Ali Abdur-Rasheed



                         © 2008 Ali Abdur-Rasheed


                                 Published By:
                            Madani E-Publications
                           aliarasheed@gmail.com

All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be published without express
                                 written consent.
pjÈ°»A
                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lesson                                      Topic                                                                    Page


Preface ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___A8
                                                                            æä ä ä ä ä æ ì å æ ä
1. Definition of Nahw, the Kalimah and its Divisions ( ê ê
                   ±                                   É¿Bn³C                  Ë êÒÀ¼¸»A Ë ,ÌZÄ»A ±Íj¨M) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___9
                                                                                    ê       ê       ê
                                    æ
2. Definition of the Noun & Verb (½¨°»A
                                  ê ê                  æ å êæ
                                                 Ëä êÁmâA ±Íj¨Mä)   _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___11
                                                        ê
                                                                        ä          å åå
3. Definition of the Particle & the Meaning of Speech (Âݸ»A
                                                          ê      Ð ä æ åå
                                                                 ÓĨ¿ä ,ÉMB¿Ý§ä Ëä ²ËjY) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___14

4.                                       − ê
                                                 æ å æä ä å ä æ å
     The Declinable Noun & Types of I'rab (LAj§âA ªAÌÃC Ë Lj¨À»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___18
                                                  ê
5.                               −              æ ê æ ªAÌÃCä å ì êä) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___24
     The Remaining Types of I'rab of Nouns (ÁmâA LAj§G ê
                                                              æ ÒδI
                                              ê ê       ê
                                                                   ä å
6.                                                   ê ð ä æ å jΫ ä ð ä æ å
     Fully-Declinable & Partially-Declinable Nouns (²jvÄÀ»A å æ Ë ²jvÄÀ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___29

                                                êæì
7. Remaining Causes Preventing Full-Declension (²jv»A
                                                          æ ä ä ä å ì êä
                                                        ê©Ä¿ êKJm ÒδI) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___34
                                                                         å       å ä åæ ä     ä
8.   Nominative Nouns: The Verbal Subject & Proxy-Subject (½§B°»A å ê Ë ½§B°»A :ҧ̯jÀ»A å æ ) ___ ___39
                                                           ê ê KÖBÃ ä ê                   ÕFÀmÞA
                                                                       å
9.                                                            åä ä ä ä ä æ å
     Nominative Nouns: The Nominative Subject and Predicate (jJb»A Ë CfNJÀ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___45
                                 å ä ì ä ä æ ä æ ä ì ä ä å ä å æ ä ì åä ä ä ä å æ
                                   æ
10. Nominative Nouns: (ê ê ê
                       oÄV¼»     ÒίBÄ»A Ü Ë oμIê êÅÎNÈJrNÀ»A Ü Ë B¿ ÁmGê Ë ÆGê jJa Ë ÆB· ÁmGê) _ ___ ___ ___ ___50
                                    ê
                          å æ         äæ å æ
                       ÉI å ä ä å å å ä
11. Accusative Nouns (ê ê ¾Ì¨°À»A Ë μ¼ñÀ»A ¾Ì¨°À»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___55

12. Accusative Nouns: (ÐÔeBÄÀ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___61
                          ä å
                              å        å åæ ä ä å åæ ä               å åæ ä
                        ää
13. Accusative Nouns: (ɨ¿             ¾Ì¨°À»A Ëä å ¾Ì¨°À»A Ëä êÉÎ¯ê ¾Ì¨°À»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___66
                                                  É»
                          å
14. Accusative Nouns: (¾BZ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___71
                          å ì
                         êæ
15. Accusative Nouns: (lÎÎÀN»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___75

                       Ð æå       äæä
16. Accusative Nouns: (ÓÄRNnÀ»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___78
                                   ä                      å ä ê æ ê æ ä ÁmGê ì ê ÁmGê ä å ä
                                          ä ä ä ä Ü Ëä B¿ jJaä Ëä oÄV»A Ï°Ä»ê Ü å æ Ëä ÆG å æ Ëä ÆB· jJaä) ___ ___ ___ ___85
17. Accusative Nouns: (ä æ ê ê æ ì å
                       oμI ÅÎNÈJrNÀ»A                                  ê




                    The Guidance In Grammar                                 A-5              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
Lesson                                    Topic                                                         Page


                         ä å               åä å æ ä     ä
                              å
18. Genitive Nouns: (ê æ ê ²BzÀ»A
                     ÉλG               Ëä ÑiËjVÀ»A å æ ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___91
                                                    ÕFÀmÞA
                         æ  å ì
19. Subordinate Nouns: (O¨Ä»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___96
                                        å æä
                        ê åå ê
20. Subordinate Nouns: (²ËjZ»BI         ±ñ¨»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___102
                            å æì
21. Subordinate Nouns: (fηDN»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___106
                          ê
                                  å æ ä ä åää
                        ê ä
22. Subordinate Nouns: (ÆBÎJ»A    ±ñ§ Ë ¾fJ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___111
23.
                            å äæå
      Indeclinable Nouns: (PAjÀzÀ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___115
                           åä          ä
24.   Indeclinable Nouns: (ÑiBqâA å æ ) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___122
                               ê   ÕFÀmC
25.
                            å ì ä å ä ê æ ì ÕFÀmCä ä æä ÕFÀmCä
      Indeclinable Nouns: (PBJ·jÀ»A Ë PÌv»A å æ Ë ¾B¨¯ÞA å æ ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___129
                                                     ê
                            å
26. Indeclinable Nouns: (PBÍBĸ»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___133
                              ê
                                å    å åí
                            ðê æ ä
27. Indeclinable Adverbs: (ÒÎÄJÀ»A   ²Ëj¤»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___137
                                                         å
28.                                     ÒÎÄJÀ»A ê å í ì êä
      Remaining Indeclinable Adverbs (ê ì ê æ ä ²Ëj¤»A ÒδI) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___141
                                                              ä      æì å æ ì
29.                                                 ê ä ä ÕFÀmC ä jθÄN»A Ëä ±Íj¨N»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___146
      Conclusion: Remaining Rules of the Noun: (ef¨»A å æ Ë å ê                ê
                                      äå ä
30.                         ê ä ä ê æ ìê
      Remaining Numbers (ef¨»A ÕFÀmC ÒδI) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___152
                                 å æì ä æì
31.   Masculine and Feminine (SÎÃDN»A Ë å ê ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___156
                                   ê      jηhN»A
32.
                   å åå
      The Plurals (ªÌÀV»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___161

                å æä ä
33. The Masdar (ifvÀ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___168
          ±
                            åä ä         åä ð                                æì
                            ì å
34. The Verbal Adjective (ÒÈJrÀ»A        Ò°v»A) and the Superlative Noun (½Îz°N»A å æê) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___174
                                                                          ê ê ÁmG
                å
               æê
35. The Verb (½¨°»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___180

                                    å
                             ê å
36. The Present-Tense Verb (ªiBzÀ»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___186

                                             ê å
37. The Present-Tense and Words of Requital (ÑAkBVÀ»A
                                                              å ê ä ªiBzÀ»A
                                                              PBÀ¼· Ëä å ê å )   __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___192




                    The Guidance In Grammar                       A-6               ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
Lesson                                 Topic                                                          Page


                        æ    ä åæ                                 å åæä å æ
38. The Command Verb (j¿ÞA
                      ê         ½¨¯ê) and Passive-Voice Verb (¾ÌÈVÀ»A ½¨°»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___199
                                                                              ê
39.                                             ð ä ä å ä ÂkÝ»A å æ ê ) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___205
      The Passive Voice & Active Voice Verb (Ðf¨NÀ»A Ë å ê
                                                            ì
                                                                ½¨°»A
                                                           å æä ä å ä ì å æä
40.   Defective Verbs & Verbs of Approximation (ê ä ä å ¾B¨¯C Ë Òv³BÄ»A ¾B¨¯ÞA) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___211
                                                  ÒIiB´À»A             ê
41.
                                                        ì      æ å æä ä KV¨N»A å æ ê
                                                                                ì
      Verbs of Surprise & Verb of Praise and Blame (ð Ë ê ä ¾B¨¯C Ë ê í ä ½¨¯) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___217
                                                       Âh»A ä `fÀ»A
                    åæä
42.   The Particle (²jZ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___222
                                                     å
                                          ðä
43. Completion of the Genitive Particles (jV»A ²ËjY ÒÀNMä) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___228
                                                ê å å ìê
                                                  å
44.                                     ð ä ê å å ì êä
      The Remaining Genitive Particles (jV»A ²ËjY ÒδI) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___234

                                          æ åä ä å ä
45.                                    ê ê ê ì å å
      Particles Resembling the Verb (1-½¨°»BI ÒÈJrÀ»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___241

                                          æ åä ä å ä
46.                                    ê ê ê ì å å
      Particles Resembling the Verb (2-½¨°»BI ÒÈJrÀ»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___246
                                æ å åå
47.                           ê ä
      Appositive Particles (1-±ñ¨»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___251
                                   æ   å åå
                            ê ä
48. Appositive Particles (2-±ñ¨»A      ²ËjY)   ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___255
                                   å åå
                              æ ì ²ËjY)_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___259
49. Particles of Notice (ê ê
                         ÉÎJÄN»A
                                     å
50.                           êä ð åå
      Extraneous Particles (ÑeBÍl»A ²ËjY) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___264
                                           æì æ ä
51.   The Particles of Explanation (jÎn°N»A B¯jY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___269
                                       ê ê
                                                      æ æ ä ì åæ ä
52.   Particles of Anticipation and Interrogation (ÂBÈ°NmâA Ë ê ê æ ²jY) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___273
                                                   ê ê ê ©Î³ÌN»A
53.   Particles of Condition (ê æ
                                  ì å åå
                              ¢jr»A ²ËjY) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___277
                                  åæ
                              æ ²jYä) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___283
54. Particle of Restriction (ê ì
                             ªej»A

55.
                                 å å æä ä ÅÍÌÄN»A
                                             æì
      Tanween and its Divisions (É¿Bn³C Ë å ê ) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___287
                               æ
56.        −                 ê êì åå
      The Nun of Emphasis (fηDN»A ÆÌÃ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___291

      Footnotes _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___296




                   The Guidance In Grammar                     A-7             ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å äðä å
                                       Ò¿f´À»A
                                       PREFACE


                                       ÁÎYj»A ÅÀYj»A ɼ»A ÁnI
                                                                             é é
               ÅÍjÇBñ»A É»E Ë (x) fÀZ¿ ÉÎJà Ӽ§ ÂÝn»A Ë ÑÝv»A Ë ÅÎÀ»B¨»A Li ɼ» fÀZ»A
                            .ÅδÍfv»A Ë ÕAfÈr»A Ë ÅμmjÀ»A ÕBÎJÃC ©ÎÀU Ó¼§ Ë

al-Hidayah, as its name suggests, is a guide to the rules of 'Arabic syntax or sentence
      −
grammar. While many books of grammar contain similar topics and discussions, the
beauty and usefulness of Hidayah lies in its organization of these topics. Beginning with
                              −
the definition of Nahw or 'Arabic syntax, each chapter lays a foundation for another
                     ±
chapter until the reader, in the end, has been thoroughly exposed to the underlying
fundamentals of 'Arabic syntax.

As a book, al-Hidayah is somewhat of a mystery. Although it has been used as a text-book
                  −
of grammar for generations, it is unclear who its author is. The index of publications in the
Library of Alexandria by Abu Ahmad Abu 'Ali Ameen lists the author as Ibn Hayyan
                             − ±           −                                         ±     −
Andulusi (Muhammad Ibn Yusuf) a resident of Cairo (654-745 H). Other books, like Kashf
              ±            −                                     ±
az-Zanun mentions three other individuals as possible authors: az-Zubair al-Basri Ibn
  ± ±  −                                                                               ±
Ahmad ash-Shafi'; 'Abdul-Jaleel Ibn Fairuz Gaznavi or Ibn Dastawaih 'Abdullah Ibn Ja'far.
   ±            −                        −

al-Hidayah has been published in many forms. Islamic seminary students in Iran, Iraq and
      −
other places are familiar with al-Hidayah as one of the books found in Jami
                                        −                                             −
al-Muqaddimat, a collection of small books the majority of which are related to 'Arabic
            −
grammar on different levels. The version æwhich is translated here was prepared by the
Academy Of Islamic Sciences (Ï¿ÝmâA ÏÀ¼¨»A å ä æ ä ) of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This
                                 ê æê ê ê ©ÀVÀ»A
edited version departs from the tradition arrangement of al-Hidayah in favor of a text-book
                                                                  −
type format with the traditional topics organized into fifty-six lessons. At the end of each
lesson, a summary, questions and exercises are provided to further engage the reader in
the lesson's objectives. This format is easy for the reader to digest and memorize.

Upon completion of the book, the reader will have undoubtedly developed a fundamental
understanding of 'Arabic grammar. Supported with this guidance, the reader can begin to
explore the branches issuing from the fundamentals outlined in this book and the opinions
of notable scholars of 'Arabic grammar.

Ali Abdur-Rasheed
May 11, 2008/5 Jamadi al-Awwal, 1429




            The Guidance In Grammar                     A-8             ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å ìä å ì
                                         ¾ËÞA pif»A
                                                æ
                                THE FIRST LESSON

                    ååä ä             æ ä ê ê ä í ä ä å ê æ KVÍ ê ì ê ä                     å ä ð äå
               .¾Ìv¯ ÒQÝQ BÈίê Ëä ,BÈμ§ä ½ÖFnÀ»A ê±³ÌN»ê BÈÀÍf´Mä å ê ä ÏN»A êÙeBJÀ»A ϯê Ò¿f´À»A
                ë å
In the beginning, it is required to advance a preface due to the dependence of various
matters upon it (later). In the preface are three sections:




                               æ ì æ å êæ å ì ä å æ ä
                             ÌZÄ»A êÁ¼§ê ±Íj¨Mä :¾ËÞA ½v°»A
                             ê
             SECTION ONE: Definition Of The Discipline of Nahw
                                                            ±
        å ä                    å                 ä       ä å æ ä å æ å åå æ å æ ì
ê                                       ê ì ê êê
KηjMä Òΰη Ëä å ê Ëä LAj§âA SÎYä æÅ¿ê TÝR»A êÁ¼¸»A jaAËC ¾AÌYC BÈIê ²j¨M ¾ÌuDIê è ê :ÌZÄ»A
    ê æ ì ê æ ÕFÄJ»A å æê æ                                            ä ë        Á¼§
                       ä        æì ä ä            ð åä
:ɧÌyÌ¿ä Ëä .Lj¨»A êÂÝ· ϯê ð ê Dñb»A êŧä ÆBn¼»A ÒÃBÎuê :ÉÄ¿ê å ä ä Ëä .|¨Iä ä©¿ BÈz¨Iä
 å å åæ
               ê ää         Ϥ°¼»A ê         ê
                                                             å æ ~j¬»A ë æ ä ê æ
                                                                              å ä åäê ä
                                                                             .Âݸ»A Ëä ÒÀ¼¸»A
Nahw is the knowledge of the principles by which the states of the endings of words are
   ±
                                                              å æ
known in the three parts of speech with regard to declension (LAj§âA), construction (å ê )
                                                                                     ÕFÄJ»A
                                                                  ê
and the manner of constructing one word with another. The aim of Nahw is the protection
                                                                    ±              åä ä
of the tongue from verbal mistakes in the speech of the 'Arab. Nahw's topics are: (ÒÀ¼¸»A)
                                                                 ±                   ê
                 ä
the word and (å
              Âݸ»A) speech.




               The Guidance In Grammar                9              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å æä Ëä å ä ê ä :ÏÃBR»A ½v°»A
                              BÈ¿Bn³C ÒÀ¼¸»A       ê é å æ ä
                          SECTION TWO: The Word and Its Types

     æ ä ì ìäê ë æ ë æ               æ           æä ä ä è ä ä æ å
                                                              ê
                                                                                                  è ä ä
                                                                               ëä æ å ç æ ä ê å æ å ä ê
 Ü ÆC B¿Gê BÈÃÞ ,²jYä Ëä ½¨¯ê Ëä ÁmGê :ÂBn³C êÒQÝQ ϯê ÑjvZÄ¿ äÏÇê Ëä ,ej°¿ ÓĨÀ»ê ä©yË ¥°» :ÒÀ¼¸»A
                                 ë ë
 êä
    ä      æ ä ä ä æÔ       ê
                              æ             ç æ ä ä ì å æä å æ ä
 fYDIê BÇBĨ¿ä ÆjN³A Ëä ,BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ËC (²jZ»A) äÏȯ ,BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä Ó¼§ä ¾fMä
                                                                             ê
                                                                               ä
                                                                                     ê
                                                                                       æ       ç æ Ð ä ìå
      ä ä æä ää               æ ä æ ä æÁ»ä Ëä BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ËCä ,(½¨°»A) äÏȯä ,ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA
                                                     æ    ç æ ä ìå æ å æ ê                      ä           ä
   ê    ê ê ê             æä ê
äÏȯ ,ÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê BÇBĨ¿ ÆjN´Í                    ê                                       ê  ê ì ä êæ
                                                                                                       å æê
                                                                                                     .(ÁmâA)
           äêå ä
The word (ÒÀ¼¸»A) is an expression formulated for a singular meaning. It is limited to three
                                    æê   å                    æä    å
types: the Noun (å æê ), the Verb (½¨°»A), and the Particle (²jZ»A). If the word does not signify
                 ÁmâA
a meaning in itself, it is a Particle. Or it signifies a meaning in itself and its meaning is
associated with one of the three tenses (of time), it is a Verb. Or it signifies a meaning in
itself and its meaning is not associated with one of the three tenses, it is a Noun.

                                                                                     å ä å
                                                                                     ÒuÝb»A
      ää          ð å ä ÉMfÖB¯ å                  å æ åæ                    ä       ä æ
ϯê Dñb»A êŧä ÆBn¼»A ÒÃBÎuê å åä ê Ëä .ÕFÄJ»A Ëä LAj§âA SÎYä æÅ¿ê Lj¨»A êÂÝ· f§AÌ´Iê Á¼§ê ÌZÄ»A
    ê          ê                           ê          ê            ê  ää      ê ê è åæì
                                                          ëä æ å ç æ ä ä å è æä å ä ä ä ä
                                                                          ê        ê
                                                         .ej°¿ ÓĨÀ»ê ©yË ¥°» ÒÀ¼¸»A Ë .Âݸ»A
                                                                                           ê
                                                                                                  è ä ê æä
                                                                                                 Ò¼×mC
                                                                                    æì æ æð
                                                                                 .ÌZÄ»A äÁ¼§ê ²j§ä -1
                                                                                  ê
                                                                              ì æ         åæ ä ð
                                                                         .ÌZÄ»A êÁ¼§ê äªÌyÌ¿ æÅÎIä -2
                                                                          êæ
                                                                              æ ì æ ä ä ê æ å æå
                                                                           .ÌZÄ»A êÁ¼§ê ÑfÖB¯ j·gC -3
                                                                            ê
                                                                        ä æä æ ð ä ä ê ä ê ð
                                                                    .BÈ¿Bn³C ef§ä Ëä ÒÀ¼¸»A ²j§ä -4




                   The Guidance In Grammar                 10               ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
ê ì å æì
                                         ÏÃBR»A pif»A
                                   THE SECOND LESSON
                                                      æ
                    Definition of the Noun and Verb ½¨°»A
                                                    ê ê                     æê å ê æ
                                                                      Ëä êÁmâA ±Íj¨Mä

   ä                        ä ä              ä ä æ                             ç æ ä íå è äêä å æ
Ëä ¾BZ»A Ëä äÏyBÀ»A ÏħC ,ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê ÆjN´¿ jΫ BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ÒÀ¼· :ÁmâA
                                                                ä æ
                ê        ê æ ê ì ä ê æ ê ä ëê ä å ê æ                ê                                  ê
 åä                  è æ ä :ÌZÃä ,ÉI Ëä å æ ä iBJaâA ì ê ä ÆCä å å ä ä Ëä .(Á¼§ê ,½Ui) :ÌZÃä ,¾BJ´NmâA
,Ò¯ByâA Ëä ;(ÁÖB³ fÍk) å æ ê ê Éħ å ê vÍ
                èê                                 æ         æ ÉN¿Ý§ è æ è å ä å æ ä æ ê æ
       ê                                                                                                ê
åä æì ä å æì ä ï ä                    æ ä Ëä ;(½Uj»A) :ÌZÃä ,Éμ§ä ê±Íj¨N»A ÂÜ ¾Ìae Ëä ;(fÍkä å å :ÌZÃä
                                               å åì å æ æ ä              ì      å åå ë æ
ÒÎÄRN»A Ë ÅÍÌÄN»A Ë jV»A êÉίê ì ê ä ÆC
   ê          ê                vÍ                           ê         êæ ê                    ÂÝ«) å æ
                                       æê ~AÌaä æÅ¿ê ÊhÇÐ ½· ÆH¯ä .ÕEfÄ»A Ëä jάvN»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä å æ ä Ëä
                                   .ÁmâA ð             êê
                                                            ìåì å ð å æì
                                                                 ê              ê        O¨Ä»A ©ÀV»A
                                    ê
æä ê å æ           ä æ ä ç ä ä æ å æä ç å æ ä æä ç ê æ ä ç å æ ä ä å æ ä å æ å æ
ÆC (ÉIê iBJaâA) ÐÓĨ¿ Ëä .CfNJ¿ ËC Ų̈°¿ ËC ݧB¯ êÉμ§ä B¿Ì¸Z¿ Æ̸Íä ÆC (Éħä iBJaâA) ÐÓĨ¿ Ëä      äæ ä
             ê                                                                                êå
                                                                                   ää ä ç æ ä ä å
                                                                               .jJb»B· êÉIê B¿Ì¸Z¿ Æ̸Íä
                                                                                 ê
A noun is a word signifying a meaning in itself without an association with one of the three
                                                                                èå
tenses, meaning the past, present (imperfect tense) and future. For example: ½Uiä A man;
è æ ê Knowledge.
Á¼§
The signs of a noun:
                                                                æ    æ
  1. It is proper to give information about the noun (å ä iBJaâA) and to give information
                                                               Éħ å ê
                              æ           è ê è æä
                       ÉI å ê
      by means of it (ê ê iBJaâA), as in: ÁÖB³ fÍk Zaid is standing.
               åä                                             ä   å
  2. Idafah1 (Ò¯ByâA) is proper (with the noun), as in: fÍk å The servant of Zaid.
      ±−          ê                                     ë æ ÂÝ«
                                        æì                                          åì      å
  3. Entering the Definite Article (ê±Íj¨N»A å ) upon the noun (is proper), as in: ½Uj»A The
                                       ê ÂÜ
      man.
                          ä                                     èå é
  4. The state of Jarr (jV»A) is proper (with the noun), as in: ½Uiä iAf»A ϯê In the house is a
                        í                                            ê
      man. (Also appropriate for the noun is:)
                                æì            è
            • Tanween (å ê ), as in: ½Ui A man;
                       ÅÍÌÄN»A        åä
                            å æì
                         äê
            • The dual (ÒÎÄRN»A), as in:  ê å
                                          ÆÝUiä Two men;
                                          è
            • The plural (å æ ä ), as in: ¾BUi Men;
                          ©ÀV»A              ê




                    The Guidance In Grammar              11              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å ì
                            æ              è ä è åä
           • An adjective (O¨Ä»A), as in: ½ÍÌ
                                            ê   ½Ui A tall man;
                                 ì         è æ äå
           • A Diminutive (å ê æ ), as in: ½ÎUi A little man;
                           jάvN»A
                                         å
           • The Vocative (å ð ), as in: ¾BUi BÍ O men!
                            ÕEfÄ»A            ê
Each of these are among the peculiarities of the noun.
                    æ    æ
The meaning of (å ä iBJaâA) is that (information is attributed to) a noun governed as a
                   Éħ å ê
                                                    æ
                                             ÉI å ê
subject, object or Mubtada. The meaning of (ê ê iBJaâA) is that attribution (to another word) is
made by means of a noun, like the Khabar.

                                                                    æê å æ
                                                                  ½¨°»A ±Íj¨Mä
                               The Definition Of The Verb         ê       ê
           å                                   ä ä                          ç æ ä íå è äêä å æ ê
Ëä .(jvÃC ,jvÄÍä ,jvÃ) :ÌZÃä ,ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê ÆjN´¿ BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ÒÀ¼· :½¨°»A
      æ å æ å å æ ä ä ä å æ ê ä ì ä ê æ ê ä ëê ä æ å ê æ
    ä ä æ ä å æ ê æä ê                 äæ         ð æ ä å åå å æ                å æê vÍ æ ä ÉN¿Ý§
Ëä ,jvÃä f³) :ÌZÃä ,Éμ§ä (ÂkBV»A Ëä ²Ìmä Ëä êÅÎn»A Ëä f³) ¾Ìae Ëä ,Éħä Ü êÉIê iBJaâA ì ê ä ÆC å å ä ä
                              ê
Ëä ,BÎÈÃä Ëä Aj¿Cä ååæ ä Ëä ªiBzÀ»A Ëä ÏyBÀ»A ÐÓ»G å ê æ ì ËäF .(jvÄÍä æÁ»ä Ëä ,jvÄÍä ²Ìmä Ëä ,jvÄÎmä
    çæ ç æ
                   ÉÃÌ· ê ê å             ê
                                                ä
                                                    ±ÍjvN»A         æåæ          åå æ ä æ       å å æä
                                                  ê
   å æ ää ä å æ ê ä ê é                 æ              å æ ä ä å æ ê ä åæ ä ê ä             ì å ð
ÆÌà Ëä ;(OJN·) :ÌZÃä ,ÒÄ·Bn»A êSÎÃDN»A ÕFM Ëä ;(OJN·) :ÌZÃä ,ҧ̯jÀ»A ÑkiBJ»A jÖBÀz»A E¾BvMA
ê                                       êì ê                                      ê åê ê
                                                    æ ê xAÌaä æÅ¿ ÊhÇÐ ì ä ÆH¯ä .(ÅJN·C) :ÌZÃä ,fηDN»A
                                                .½¨°»A ð
                                                                                     æ
                                                                  ê ê ê ½· ì ê æ ä å å æ ê ê ì
                                                                                                     æ
                                                 ê
The verb is a word signifying a meaning in itself while being associated with one of the
                                                                                            å
                     ä ää                           æ                                   æ åæ
three tenses, as in: jvà He helped (Past Tense); å å ä He is helping (Imperfect Tense); jvÃC
                                                 jvÄÍ
(You) Help! (Future).

The signs of a verb are:

 1. It is proper to attribute information by means of the verb but attribution is not
                                      ï ê êää ä
    made to the verb (itself), as in: ϼ§ä ÏÄIjy Ali hit me.
                              æä   ä
 2. It is proper to enter (f³), (²Ìmä), (ÅÎn»A) and the state of (ÂkBV»A) upon the verb, as in:
                                  æ        ð                       ê
     ä ä æä                                                           ä                          ä
     jvÃä f³ He already helped; å å æ ä mä Soon he will help; å å æ ä ²Ìmä Later he will help; æÁ»
                                jvÄÎ                          jvÄÍ æ
     æåæ
     jvÄÍä He did not help.
 3. It is proper for the verb to change into the Past Tense, Imperfect Tense, and
                         ä ää                            æ
    Imperative, as in: jvà He helped (Past Tense); å å ä He is helping/will help
                                                      jvÄÍ
                                       å
                            æ åæ
     (Imperfect Tense); and jvÃC (You) help! (Imperative).




                The Guidance In Grammar                 12              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
4. It is proper to attach conspicuous pronouns to the verb indicating the subject, as
       å æää
   in: OJN· I wrote. (Also appropriate for the verb is:)
                                                    å
                                                 −½ ä ê é
                                                            å æì                 æ äää
        •   (Attaching) the unvowelled Feminine Ta (ÒÄ·Bn»A SÎÃDN»A å ì), as in: OJN· She
                                                              ê ÕBM
            wrote;
                                                æ                     å
        •                                    ê êì åå             äå æ
            (Attaching) the Nun of Emphasis (fηDN»A ÆÌÃ), ex. æÅJN·C Surely (You) must
                             −
            write!
All of these are among the peculiarities of the verb.

                                                                                           è ä ê æä
                                                                                          :Ò¼×mC

                                                             ç æ å æå æ
                                                        å ä ÜBR¿ê j·gC ?ÁmâA å æ ä ÌÇ B¿ -1
                                                                                      å
                                                       .É»                      ê ä
                                                                         ê ê ±Íj¨M
                                                      å
                                           æ ë ê ½¸» ë ê æ ä æ ê
                                        .BÈÄ¿ê fYAË ð ê ¾BR¿ j·gê ä©¿ êÁmâA PB¿Ý§ä ef§ä -2
                                                                 ê         ê
                                                                                      æð
                                                            ä Ð æ ð ä ä æ ä æ ä æ å æå
                                                           .¹»h»ê ½R¿ Ë ,½¨°»A ±Íj¨M j·gC -3
                                                               ê          ê ê ê
                                                              å
                                                 æ ë ê ½¸» æ ð ä
                                              .BÈÄ¿ê fYAË ð ê ½R¿ Ëä ,½¨°»A PB¿Ý§ä ef§ä -4
                                                                        ê æê ê
                                                                                      æð


                                                                                            :ÅÍjÀMä
                                                                                             è êæ

                                                                      ä æä ä æä            æä æ
                                                   ê äê ì ä å ê
                                                  :ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ ¾B¨¯ÞA Ëä ÕFÀmÞA êXjbNmGê
                                                                                         ê
                                                         2.{fÀv»A å ì
                                                            å ä ì ɼ»A     è ä ä å ì ÌÇ æ½³} -C
                                                                         ,fYC ɼ»A ä å
                                                                                          å
                                                               æä ä ê ì å å ɼ»A}
                                                         3.{~iÞA Ë PAËBÀn»A iÌÃ å ì ä -L
                                                            ê
                                                                        .ÆBÀÍâA äÅ¿ å æ ì -X
                                                                         ê æê ê jJv»A
                                                                           ð åå å ì
                                                                      .ÅÍf»A eÌÀ§ä ÑÝv»A -e
                                                                       ê
                                                       4.{AÌÄ¿E ê   ì                ì
                                                            å ä äÅÍh»A ŧä å ê å äɼ»A ÆG} -_Ç
                                                                       ê    ©¯AfÍ ì ê




              The Guidance In Grammar                   13             ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å ê ì å æì
                                        S»BR»A pif»A
                                  THE THIRD LESSON
                                                                       å æä
                                                      êæä
                           Definition Of The Particle ²jZ»A            ±Íj¨M
                                                                         ê
    å æä ìä Ð ä                              æä æ                         ç æ ä íå è äêä å æ ä
BÀÇBĨ¿ ÆH¯ ,(Ó»G) Ëä (Å¿) :ÌZÃä ,BÇjΫ Ï¯ê ½Iä ,BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä Ü ÒÀ¼· :²jZ»A
                             æ ê åæ                          ê
                                                               æ
            ê       ê                      ê
                                       æ äæ ì å æ ä ä é å
        æ Ëä å ê æ å æ ê å ä æ å B¿ j·gê f¨Iä ÜG BÀÇBĨ¿ ÐÓ¼§ä ÆÜfMä Ü æŸ_» Ëä ,ÕBÈNÃâA Ëä å ê æ
  å êê
,ÕBÈNÃâA ÕAfNIâA ÉÄ¿ ÁÈ°Í ê
                  ê                              ê                 ê          ê Ð å ê æê ÕAfNIâA         ê
                                        ä å Ð ä ä æ ä ä åæ ä æä                      ä å ä äæä ä
                                    .(ү̸»A Ó»Gê ÑjvJ»A Å¿ê Pjm) :¹»Ì³ ϯê (ү̸»A) Ë (ÑjvJ»A)_·
                                      ê            ê               ê ê             ê            ê
                      ä            ä äæ æä                             æ               ä          å
PB¿Ý§ä Ü Ëä ÕFÀmÞA PB¿Ý§ä ½J´Íä Ü ÆC Ëä ,ÉIê Ü Ëä å æ ä iBJaâA ì ê ä Ü ÆC ²jZ»A ҿݧä Ëä
 ê             ê æ ê ä                               ê       Éħ å ê vÍ æ ê æ ä ä
      æÔ êä ê ì         è æ ä å æ æ ä æÔ æ æì ä è ä ê ä è ê ä ä ä                ä            æ
Ëä ÁmA ËC ,(iAf»A ϯê fÍk) :ÌZÃä ,ÅÎÀmA äÅÎIä ê¡Ij»B· ,ÑjÎR· fÖA̯ Lj¨»A êÂÝ· Ï¯ê ²jZ¼»ê Ëä .¾B¨¯ÞA
                                    ê                                   ê                 êæä       ê
                                                                                                        æä
    ë
      ä ä ä Ð æ ä ä å æ æ ä ä è ä ä æ å æ ä æ ä ä æ å æä ä ä å æ ä ä å æ ä æ
fÖAÌ°»A Å¿ ¹»g jΫ Ë ,(É¿j·D¯ fΨm ÏÃÕFU ÆG) :ÌZà ,ÅÎN¼ÀU ËC ,(Á¼´»BIê OJN·) :ÌZà ,½¨¯ê
 êê        ê ê ê                ê        ê ê           ê         ê            ê                       ë
                                                  ä ì ä æ                                         æä ä ì
                                               Ð                     ê é æê
                                                                                         å æ
                                              .Ó»B¨Mä å ÕFq ÆGê êS»BR»A êÁn´»A ϯê BÈ°Íj¨Mä ÏMDÎm ÏN»A
                                                        ɼ»A                               ê ê           ê
               æä å
The Particle (²jZ»A) is a word not signifying a meaning in itself, rather it signifies (a
                                                     ä
                                               Ð
meaning in) other than itself, like (æÅ¿) and (Ó»Gê). Their meaning is the beginning point and
                                       ê
end point. However, they do not signify their meaning except after mentioning that which
                                                                     −
is understood of a beginning point and end point, like Basrah and Kufah, as you would
                                                                  ±
       ä å Ð ä ä æ ä ä åæ
say: ê                                                      −
     ү̸»A Ó»Gê ÑjvJ»A Å¿ê Pjmê I traveled from Basrah to Kufah.
                 ê                                 ±

The signs of Particle are:
  •   It is not proper to make attribution with the particle nor have attribution made to the
         particle (itself).
  • The Particle does not accept the        signs of the verb or the noun.
In the Arabic language, there are many benefits of the Particle, like the connection
                            ì       è æä
between two nouns. as in: iAf»A ϯê fÍk Zaid is in the house; or connection between a noun
                          ê
                       ää å ä ä
                   Á¼´»BI æ
and a verb, as in: ê ê OJN· I wrote with the pen; or connection between two sentences, as
         æä ä
     É¿j·D è ê êä æ
in: å æ ê ¯ fΨmä ÏÃÕFU ÆGê If Sa'eed comes to me, I will honor him. (And there are benefits)
other than that whose introduction will come in the third-section, if Allah, the Exalted,
wills.


                  The Guidance In Grammar                 14              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
ä å æ å é å ä
                               Âݸ»A ±Íj¨Mä :S»BR»A ½v°»A
                               ê       ê      ê      æ
                                                           ä å æ
           THE THIRD SECTION: The Definition Of Speech (êÂݸ»A ±Íj¨Mä)
                                                                 ê


fΰMä SÎZIê ÔjaÞA Ó»Gê êÅÎNÀ¼¸»A ÐÔfYGê ÒJnÃê eBÄmâA Ëä ,eBÄmâBIê ÅÎNÀ¼¸»A ÅÀzMä ¥°» :Âݸ»A
å ê å æ ä Ð ä æå Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä ä æ å ä æ å æ                                     ä       è æä å
                                                        ê       ê æê ê æ ä ä ê ä ì ä
                                            .(fÍk           å æ æä å å í ê ç äê
                                               è æ ä äÂB³) :ÌZÃä ,BÈμ§ä P̸n»A vÍä ÑfÖB¯ äK äBbÀ»A
                                                                                                  å
                                                                                í
    æÔ ë æ æä ç ì ê æÔ ç ä æ å Ð ì ä å è ê è æ ä å æ ê æ ä æÔ ì å å æ                     ä ìä åä
,ÁmA Ëä ½¨¯ê ËC .ÒÎÀmA Ò¼ÀU ÓÀnÍ Ëä ,(±³AË fÍk) :ÌZÃä ,ÅÎÀmA äÅ¿ê ÜGê ½vZÍä Ü äÂݸ»A ÆC äÁ¼¨¯    ê
  ë
ìå ä ê æ ä ç ä æ ä å ä æ å å ä æ å å ä æ å æ ç ìê æ ç ä æ å ì ä å è ê ä ä å æ
fI ݯ ,BÀÇjΫ ϯê B¨¿ êÉλGê fÄnÀ»A Ëä fÄnÀ»A fUÌÍ Ü gGê .Òμ¨¯ê Ò¼ÀU ÐÓÀnÍ Ëä ,(fΨmä äo¼U) :ÌZÃä
         ä äê ä è
Ëä ,̧eC) ÂB´¿ ÁÖB³ ÕEfÄ»A ²jYä :Bļ³ (f»Ba BÍ) :ÌZÃä ,ÕEfÄ»BIê |´NÄÍä AhÇÐ :½Î³ê ÆH¯ .BÀÈÄ¿ê êÂݸ¼»ê
      åæ                     å        æå å          å æ ê ð å êäæ                 ä æ ä åæ       äæ
                  ê ê ð æ                 ê                                          ê
                                                                         å ä æ ä ä å æ ä å ä å å æä
                                                                ê ð        ê           ê
                                                               .ÕEfÄ»BIê |´NÄÍ Ý¯ ,½¨°»A ÌÇ Ë (K¼ C
          ä                                                                        å æ
Speech (å
        Âݸ»A) is an expression comprised of (at least) two words with ascription (eBÄmâA)
                                                                                       ê
between one another. Ascription is defined as the connection of one word with the
another, wherein the listener benefits (from the ascription making it) proper for him to
                      è æä
remain silent, as in: fÍk äÂB³ Zaid stood.

It is known that speech is only achieved with either two nouns, referred to as a nominal
           åì æ åä æ å
sentence (ÒÎÀmâA Ò¼ÀV»A). Or (achieved) with a verb and a noun, referred to as a verbal
             ê ê
            å     åä
           ìê æ ê æ å             è       ä ä
sentence (Òμ¨°»A Ò¼ÀV»A), as in: fΨmä äo¼U Sa'eed sat. Then, the ascribed word and that word
                                    ê
which is ascribed to it are not found together in other than the noun and verb. It is
required, therefore, that speech (is comprised) of the two.

                                                  −½        åê          −
If it is said that (the rule) is broken by the Nida, as in: f»Ba BÍ O Khalid! We say: the
                                           åæ   ä           å æä
Vocative Particle stands in the place of (̧eC) and (å C) and they are verbs. Therefore, the
                                                     K¼
rule is not broken by the Vocative.




                The Guidance In Grammar                15             ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å ä å
                                                                                               :ÒuÝb»A

                                                                                   æä ä ä Ð ä å ä ä        ä
                                                                             :ÂBn³C êÒQÝQ Ó»Gê ÒÀ¼¸»A å ê æ ä
                                                                              ë                    ê Án´ÄM

ÐÓ¼§ä ¾eä B¿ ÌÇ Ëä :½¨¯ê Ëä .ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê ÆAjN³AÔ jΫä æÅ¿ê ½´Nn¿ä ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾eä B¿ ÌÇ Ëä :ÁmGê
                ä å ë æ ê ä ì ä ê æä ê ää ë ê æ ê æ
    ä ì                                                              ÿ êä æ ç æ ä ì                 äå ë æ
      ì æä           ç æ ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fÍä Ü B¿ ÌÇ Ëä :²jYä Ëä .ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDI êÉÃAjN³AÔ ä©¿ä ½´Nn¿ ÓĨ¿ä
 AgGê ÜGê êÉn°Ã ϯê ÓĨ¿
            ê
                             ä å
                                 í         ä å ë æ ê ä ì ä ê æä ê ää ê ê ê æ ÿ ê ä æ å ç æ
       æ å å ÅnZÍ ç ä ê å ê å å æ ì ä å å ä ê ê ä æ å æ ì ÉMfÖB¯ ê ê æ ä ä ð å
 Ëä BÈμ§ä P̸n»A å å æ ä ÑfÖB¯ fΰÀ»A ¥°¼»A ÌÇ :Âݸ»A .PBÀ¼¸»A äÅÎIä ¡Ij»A å åä ê Ëä ,ÊjΫ ä©¿ äK·i
                                                                      æ ê Ëä ÁmAÔ ËCä ÅÎÀmAÔ äÅ¿ ÜG å å æ ä Ü
                   í                                                                             ì
                                                                  .½¨¯ ë æ ê ê æ ä æ ê ê ½vZÍ
                                                                    ë


                                                                                                  è ä ê æä
                                                                                                 :Ò¼×mC

                                                                        å ä æ ð ä ê æ ä ä æ æ å æå
                                                                       .É» ½R¿ Ëä ,²jZ»A ±Íj¨Mä j·gC -1
                                                                                              ê
                                                                             äæ ð                ä
                                                                                       ê æ ä äê ð
                                                                        .BÈ» ½R¿ä Ëä ,²jZ»A fÖA̯ æÅÎIä -2
                                                                   .¾BRÀIê ¹»gÐ æyËä Ëä ,Âݸ»A ²j§ä -3
                                                                              ä              ä
                                                                     ë ê ê ð ä                    êð
                                                     ë ä ê æ ê ä¹»gÐ æyËä ?B¿Ý· å ä æ å Æ̸Mä ÓN¿ä -4
                                                            ä                   ç ä            å
                                                    .Ò¼R¿DI ê ð                      Ò¼ÀV»A å Ð ä
                                                                           ä æ ð ä ä ä æ å ä æä æ å æå
                                                                                     ê
                                                                      .BÈ» ½R¿ Ë ,Ò¼ÀV»A ÂBn³C j·gC -5




                 The Guidance In Grammar                   16               ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
:ÅÍiBÀMä
                                                                            å ê
               æä         äæ å æ                          ä æä ä æä
                                        ð ä åå                                æä
            :ÏMDÍ BÀίê êÒ¼ÀV»A äªÌÃä æÅÎIä Ëä ,²ËjZ»A Ëä ¾B¨¯ÞA Ëä ÕFÀmÞA êXjbNmGê -1
              ê                                                              ê æ
                                                                            æ
                                                            .LBN¸»A å æä ä ê -C
                                                             ä ê OÍjNqG

                                                    .Ï´Ífuä AhÇÐ fΨmä ¾B³ -L
                                                       êê         èê ä
                                                                å æä ì
                                                       ê ìð
                                                      .PBÎÄ»BIê ¾BÀ§ÞA BÀÃGê -X
                                                   æ å ä©¿ä lJb»A f»Ì»A ä½·Cä -e
                                                .ÅJV»A ä æ å ä
                                                 ê
                                                               å ä ä

                                              ä ê ì ä æ ä ê ä êä æ
                                             .jάv»A êÁYiA Ëä jÎJ¸»A êÂjNYGê -_Ç
                                                         ç äæ å           ä
                                                        .AjvNÄ¿ ì ä å æ ä -Ë
                                                           ê μZ»A OÍCi

                                     ä         äì æ äì æ ä äå              æä æ
                  ê äê ì ä å ê å å
                 :ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ ²ËjZ»A Ëä ÒÎÀmâA Ëä Òμ¨°»A ½ÀV»A êXjbNmGê -2
                                                 ê ê       ê ê           ê

                    ê  æä è ä        ê
                                        ð è æ
                                                         ê
                                                            æä è ä æ ä å æ
                  .ÆB·iÞBIê ½À§ä Ëä ,ÆBn¼»BIê iAj³Gê Ëä ,K¼´»BIê Ò¯j¨¿ ÆBÀÍâA -C
                                                                     ê        ê
                                                           ì         èìå
                                                        .iBÄ»A äÅ¿ê ÒÄU å æ ì -L
                                                         ê                ÂÌv»A
                                              ì ä                      æ å æå
                                          ê æ Ð êæä
                                        .fZ¼»A Ó»Gê fÈÀ»A äÅ¿ê äÁ¼¨»A êK¼ C -X
                                                                        ê
                                                  å å ê æ å ë æÔ ½· å ä
                                                 .ÉÄnZÍ B¿ Ùj¿A ð ÒÀγê -e
                                                                          å
                                                                   ê
                      ä å ê ÁÈMÝu ϯê æÁÇ äÅÍh»A ÆÌÄ¿ÛÀ»A 伯Cä f³} -_Ç
                   5.{Æ̨qBa æ ê               å êì ä å ê æ å ä æ æ ä
                                 ê




The Guidance In Grammar                 17              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å ê ì å æì
                                       ©IAj»A pif»A
                              THE FOURTH LESSON
                                           The Noun     å æê
                                                        ÁmâA
                                                  ä åæ                               ä ä
                                  :ÅÎIBI ϯê å ä æ j·hÃä Ëä ,ÏÄJ¿ä Ëä Lj¨¿ :ÅÎÀn³ê ÐÓ»Gê å ê æ ä å æê
                                   ê æä      É¿B¸YC å        ÿ êæ ë ä æ å ê æä æ         Án´ÄÍ ÁmâA
                                                             è äæ å
The Noun (Al-Ism) is divided into two types: The Declinable (Lj¨¿) and the Indeclinable
 ï êæ ä
(ÏÄJ¿). We will mention their rules in two chapters:

                                         å ìä å
                                         ¾ËÞA LBJ»A
            ååä ä          å ä ðäå è ä       ä ê å åä ä è äðä å            å ä æ å ÁmâA
        ë å
        ¾Ìv¯ ÒQÝQ BÈίê Ëä Ò¿f´À»A .ÒÀMBa Ëä fuB´¿ ÒQÝQ Ëä Ò¿f´¿ êÉίê Ëä ,Lj¨À»A å æê
                                       ê
                                     THE FIRST CHAPTER
                     å ä æ å ÁmâA
The Declinable Noun (Lj¨À»A å æê ). In (the first chapter) is an introduction, three objectives
and a conclusion. In the Introduction are three sections:

                                  å ä æ å ÁmâA å ì ä å æ ä
                                  Lj¨À»A å æê :¾ËÞA ½v°»A
                             SECTION ONE: The Declinable Noun

       ê
            äæ
                 ê
                       åæä         ä     ä
                                ê æ ê æ ì ê æ ÉJrÍ
                                                     æ            ä         ð å æÔ ½· ä å å ä æ å ÁmâA
                                                                                       å
 Ëä äÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ëä ²jZ»A ÏħC ,½uÞA ÏÄJ¿ä å ê å Ü Ëä ÊjΫ ä©¿ä äK·i ÁmA í ÌÇ :Lj¨À»A å æê
                                                             êê æ               ë
               Ð                                                               è ê ä å æ ä ê ä æä
äÂB³) ϯê (AhÇ) Ü Ëä êKηjN»A Âf¨»ê åä æ ä (fΨm) Ü (fΨmä ÕFU) ϯê (fΨm) :ÌZÃä ,jyBZ»A j¿ÞA
                           ê æ ì ê ä ä ÊfYË ê ä           èê ä
 ²ÝNaHIê åå ê ±¼NbÍä ÆC å å å Ëä ,ÅÍÌÄN»A êÉ»ÌJ´»ê BĸÀN¿ä ÐÓÀnÍ Ëä ,²jZ»BIê êÉJr»A eÌUÌ»ê (AhÇÐ
        æ          ä æ ä æ                          ä ç
  ê ê ê ÊjaE ê ä æ ÉÀ¸Y ä ê æ ì ê å ð ä ä ì ä å ê æ ä ä ì ê åå
  ä ,ÓN¯ä ÏÃÕFU) :ÌZÃä ,AjÍf´Mä ËCä ,(fÍlIê Pij¿ä Ëä ,AfÍkä å æä ä Ëä ,fÍkä ÏÃÕFU) :ÌZÃä ,B¤°»ä ½¿Ą»A
 Ë ç êä              å æ ç ê æ æ ë æä å æä             çæ
                                                            OÍCi è æ êä                 åæ ç æ ê ê ä
                                                                                   ç ä å æä             ä
                                                                                                  ç ä OÍCi
                                                                               .(ÓN°Iê Pij¿ä Ëä ,ÓN¯ å æ ä




                 The Guidance In Grammar                  18              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
The declinable noun is every noun constructed (in an expression) with other than itself
and (the declinable noun) does not resemble originally indeclinable nouns, meaning the
          äæä                                ä                                   ä
                                       ÏyBÀ»A æ ê                       ä ê äæ
Particle (²jZ»A); the past-tense verb (ä ê ½¨°»A) and the command verb (jyBZ»A j¿ÞA), such
     è            è                                         è
as (fΨmä) in: fΨmä ÕFU Sa'eed Came, not the word (fΨmä) alone due to lack of (grammatical)
      ê          ê ä                                  ê
construction. Nor is (AhÇÐ) in: AhÇÐ äÂB³ This stood, due to the existence of a resemblance to a
particle.
                                                                      ð ä
The (Declinable Noun) is referred to as Mutamakkin (å ä å ) due to its acceptance of
                                                           ŸÀNÀ»A
Tanween (å ê
             æ ì ) or Nunnation. The rule of the Declinable Noun is that its ending changes
         ÅÍÌÄN»A       −
                                                å                                          ç æä     èä
                                   ê ä                                                 æ êä
with a change of word government (½¿Ą»A). This change may be literal (B¤°»), as in: fÍk ÏÃÕFU
                 ç æä å æ        ä
                                        ë æä ê å æ ä ä
Zaid came to me; AfÍk OÍCiä I saw Zaid; fÍlI Pij¿ I passed by Zaid. Or (the change may) be
                  ç æä               çä                       æ      çä å ä               ä
estimated (AjÍf´M), as in: ÓN¯ ÏÃÕFU A youth came to me; ÓN¯ OÍCiä I saw a youth; ÓN°I Pij¿ I
                                                                                                  çä å
              ê                 êä                                                   ê æä
passed by a youth.
                ä                          ä      ä æä      ì ì ä ê ä æ å å ê å êä æ ê              å æ
          .±»ÞA Ëä ÕFλA Ëä ËAÌ»A Ëä Ñjn¸»A Ëä êÒZN°»A Ëä êÒÀz»B· ,Lj¨À»A jaE ±¼NbÍ ÉIê B¿ :LAj§âA Ëä
           ê ê ê            ê        êä æ                                                                 ê
                                                                                     æä å ä ä æ å æ
                                                                               :ªAÌÃC ÒQÝQ êÁmâA LAj§Gê Ëä
                                                                                ë                 ê
                                         ï        è æ         èæ
                                        .jUä -3 ,KvÃä -2 ,©¯iä -1
  å æ å ê å æ ä ä æê ê ê æê ½Z¿ ä KvÄ»A ©¯j»A å å æ                         æ
:ÌZÃä ,jaàA ²jZ»A ÌÇä êÁmâA äÅ¿ LAj§âA í ä ä Ëä .jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä å ì êÉIê ½vZÍä B¿ :½¿B¨»A Ëä
                                                                                                     å
                                                                                                        ê
                                                          í               è           ää ìä è ää
  èê             ì åæ       è æ åì ì             è ä æ å è å æ èê
(f»Ba) æÅ¿ê ¾Af»A ²jYä Ëä LAj§Gê ÒÀz»A Ëä ,Lj¨¿ ¾ÌÀ¨¿ä (f»Ba) Ëä ½¿B§ (Cj³) ÆH¯ ,(f»Ba Cj³)
             ê                                                                ê         ä ê            ê ä
                                                                                                      æ
                                                                                                .LAj§âA í ä ä
                                                                                                 ê ê ½Z¿
              æ                          å                       ì               ä ä ä æ å ä ä æÔ
Án´»A ϯê å å å å6ÏVÎmä Ëä .ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A Ëä å ð ä ä å å æê ÜGê Lj¨»A êÂÝ· ϯê Lj¨¿ Ü åì æÁ¼§A Ëä
ê
   æê     ÉÀ¸Y Õ ê ä å ê å æ ê ŸÀNÀ»A ÁmâA ê ä ä                                                   ÉÃC
                                                                                     ä ì ä æ
                                                                                   Ð
                                                                                  .Ó»B¨Mä å ÕFq ÆGê ÏÃBR»A
                                                                                           ɼ»A           êé
             å æ
Declension (LAj§âA) is that by which the ending of declinable nouns are changed, like (the
                ê
                                 åì ì           å ä æä         åä æ ä        åä       −½ ÕFλA
signs of declension): Dammah (ÒÀz»A); Fathah (ÒZN°»A); Kasrah (Ñjn¸»A); Waw (ËAÌ»A); Ya (å ),
                        ±                  ±                             −
            å ä                                                        è               æ  è æ              ä
and Alif (±»ÞA). Declension of the noun is of three types: Nominative (©¯iä); Accusative (KvÃ)
           ê
              ïä
and Genitive (jU).




                      The Guidance In Grammar              19                 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å
Word government (½¿B¨»A) is that by which the nominative, accusative and genitive states
                  ê
                                           æ                                                      è   ää
are achieved. The place of declension (LAj§âA í ä ä) of the noun is its last letter, as in: f»Ba Cj³
                                       ê ê ½Z¿                                               ê ä
                       ää                          å                     èê
  −                     ä
Khalid read. The word (Cj³) is the governing word (½¿B¨»A) and the word (f»Ba) is the
                                                     ê
                                   å ä æå å åæ ä
declinable governed noun (Lj¨À»A ¾ÌÀ¨À»A). Dammah is the (sign of) declension and the
                                                 ±
                        è ê ) is the place of declension (LAj§âA í ä ä).
letter (e) in the word (f»Ba                                  æ
                                                          ê ê ½Z¿

Know, that in the speech of the 'Arabs there are no declinable words other than the
                    ð ä                                           å
Mutamakkin Noun (å ä å å æê ) and the present-tense verb (å ê å ½¨°»A). (The verb's)
                   ŸÀNÀ»A ÁmâA                            ªiBzÀ»A æ ê
ruling will come in the second section, if Allah, the Exalted, wills.


                             æê ê æ å æ ä ê å æ ä
                           ÁmâA LAj§Gê ²BÄuC :ÏÃBR»A ½v°»A
                           ê
                     SECTION TWO: Types of Declension of the Noun

                                                                                    ä
                                                                            ë æ å ä æ æê å æ
                                                                           :²BÄuC Ò¨nMê êÁmâA LAj§Gê
                                       ä                 ä                                ä          å ìä
                  ä BÀIê í ä æ ä Ëä Ñjn¸»BIê jV»A Ëä ,ÒZN°»BIê å æ ì Ëä ,ÒÀz»BIê å æì Æ̸Íä ÆCä - :¾ËÞA
              :Ï¼Í wNbÍ ê ä æ í ä ê ä æ KvÄ»A ê ì ì ©¯j»A ä æ
                ê
    å æ ë ì ä æ ÊjaE å å
   :ÌZÃä ,Ò¼§ê ²jYä åå ê Æ̸Íä Ü B¿ :ÑBZÄ»A fħê ÌÇ Ëä ,ÎZv»A ²jvÄÀ»A ej°À»A êÁmâBIê -C
                                             ê í ä æ ä å ê ê ì ê ê ä æ å ê ä å æê
                                                                                        æ
                                                                                                è ää
                                                                                            .(fmC)
   ,Ì»e) :ÌZÃä ,Å·Bm BȼJ³ B¿ ÕFÍ ËC AËAË åå ê Æ̸Íä B¿ ÌÇ Ëä ,ÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ä ÐiBV»BIê -L
     èæä å æ è ê            äæ ä ç æ ç                 å
                                               ÊjaE å          äå
                                                                     ê ê
                                                                          ì äæ ê
                                                                                         èæä
                                                                                       .(ÏJ£
       è         è æ ä èæ           è ää ê ä ä å å è            å æ ê ê ä æå ê ì ä å æ ä
   Ëä ;¾BUiê Ëä ,ÏJ£ Ëä ,ËjUä Ëä ,fmC ÏÄÀUBÇ) :¾Ì´Mä .(¾BUi) :ÌZÃä ,²jvÄÀ»A jn¸À»A ê©ÀV»BIê -X
                                                             ê
                                     ä ä æ ä ä ë ää å æ ä ä ä ç ä ç æ ä ä ç æ ä ä ç ä ä å æ ä ä
                     .(¾BUiê Ëä ,ÏJ£ Ë ,ËjU Ë ,fmDIê Pij¿ Ë ;ÜBUiê Ë BÎJ£ Ë AËjU Ë ,AfmC OÍCi
                       ë         ëæ      ë
Declension of the noun is of nine types:
                                      æ
The First: That it is nominative (å ì ) with Dammah; accusative (å æ ì ) with Fathah; and
                                     ©¯j»A       ±               KvÄ»A           ±
            ä ) with Kasrah. It is exclusive to the following:
genitive (jV»A
          í




                The Guidance In Grammar                  20              ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å   æ      æ
                                                ÎZv»A ê ä å åä å
   a) The Fully Declinable Singular Sound Noun (å ê ì ²jvÄÀ»A ej°À»A). According to the
     scholars of Nahw, it is a noun which does not have a weak letter at its ending, as
                     ±
         è æ ä Zaid.
     in: fÍk

   b) al-Jari Majra as-Saheeh (êÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ ÐiBV»A). It is a noun whose last letter is Waw
          −       − ± ± ± ±       ê ì äæ ä ê                                             −
                                                                         èä                   æ                ä
     or Ya with (the preceding letter) being unvowelled (å ê é ), as in: Ì»e A bucket; è æ
         −½                                              Å·Bn»A                        ÏJ£
     A Gazelle.
                                                 å       æ          ä                             è
   c) The fully-declinable Broken Plural (²jvÄÀ»A å ì å å æ ä ), as in: ¾BUi Men. You
                                                 å
                                               ê å jn¸À»A ©ÀV»A                ê
                    ä ää
                 è ä ÏÄÀUBÇ A lion attacked me; ËjUä ÏÄÀUBÇ A cub attacked me; ÏJ£ä ÏÄÀUBÇ A
                                                èæ ê ä ä
     would say: fmC ê                                                           è æ êä ä
                                     è
                                 êä ä
     Gazelle attacked me; ¾BUiê ÏÄÀUBÇ Some men attacked me.

                          ä æ     ç äå ä             ç
                                                  æä æ        å ä         æ æä               ç äå ä
     (Or you can say:) AfmC OÍCiä I saw a lion; AËjU OÍCiä I saw a cub; BÎJ£ OÍCi I saw a
                  ç  æ   å ä                                ë ä æä ä
                                                                                ä å
     gazelle; ÜBUiê OÍCiä I saw some men. (Or you can say:) fmDIê Pij¿ I passed by a lion;
           å                          ä å æä                                 å
      ëæ ä æä
     ËjVI Pij¿ä I passed by a cub; ÏJ¤Iê Pij¿ä I passed by a gazelle; ¾BUjIê Pij¿ä I passed by
                                   ëæ                                 ë ê æä
     some men.

 å æ ê é ìä å æ ä wNbÍ ê ä æ ä ä KvÄ»A ê ì ä ©¯j»A ä å æ ä ê é
                                     æ                                       æ
:ÌZÃä ,Á»Bn»A êSÃÛÀ»A ê©ÀV»BIê í ä ä Ëä Ñjn¸»BIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,ÒÀz»BIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:ÏÃBR»A
       ê                                         í
                         ë ê
                       .(PBÀ¼nÀIæ åê Pij¿ Ëä ,PBÀ¼n¿ å æä ä Ëä ,PBÀ¼n¿ ÏÄMÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä ,(PBÀ¼n¿)
                                       å æä ä ë ê æ å OÍCi è ê æ å ê æä         åå
                                                                                           êæ å
The Second: That which is nominative (å Ú ) with Dammah, and accusative
                                              æ
                                             ©¯j»A    ±                                                (å æ ì ) and
                                                                                                        KvĻA
            ä ) with Kasrah. It is exclusive to the Feminine Sound Plural (å ê ì                       å ìä å å æ ä
genitive (jV»A
          í                                                                Á»Bn»A                      SÃÛÀ»A ©ÀV»A),
       è  êæ å                                       è
                                              êæ å ê ä                  æ
as in: PBÀ¼n¿ Muslim women. You would say: PBÀ¼n¿ ÏÄMÕFU Some Muslim women came to
    ë êæ å æå ä                           ë ê æ åê æä ä       å
me; PBÀ¼n¿ OÍCiä I saw some Muslim women; PBÀ¼nÀI Pij¿ I passed by some Muslim women.

  å ä æ ä å æ ê ä æ å æ ä wNbÍ ä æ ä ä KvÄ»A ê ì ì ©¯j»A ä å æ ä å ê é
                                æ                                              æ
,(fÀYC) :ÌZÃä ,²jvÄÀ»A jάIê í ä ä Ëä êÒZN°»BIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,ÒÀz»BIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:S»BR»A
                ê      ê
                                                äíä æä Pij¿ä Ëä ,fÀYCä å æä ä Ëä ,fÀYCä ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä
                                            .(fÀYDIê å æä        ä ä æ OÍCi å ä æ êä            åå

The Third: That which is nominative (å Ú ) with Dammah and accusative (å æ ì ) and
                                              æ
                                             ©¯j»A      ±                             KvÄ»A
                                                                                            ä
            ä                                                                   ê ê ä æå åæ
genitive (jV»A) with Fathah. It is exclusive to the Partially Declinable Nouns (²jvÄÀ»A jΫ), as
          í             ±
    å ä æä                     å ä æ ä êä                   ä ä æ ä å æä            å æä ä
in: fÀYC Ahmad. You could say: fÀYC ÏÃÕFU Ahmad came to me; fÀYC OÍCiä I saw Ahmad; Pij¿
           ±                               ±                                  ±
ä ä æä
fÀYDIê I passed by Ahmad.
                    ±




                      The Guidance In Grammar                21                     ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
ê KvÄ»A ê ©¯j»A ä æ å ê é
        çä ì ä å ì ð     æä wNbÍ ê                          ä                                å ä
 ä æ ä ÑjJ¸¿ êÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞBIê í ä æ ä Ëä ,ÕFλBIê jV»A Ëä ,±»ÞBIê å æ ì Ëä ,ËAÌ»BIê å æì Æ̸Íä ÆC :©IAj»A
                                                   ä
jΫ)                   ê                         í ä ä çêä
ä å ä ä ä åä ä ä åä ä ä ð ä ä å
ºÌÀY Ë ,ºÌIC Ë ,ºÌaC :ÏÇê Ë ,Á¼¸NÀ»A ÕFÍ jΫ ÐÓ»Gê Ò¯Bz¿ (©ÀUä Ü Ëä ÑBÄR¿ jΫ) Ñej°¿ (Ñj¬v¿
                                ê         ê êæ                å æ
                                                                   ë       ë ì ä å ä æ ä ç ä ä æ å ëä ì ä ä
                    ä ä ä ä å æä ä ä ä ä å æä ä ä ä åä ä               åå              å ä å ä å
       .ϳAÌJ»A Ah· Ë (¹ÎaDIê Pij¿ Ë ,ºBaC OÍCi Ë ,ºÌaC ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä ,¾B¿ Ëg Ëä ºÌÄÇä Ëä ºÌ¯ Ë
           ê ä             ê                                      ê            ë
The Fourth: That which is nominative (å Ú ) with Waw, accusative (å æ ì ) with Alif, and
                                                      æ
                                             ©¯j»A      −                    KvÄ»A
           ä                                               å ì ð å æä
                      −½
genitive (jV»A) with Ya. It is exclusive to The Six Nouns (ÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞA) (with the condition that
              í                                   ä
                          ëì ì ä å ä æ ä ç ä ì å
they are) non-Diminutive (Ñj¬v¿ jΫ ÑjJ¸¿); singular; not dual or plural, and annexed to
                                                                ðä ä
                                                       Á¼¸NÀ»A ê ê æ Ð
                                                                            ä ä çä
                                                                            å
other than the (pronoun of the) first person singular (ê å ÕFÍ jΫ Ó»Gê Ò¯Bz¿). The Six Nouns
å         ä
  ì ð ÕFÀmÞA       ä åä                å    ä ä          åä ä                            ä å
(ÒNn»A å æ ) are: ºÌaC Your brother; ºÌIC Your father; ºÌÀY Your father-in-law; ºÌ¯ Your mouth;
ä åä                  å                         ä åä ä                              ä ä ä
ºÌÄÇ Your thing; ¾B¿ Ëg Wealthy. You would say: ºÌaC ÏÃÕFU Your brother came to me; ºBaC å æ ä
                 ë                                    ê                                  OÍCi
                      ä ä å æä ä
I saw your brother; ¹ÎaDI Pij¿ I passed by your brother. Likewise, it is for the remaining
                         êê
words.

                                                                                                 è ä ê æä
                                                                                                :Ò¼×mC

                                                                  åä æ ð
                                                                 .É» ½R¿ä Ëä ,Lj¨À»A äÁmâA ²j§ä -1
                                                                               ä ä æå æ ê ð
                                                                                          ê
                                                        åä ç       æ æ å ð ä ä å ÁmâA ä å
                                                       .É» ÜBR¿ê LjyGê ?ŸÀNÀ»A å æê ÌÇ B¿ -2
                                                                     ê
                                                                                   æ Ð ä æ æ å æå
                                                                             .LAj§âA ÓĨ¿ä j·gC -3
                                                                              ê ê
                                                                            æê ê æ æä æ å æå
                                                                         .ÁmâA LAj§Gê äªAÌÃC j·gC -4
                                                                          ê
                                                                       ì ä ä æ ðä ä ä
                                                             ê ê
                                                                  æ
                                                            .LAj§âA ½Z¿ ÅÎI Ë ,½¿B¨»A ²j§ä -5
                                                                                       ê êð
              æ ê ±Äuê ð å ê ¾BR¿ j·gê ä©¿ä BÈÄ¿ Ò¨IiC `jqG ?ÁmâA LAj§G ²BÄuCä äÏÇê æÁ· -6
          .BÈÄ¿ ë æ ½¸» ë ê ê
                                   æ                     äæ æ
                                               æ ê ç ää æ ä            æê ê æ ê å æ               ä
                                                               ê ê
                                              .É» ½R¿ ?ÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ä ÐiBV»A å æê ÌÇ B¿ -7
                                               å äæ ðä           ì ä æ ê ÁmâA ä å
                                                           ê ê
jn¸À»A ê©ÀV»A Ëä ,ÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ä ÐiBV»A Ëä ,ÎZv»A ej°À»A êÁmâA äÅ¿ê ½· Lj¨Í ±Î· -8
  ä                                                            æ                 ï å å ä æå ä æ ä
êì å æä           ê ê ì äæ ê                     ê   ê ì êä å ê
                                                                                         ê ê ä æå
                                                                                       .²jvÄÀ»A




                  The Guidance In Grammar                 22               ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
ä Ð æð                                     ä ä å æå
                              ê            ê ê ì ìä å æ ê æ ì ê æ æ
                           .¹»h»ê ½R¿ä Ëä ,Á»Bn»A êSÃÛÀ»A ê©ÀUä LAj§Gê Òΰη j·gC-9
                        ä Ð å ìä å ç                             ä
                          ê                  ê      ê ê ä æ å jΫ ÁmâA å ä æ å ê
                       .¹»g yÌÍ ÜBR¿ê PBÇ ?²jvÄÀ»A å æ å æê Lj¨Í äÁI-10
                        ä                                               ä åå
                   ëäê æ ê æ                             ð ä ìð ä æ ê æ
                  .Ò¼R¿C j·gê ä©¿ä BÈIAj§Gê PB¿Ý§ä æÅÎIä Ëä ÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞA j·gC -11
                                     ê
                                          æ ê

                                                                                  :ÅÍiBÀMä
                                                                                   å ê
                                                                            ä
              ê
                  æ ê         ð ê ä ê ì ä å ê ä ää æ å ä æ ê æ ä æ
           :BÈIAj§Gê PB¿Ý§ä æÅÎIä Ëä ,ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ ÒIj¨À»A ÕFÀmÞA êXjbNmGê -1
                                                æä ä ê ì ê ɼ» å æ ä
                                       6.{~iÞA Ë PAËBÀn»A j êB¯ ê ìê fÀZ»A} -C
                                            ê
                                                                 ä
                                              .ÉÄ¿ê ä©Ä¿ B¿ ÐÓ¼§ä è ê ä ÆBnÃâA -L
                                               åæ ê å                wÍjY å æê
                                         ä æå ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ì ì
                                 7.{j¸ÄÀ»A Ë ÕFrZ°»A ŧ ÐÓÈÄM ÑÝv»A ÆG} -X
                                      ê            ê         ê                  ê
                                                          ä æê                ä
                                                         .μr¿eä æÅ¿ê ÅnYä ÌIC ÕFU -e
                                                                       ëä å ä
                                                 .ªÌyÌÀ»BIê Á¼§ê Ëg gBNmÞA AhÇÐ -_Ç
                                                  ê
                                                       åæ ä æ å å æå
                                                               ë
                                                      ä Ð ä ä æ ä æ å ðäå
                                      .|ÍjÀ»A êÒ¿Ýmä Ó¼§ä ÆjÈnÍä PByjÀÀ»A -Ë
                                        ê êä
                                                     ê ääæ ä       ä ä æ ä ä OÀ¼m
                                                    .ÒmifÀ»A ϯê fÀYC ÐÓ¼§ä å æ ä -k
                                                                                ì

                                        ì ð ê æä ê ç ê å ç æÔ
:ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ Ï»Bb»A ÆB¸À»A ϯê êÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞA äÅ¿ BJmBÄ¿ BÀmA ê©yä -2
 ê äê ì ä å ê ê ê ä

                                                      Ð æ ê æÔ
                                                         ä                      æ êä æ
                                              .......Ó¼§ä ±ñ§A Ëä .....ÂjNYGê -C
                                                                                    ä
                                                ê äåå ê                   ê åæ
                                               .Ò¨ÀV»A ÑÝuä ϯ......OÍCiä -L
                                                                              ä åå
                                                                            Ð æ æ
                                                                    ........Ó»Gê j¤ÃC -X
                                                                  ï êä è ê
                                                                 .Ï·g K»B ........ -e
                                                               æ          ìå
                                                           .Á¼§.......½· æo»BU -_Ç
                                                            ë     ê               ê
                                                                            ä
                                                                         Ð OÀ¼m
                                                              ..........Ó¼§ä å æ ä -Ë
                                                                                     ì
                                                       æ ä ê ä ä ê åì ì
                                                   .jÎb»A ½À¨».......ɼ»A äμ¯Ëä -k
                                                    ê



The Guidance In Grammar                 23                ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
å æì
                                     åo¿Bb»A pif»A
                                        ê
                                THE FIFTH LESSON
                                                                      æê ê æ ê æ ä å ì ê
                                                                    ÁmâA LAj§Gê ²BÄuC ÒδIä
      The Remaining Types Of Declension Of The Noun
                                                                    ê
    Ð ì ä å wNbÍæ         äæ ä       åæ ä ê         ä KvÄ»A ê êä ©¯j»A ä å æ ä å ê
                                                                            æ
Ëä ,ÓÄRÀ»BIê í ä ä Ëä .BȼJ³ B¿ ê`ÌN°À»A ÕFλBIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,±»ÞBIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:o¿Bb»A
                                                 í
 ä ,BÀÇÝ· ÆÝUj»A ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä ,(ÆBNÄQAÔ Ëä ÆBÄQG) Ëä ,jÎÀyä Ó»G êÅίBz¿ BÃB· AgG (BN¼·) Ëä (Ý·)
       å ê åì êä               åå         äæ
                                              ê ê ëê Ð ê æ å
                                                   æ             ä ä                   æ
Ë           ê                         ê                                           ê ê            ê
                               ä æÔ ä æ ä æ ä åì å æä ä ä æ ä æÔ ä æ ä æ ä åì å æä ä ä æ
                          êæ            ê ê                              ê ê
                        .(ÅÎÄQA Ë ,BÀÈμ· êÅμUj»BIê Pij¿ Ë ;ÅÎÄQA Ë ,BÀÈμ· êÅμUj»A OÍCi Ë ;ÆBÄQGê
                                                              ê                               ê
                                             æ
The Fifth: That which is nominative (å ì ) with Alif and accusative (å æ ì ) and genitive (jV»A)
                                      ©¯j»A                          KvÄ»A                 í
                                                                                             ä
      −½                                −±
with Ya, the letter before it being Maftuh (vowelled with Fathah). This is exclusive to the
                                                              ±
                                                                                            æ
Dual (ÐÓÄRÀ»A) and that which is attached to the Dual, and these are (Ý·) and (BN¼·) when they
         ä
        ìå                                                             ê          ê
                                                                                       æ         äæ
are annexed to a pronoun. Also attached to the Dual are the words (ÆBÄQGê) and (ÆBNÄQGê). You
                                                                   ê            ê
             å ê åì êä                                                     å  ä    ä       å ä
                                                                  ê æ ê Åæ ì æ
would say: BÀÇÝ· ÆÝUj»A ÏÃÕFU Two men came to me, both of them; BÀÈμ· ê μUj»A OÍCiä I saw two
                 ê
                            ä å  ä     å
                                       æä ä
                     êæ ê æ ì
men, both of them; BÀÈμ· êÅμUj»BIê Pij¿ I passed by two men, both of them.
      äæ ä
              ê åæä ê           ä KvÄ»A           äæ ä         å æ å ê ©¯j»A ä ä æ ä å ê é
                                                                             æ
Ëä .BȼJ³ B¿ iÌn¸À»A ÕFλBIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,BȼJ³ B¿ êÂÌÀzÀ»A ËAÌ»BIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:peBn»A
                             í
  ä åê æ å ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´M .(BÈMAÌaCä Ëä äÅÍjr§ê Ëä Ï»ËC)_· êÉI å ê æ å Ëä ,Á»Bn»A j·hÀ»A ©ÀV»BI wNbÍä
,ÆÌÀ¼n¿ êä
                    å åå
                              ê
                                 ä         æ
                                                  êæ
                                                    å ä                          ìä
                                                              μZ¼À»A ê ê ì ê å ê æ ä ê í ä
                                                                                                     æ
                                         ê                  ê
    ä ê ê æ å å æä ä ë ê å ç å ê æ                                  ä
                                                       ä ê ê æ å OÍCi ë å å ç å ä å æ
Ëä ,ÅÎÀ¼nÀIê Pij¿ Ëä ;¾B¿ Ï»ËC Ëä ,ÝUiä äÅÍjr§ê Ëä ,ÅÎÀ¼n¿ å æ ä Ëä ;¾B¿ Ì»ËC Ëä ,ÝUiä ÆËjr§ê Ëä
                                                                                    å ç å          æ
                                                                          .(¾B¿ Ï»ËC Ëä ,ÝUiä äÅÍjr§ê
                                                                            ë ê                  ê
                                       æ
The Sixth: That which is nominative (å ì ) with Waw, the letter before it being Madmum
                                     ©¯j»A        −                               ± −
(vowelled with Dammah) and accusative (å æ ì ) and Genitive (jV»A) with Ya, the letter
               ±                            KvÄ»A                í
                                                                   ä         −½
                    −
before it being Maksur (vowelled with Kasrah). It is exclusive to the Masculine Sound
               äì                                                   å æ
Plural (å ê é å å å æ ä ) and its attachments, which are: Ï»ËC and ä ê ê and her sisters.8 You
        Á»Bn»A j·hÀ»A ©ÀV»A                                ê       ÅÍjr§
           ä å ê æ å êä                           å äå  ç       æ
could say: ÆÌÀ¼nÀ»A ÏÃÕFU Muslim men came to me; ÝUiä ÆËjr§ê ÏÃÕFU Twenty men came to me;
                                                              êä
        åå ä                                                                     ä
 ¾B¿ Ì»ËC ÏÃÕFU Wealthy people came to me. (Or you could say:) äÅÎÀ¼n¿ å æ ä I saw Muslim men;
 ë             ê                                                       ê ê æ å OÍCi
 ç å         æ   ä                           å ä
 ÝUiä äÅÍjr§ê å æ ä I saw twenty men; ¾B¿ Ï»ËC å æ ä I saw wealthy people. (Or you could say:) Pij¿ä
           ê OÍCi                     ë ê OÍCi
                                                                                                 å æä
                                         ç å      æ å                                è     å
    ê ê æ åê                                    ê ê ê æä                                  ê ê å æä
äÅÎÀ¼nÀI I passed by Muslim men; ÝUiä äÅÍjr¨I Pij¿ä I passed by twenty men; ¾B¿ Ï»ËDI Pij¿ä I
passed by wealthy people.




                   The Guidance In Grammar             24               ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer
Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer

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Hidayah nahwa, englsih nahw, arabic grammer

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3. ÒÍAfÈ»A ÌZÄ»A ϯ THE GUIDANCE In 'Arabic Grammar A Compilation Of The Rules Of 'Arabic Syntax Translated By Ali Abdur-Rasheed © 2008 Ali Abdur-Rasheed Published By: Madani E-Publications aliarasheed@gmail.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be published without express written consent.
  • 4.
  • 5. pjÈ°»A TABLE OF CONTENTS Lesson Topic Page Preface ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___A8 æä ä ä ä ä æ ì å æ ä 1. Definition of Nahw, the Kalimah and its Divisions ( ê ê ± É¿Bn³C Ë êÒÀ¼¸»A Ë ,ÌZÄ»A ±Íj¨M) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___9 ê ê ê æ 2. Definition of the Noun & Verb (½¨°»A ê ê æ å êæ Ëä êÁmâA ±Íj¨Mä) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___11 ê ä å åå 3. Definition of the Particle & the Meaning of Speech (Âݸ»A ê Ð ä æ åå ÓĨ¿ä ,ÉMB¿Ý§ä Ëä ²ËjY) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___14 4. − ê æ å æä ä å ä æ å The Declinable Noun & Types of I'rab (LAj§âA ªAÌÃC Ë Lj¨À»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___18 ê 5. − æ ê æ ªAÌÃCä å ì êä) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___24 The Remaining Types of I'rab of Nouns (ÁmâA LAj§G ê æ ÒδI ê ê ê ä å 6. ê ð ä æ å jΫ ä ð ä æ å Fully-Declinable & Partially-Declinable Nouns (²jvÄÀ»A å æ Ë ²jvÄÀ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___29 êæì 7. Remaining Causes Preventing Full-Declension (²jv»A æ ä ä ä å ì êä ê©Ä¿ êKJm ÒδI) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___34 å å ä åæ ä ä 8. Nominative Nouns: The Verbal Subject & Proxy-Subject (½§B°»A å ê Ë ½§B°»A :ҧ̯jÀ»A å æ ) ___ ___39 ê ê KÖBà ä ê ÕFÀmÞA å 9. åä ä ä ä ä æ å Nominative Nouns: The Nominative Subject and Predicate (jJb»A Ë CfNJÀ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___45 å ä ì ä ä æ ä æ ä ì ä ä å ä å æ ä ì åä ä ä ä å æ æ 10. Nominative Nouns: (ê ê ê oÄV¼» ÒίBÄ»A Ü Ë oμIê êÅÎNÈJrNÀ»A Ü Ë B¿ ÁmGê Ë ÆGê jJa Ë ÆB· ÁmGê) _ ___ ___ ___ ___50 ê å æ äæ å æ ÉI å ä ä å å å ä 11. Accusative Nouns (ê ê ¾Ì¨°À»A Ë μ¼ñÀ»A ¾Ì¨°À»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___55 12. Accusative Nouns: (ÐÔeBÄÀ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___61 ä å å å åæ ä ä å åæ ä å åæ ä ää 13. Accusative Nouns: (ɨ¿ ¾Ì¨°À»A Ëä å ¾Ì¨°À»A Ëä êÉÎ¯ê ¾Ì¨°À»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___66 É» å 14. Accusative Nouns: (¾BZ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___71 å ì êæ 15. Accusative Nouns: (lÎÎÀN»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___75 Ð æå äæä 16. Accusative Nouns: (ÓÄRNnÀ»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___78 ä å ä ê æ ê æ ä ÁmGê ì ê ÁmGê ä å ä ä ä ä ä Ü Ëä B¿ jJaä Ëä oÄV»A Ï°Ä»ê Ü å æ Ëä ÆG å æ Ëä ÆB· jJaä) ___ ___ ___ ___85 17. Accusative Nouns: (ä æ ê ê æ ì å oμI ÅÎNÈJrNÀ»A ê The Guidance In Grammar A-5 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 6. Lesson Topic Page ä å åä å æ ä ä å 18. Genitive Nouns: (ê æ ê ²BzÀ»A ÉλG Ëä ÑiËjVÀ»A å æ ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___91 ÕFÀmÞA æ å ì 19. Subordinate Nouns: (O¨Ä»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___96 å æä ê åå ê 20. Subordinate Nouns: (²ËjZ»BI ±ñ¨»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___102 å æì 21. Subordinate Nouns: (fηDN»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___106 ê å æ ä ä åää ê ä 22. Subordinate Nouns: (ÆBÎJ»A ±ñ§ Ë ¾fJ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___111 23. å äæå Indeclinable Nouns: (PAjÀzÀ»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___115 åä ä 24. Indeclinable Nouns: (ÑiBqâA å æ ) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___122 ê ÕFÀmC 25. å ì ä å ä ê æ ì ÕFÀmCä ä æä ÕFÀmCä Indeclinable Nouns: (PBJ·jÀ»A Ë PÌv»A å æ Ë ¾B¨¯ÞA å æ ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___129 ê å 26. Indeclinable Nouns: (PBÍBĸ»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___133 ê å å åí ðê æ ä 27. Indeclinable Adverbs: (ÒÎÄJÀ»A ²Ëj¤»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___137 å 28. ÒÎÄJÀ»A ê å í ì êä Remaining Indeclinable Adverbs (ê ì ê æ ä ²Ëj¤»A ÒδI) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___141 ä æì å æ ì 29. ê ä ä ÕFÀmC ä jθÄN»A Ëä ±Íj¨N»A) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___146 Conclusion: Remaining Rules of the Noun: (ef¨»A å æ Ë å ê ê äå ä 30. ê ä ä ê æ ìê Remaining Numbers (ef¨»A ÕFÀmC ÒδI) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___152 å æì ä æì 31. Masculine and Feminine (SÎÃDN»A Ë å ê ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___156 ê jηhN»A 32. å åå The Plurals (ªÌÀV»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___161 å æä ä 33. The Masdar (ifvÀ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___168 ± åä ä åä ð æì ì å 34. The Verbal Adjective (ÒÈJrÀ»A Ò°v»A) and the Superlative Noun (½Îz°N»A å æê) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___174 ê ê ÁmG å æê 35. The Verb (½¨°»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___180 å ê å 36. The Present-Tense Verb (ªiBzÀ»A) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___186 ê å 37. The Present-Tense and Words of Requital (ÑAkBVÀ»A å ê ä ªiBzÀ»A PBÀ¼· Ëä å ê å ) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___192 The Guidance In Grammar A-6 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 7. Lesson Topic Page æ ä åæ å åæä å æ 38. The Command Verb (j¿ÞA ê ½¨¯ê) and Passive-Voice Verb (¾ÌÈVÀ»A ½¨°»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___199 ê 39. ð ä ä å ä ÂkÝ»A å æ ê ) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___205 The Passive Voice & Active Voice Verb (Ðf¨NÀ»A Ë å ê ì ½¨°»A å æä ä å ä ì å æä 40. Defective Verbs & Verbs of Approximation (ê ä ä å ¾B¨¯C Ë Òv³BÄ»A ¾B¨¯ÞA) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___211 ÒIiB´À»A ê 41. ì æ å æä ä KV¨N»A å æ ê ì Verbs of Surprise & Verb of Praise and Blame (ð Ë ê ä ¾B¨¯C Ë ê í ä ½¨¯) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___217 Âh»A ä `fÀ»A åæä 42. The Particle (²jZ»A) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___222 å ðä 43. Completion of the Genitive Particles (jV»A ²ËjY ÒÀNMä) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___228 ê å å ìê å 44. ð ä ê å å ì êä The Remaining Genitive Particles (jV»A ²ËjY ÒδI) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___234 æ åä ä å ä 45. ê ê ê ì å å Particles Resembling the Verb (1-½¨°»BI ÒÈJrÀ»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___241 æ åä ä å ä 46. ê ê ê ì å å Particles Resembling the Verb (2-½¨°»BI ÒÈJrÀ»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___246 æ å åå 47. ê ä Appositive Particles (1-±ñ¨»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___251 æ å åå ê ä 48. Appositive Particles (2-±ñ¨»A ²ËjY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___255 å åå æ ì ²ËjY)_ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___259 49. Particles of Notice (ê ê ÉÎJÄN»A å 50. êä ð åå Extraneous Particles (ÑeBÍl»A ²ËjY) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___264 æì æ ä 51. The Particles of Explanation (jÎn°N»A B¯jY) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___269 ê ê æ æ ä ì åæ ä 52. Particles of Anticipation and Interrogation (ÂBÈ°NmâA Ë ê ê æ ²jY) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___273 ê ê ê ©Î³ÌN»A 53. Particles of Condition (ê æ ì å åå ¢jr»A ²ËjY) _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___277 åæ æ ²jYä) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___283 54. Particle of Restriction (ê ì ªej»A 55. å å æä ä ÅÍÌÄN»A æì Tanween and its Divisions (É¿Bn³C Ë å ê ) __ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___287 æ 56. − ê êì åå The Nun of Emphasis (fηDN»A ÆÌÃ) ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___291 Footnotes _ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___296 The Guidance In Grammar A-7 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 8. å äðä å Ò¿f´À»A PREFACE ÁÎYj»A ÅÀYj»A ɼ»A ÁnI é é ÅÍjÇBñ»A É»E Ë (x) fÀZ¿ ÉÎJà Ӽ§ ÂÝn»A Ë ÑÝv»A Ë ÅÎÀ»B¨»A Li ɼ» fÀZ»A .ÅδÍfv»A Ë ÕAfÈr»A Ë ÅμmjÀ»A ÕBÎJÃC ©ÎÀU Ó¼§ Ë al-Hidayah, as its name suggests, is a guide to the rules of 'Arabic syntax or sentence − grammar. While many books of grammar contain similar topics and discussions, the beauty and usefulness of Hidayah lies in its organization of these topics. Beginning with − the definition of Nahw or 'Arabic syntax, each chapter lays a foundation for another ± chapter until the reader, in the end, has been thoroughly exposed to the underlying fundamentals of 'Arabic syntax. As a book, al-Hidayah is somewhat of a mystery. Although it has been used as a text-book − of grammar for generations, it is unclear who its author is. The index of publications in the Library of Alexandria by Abu Ahmad Abu 'Ali Ameen lists the author as Ibn Hayyan − ± − ± − Andulusi (Muhammad Ibn Yusuf) a resident of Cairo (654-745 H). Other books, like Kashf ± − ± az-Zanun mentions three other individuals as possible authors: az-Zubair al-Basri Ibn ± ± − ± Ahmad ash-Shafi'; 'Abdul-Jaleel Ibn Fairuz Gaznavi or Ibn Dastawaih 'Abdullah Ibn Ja'far. ± − − al-Hidayah has been published in many forms. Islamic seminary students in Iran, Iraq and − other places are familiar with al-Hidayah as one of the books found in Jami − − al-Muqaddimat, a collection of small books the majority of which are related to 'Arabic − grammar on different levels. The version æwhich is translated here was prepared by the Academy Of Islamic Sciences (Ï¿ÝmâA ÏÀ¼¨»A å ä æ ä ) of the Islamic Republic of Iran. This ê æê ê ê ©ÀVÀ»A edited version departs from the tradition arrangement of al-Hidayah in favor of a text-book − type format with the traditional topics organized into fifty-six lessons. At the end of each lesson, a summary, questions and exercises are provided to further engage the reader in the lesson's objectives. This format is easy for the reader to digest and memorize. Upon completion of the book, the reader will have undoubtedly developed a fundamental understanding of 'Arabic grammar. Supported with this guidance, the reader can begin to explore the branches issuing from the fundamentals outlined in this book and the opinions of notable scholars of 'Arabic grammar. Ali Abdur-Rasheed May 11, 2008/5 Jamadi al-Awwal, 1429 The Guidance In Grammar A-8 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 9. å ìä å ì ¾ËÞA pif»A æ THE FIRST LESSON ååä ä æ ä ê ê ä í ä ä å ê æ KVÍ ê ì ê ä å ä ð äå .¾Ìv¯ ÒQÝQ BÈίê Ëä ,BÈμ§ä ½ÖFnÀ»A ê±³ÌN»ê BÈÀÍf´Mä å ê ä ÏN»A êÙeBJÀ»A ϯê Ò¿f´À»A ë å In the beginning, it is required to advance a preface due to the dependence of various matters upon it (later). In the preface are three sections: æ ì æ å êæ å ì ä å æ ä ÌZÄ»A êÁ¼§ê ±Íj¨Mä :¾ËÞA ½v°»A ê SECTION ONE: Definition Of The Discipline of Nahw ± å ä å ä ä å æ ä å æ å åå æ å æ ì ê ê ì ê êê KηjMä Òΰη Ëä å ê Ëä LAj§âA SÎYä æÅ¿ê TÝR»A êÁ¼¸»A jaAËC ¾AÌYC BÈIê ²j¨M ¾ÌuDIê è ê :ÌZÄ»A ê æ ì ê æ ÕFÄJ»A å æê æ ä ë Á¼§ ä æì ä ä ð åä :ɧÌyÌ¿ä Ëä .Lj¨»A êÂÝ· ϯê ð ê Dñb»A êŧä ÆBn¼»A ÒÃBÎuê :ÉÄ¿ê å ä ä Ëä .|¨Iä ä©¿ BÈz¨Iä å å åæ ê ää Ϥ°¼»A ê ê å æ ~j¬»A ë æ ä ê æ å ä åäê ä .Âݸ»A Ëä ÒÀ¼¸»A Nahw is the knowledge of the principles by which the states of the endings of words are ± å æ known in the three parts of speech with regard to declension (LAj§âA), construction (å ê ) ÕFÄJ»A ê and the manner of constructing one word with another. The aim of Nahw is the protection ± åä ä of the tongue from verbal mistakes in the speech of the 'Arab. Nahw's topics are: (ÒÀ¼¸»A) ± ê ä the word and (å Âݸ»A) speech. The Guidance In Grammar 9 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 10. å æä Ëä å ä ê ä :ÏÃBR»A ½v°»A BÈ¿Bn³C ÒÀ¼¸»A ê é å æ ä SECTION TWO: The Word and Its Types æ ä ì ìäê ë æ ë æ æ æä ä ä è ä ä æ å ê è ä ä ëä æ å ç æ ä ê å æ å ä ê Ü ÆC B¿Gê BÈÃÞ ,²jYä Ëä ½¨¯ê Ëä ÁmGê :ÂBn³C êÒQÝQ ϯê ÑjvZÄ¿ äÏÇê Ëä ,ej°¿ ÓĨÀ»ê ä©yË ¥°» :ÒÀ¼¸»A ë ë êä ä æ ä ä ä æÔ ê æ ç æ ä ä ì å æä å æ ä fYDIê BÇBĨ¿ä ÆjN³A Ëä ,BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ËC (²jZ»A) äÏȯ ,BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä Ó¼§ä ¾fMä ê ä ê æ ç æ Ð ä ìå ä ä æä ää æ ä æ ä æÁ»ä Ëä BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ËCä ,(½¨°»A) äÏȯä ,ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA æ ç æ ä ìå æ å æ ê ä ä ê ê ê ê æä ê äÏȯ ,ÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê BÇBĨ¿ ÆjN´Í ê ê ê ì ä êæ å æê .(ÁmâA) äêå ä The word (ÒÀ¼¸»A) is an expression formulated for a singular meaning. It is limited to three æê å æä å types: the Noun (å æê ), the Verb (½¨°»A), and the Particle (²jZ»A). If the word does not signify ÁmâA a meaning in itself, it is a Particle. Or it signifies a meaning in itself and its meaning is associated with one of the three tenses (of time), it is a Verb. Or it signifies a meaning in itself and its meaning is not associated with one of the three tenses, it is a Noun. å ä å ÒuÝb»A ää ð å ä ÉMfÖB¯ å å æ åæ ä ä æ ϯê Dñb»A êŧä ÆBn¼»A ÒÃBÎuê å åä ê Ëä .ÕFÄJ»A Ëä LAj§âA SÎYä æÅ¿ê Lj¨»A êÂÝ· f§AÌ´Iê Á¼§ê ÌZÄ»A ê ê ê ê ê ää ê ê è åæì ëä æ å ç æ ä ä å è æä å ä ä ä ä ê ê .ej°¿ ÓĨÀ»ê ©yË ¥°» ÒÀ¼¸»A Ë .Âݸ»A ê è ä ê æä Ò¼×mC æì æ æð .ÌZÄ»A äÁ¼§ê ²j§ä -1 ê ì æ åæ ä ð .ÌZÄ»A êÁ¼§ê äªÌyÌ¿ æÅÎIä -2 êæ æ ì æ ä ä ê æ å æå .ÌZÄ»A êÁ¼§ê ÑfÖB¯ j·gC -3 ê ä æä æ ð ä ä ê ä ê ð .BÈ¿Bn³C ef§ä Ëä ÒÀ¼¸»A ²j§ä -4 The Guidance In Grammar 10 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 11. ê ì å æì ÏÃBR»A pif»A THE SECOND LESSON æ Definition of the Noun and Verb ½¨°»A ê ê æê å ê æ Ëä êÁmâA ±Íj¨Mä ä ä ä ä ä æ ç æ ä íå è äêä å æ Ëä ¾BZ»A Ëä äÏyBÀ»A ÏħC ,ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê ÆjN´¿ jΫ BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ÒÀ¼· :ÁmâA ä æ ê ê æ ê ì ä ê æ ê ä ëê ä å ê æ ê ê åä è æ ä :ÌZÃä ,ÉI Ëä å æ ä iBJaâA ì ê ä ÆCä å å ä ä Ëä .(Á¼§ê ,½Ui) :ÌZÃä ,¾BJ´NmâA ,Ò¯ByâA Ëä ;(ÁÖB³ fÍk) å æ ê ê Éħ å ê vÍ èê æ æ ÉN¿Ý§ è æ è å ä å æ ä æ ê æ ê ê åä æì ä å æì ä ï ä æ ä Ëä ;(½Uj»A) :ÌZÃä ,Éμ§ä ê±Íj¨N»A ÂÜ ¾Ìae Ëä ;(fÍkä å å :ÌZÃä å åì å æ æ ä ì å åå ë æ ÒÎÄRN»A Ë ÅÍÌÄN»A Ë jV»A êÉίê ì ê ä ÆC ê ê vÍ ê êæ ê ÂÝ«) å æ æê ~AÌaä æÅ¿ê ÊhÇÐ ½· ÆH¯ä .ÕEfÄ»A Ëä jάvN»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä å æ ä Ëä .ÁmâA ð êê ìåì å ð å æì ê ê O¨Ä»A ©ÀV»A ê æä ê å æ ä æ ä ç ä ä æ å æä ç å æ ä æä ç ê æ ä ç å æ ä ä å æ ä å æ å æ ÆC (ÉIê iBJaâA) ÐÓĨ¿ Ëä .CfNJ¿ ËC Ų̈°¿ ËC ݧB¯ êÉμ§ä B¿Ì¸Z¿ Æ̸Íä ÆC (Éħä iBJaâA) ÐÓĨ¿ Ëä äæ ä ê êå ää ä ç æ ä ä å .jJb»B· êÉIê B¿Ì¸Z¿ Æ̸Íä ê A noun is a word signifying a meaning in itself without an association with one of the three èå tenses, meaning the past, present (imperfect tense) and future. For example: ½Uiä A man; è æ ê Knowledge. Á¼§ The signs of a noun: æ æ 1. It is proper to give information about the noun (å ä iBJaâA) and to give information Éħ å ê æ è ê è æä ÉI å ê by means of it (ê ê iBJaâA), as in: ÁÖB³ fÍk Zaid is standing. åä ä å 2. Idafah1 (Ò¯ByâA) is proper (with the noun), as in: fÍk å The servant of Zaid. ±− ê ë æ ÂÝ« æì åì å 3. Entering the Definite Article (ê±Íj¨N»A å ) upon the noun (is proper), as in: ½Uj»A The ê ÂÜ man. ä èå é 4. The state of Jarr (jV»A) is proper (with the noun), as in: ½Uiä iAf»A ϯê In the house is a í ê man. (Also appropriate for the noun is:) æì è • Tanween (å ê ), as in: ½Ui A man; ÅÍÌÄN»A åä å æì äê • The dual (ÒÎÄRN»A), as in: ê å ÆÝUiä Two men; è • The plural (å æ ä ), as in: ¾BUi Men; ©ÀV»A ê The Guidance In Grammar 11 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 12. å ì æ è ä è åä • An adjective (O¨Ä»A), as in: ½ÍÌ ê ½Ui A tall man; ì è æ äå • A Diminutive (å ê æ ), as in: ½ÎUi A little man; jάvN»A å • The Vocative (å ð ), as in: ¾BUi BÍ O men! ÕEfÄ»A ê Each of these are among the peculiarities of the noun. æ æ The meaning of (å ä iBJaâA) is that (information is attributed to) a noun governed as a Éħ å ê æ ÉI å ê subject, object or Mubtada. The meaning of (ê ê iBJaâA) is that attribution (to another word) is made by means of a noun, like the Khabar. æê å æ ½¨°»A ±Íj¨Mä The Definition Of The Verb ê ê å ä ä ç æ ä íå è äêä å æ ê Ëä .(jvÃC ,jvÄÍä ,jvÃ) :ÌZÃä ,ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê ÆjN´¿ BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä ÒÀ¼· :½¨°»A æ å æ å å æ ä ä ä å æ ê ä ì ä ê æ ê ä ëê ä æ å ê æ ä ä æ ä å æ ê æä ê äæ ð æ ä å åå å æ å æê vÍ æ ä ÉN¿Ý§ Ëä ,jvÃä f³) :ÌZÃä ,Éμ§ä (ÂkBV»A Ëä ²Ìmä Ëä êÅÎn»A Ëä f³) ¾Ìae Ëä ,Éħä Ü êÉIê iBJaâA ì ê ä ÆC å å ä ä ê Ëä ,BÎÈÃä Ëä Aj¿Cä ååæ ä Ëä ªiBzÀ»A Ëä ÏyBÀ»A ÐÓ»G å ê æ ì ËäF .(jvÄÍä æÁ»ä Ëä ,jvÄÍä ²Ìmä Ëä ,jvÄÎmä çæ ç æ ÉÃÌ· ê ê å ê ä ±ÍjvN»A æåæ åå æ ä æ å å æä ê å æ ää ä å æ ê ä ê é æ å æ ä ä å æ ê ä åæ ä ê ä ì å ð ÆÌà Ëä ;(OJN·) :ÌZÃä ,ÒÄ·Bn»A êSÎÃDN»A ÕFM Ëä ;(OJN·) :ÌZÃä ,ҧ̯jÀ»A ÑkiBJ»A jÖBÀz»A E¾BvMA ê êì ê ê åê ê æ ê xAÌaä æÅ¿ ÊhÇÐ ì ä ÆH¯ä .(ÅJN·C) :ÌZÃä ,fηDN»A .½¨°»A ð æ ê ê ê ½· ì ê æ ä å å æ ê ê ì æ ê The verb is a word signifying a meaning in itself while being associated with one of the å ä ää æ æ åæ three tenses, as in: jvà He helped (Past Tense); å å ä He is helping (Imperfect Tense); jvÃC jvÄÍ (You) Help! (Future). The signs of a verb are: 1. It is proper to attribute information by means of the verb but attribution is not ï ê êää ä made to the verb (itself), as in: ϼ§ä ÏÄIjy Ali hit me. æä ä 2. It is proper to enter (f³), (²Ìmä), (ÅÎn»A) and the state of (ÂkBV»A) upon the verb, as in: æ ð ê ä ä æä ä ä jvÃä f³ He already helped; å å æ ä mä Soon he will help; å å æ ä ²Ìmä Later he will help; æÁ» jvÄÎ jvÄÍ æ æåæ jvÄÍä He did not help. 3. It is proper for the verb to change into the Past Tense, Imperfect Tense, and ä ää æ Imperative, as in: jvà He helped (Past Tense); å å ä He is helping/will help jvÄÍ å æ åæ (Imperfect Tense); and jvÃC (You) help! (Imperative). The Guidance In Grammar 12 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 13. 4. It is proper to attach conspicuous pronouns to the verb indicating the subject, as å æää in: OJN· I wrote. (Also appropriate for the verb is:) å −½ ä ê é å æì æ äää • (Attaching) the unvowelled Feminine Ta (ÒÄ·Bn»A SÎÃDN»A å ì), as in: OJN· She ê ÕBM wrote; æ å • ê êì åå äå æ (Attaching) the Nun of Emphasis (fηDN»A ÆÌÃ), ex. æÅJN·C Surely (You) must − write! All of these are among the peculiarities of the verb. è ä ê æä :Ò¼×mC ç æ å æå æ å ä ÜBR¿ê j·gC ?ÁmâA å æ ä ÌÇ B¿ -1 å .É» ê ä ê ê ±Íj¨M å æ ë ê ½¸» ë ê æ ä æ ê .BÈÄ¿ê fYAË ð ê ¾BR¿ j·gê ä©¿ êÁmâA PB¿Ý§ä ef§ä -2 ê ê æð ä Ð æ ð ä ä æ ä æ ä æ å æå .¹»h»ê ½R¿ Ë ,½¨°»A ±Íj¨M j·gC -3 ê ê ê ê å æ ë ê ½¸» æ ð ä .BÈÄ¿ê fYAË ð ê ½R¿ Ëä ,½¨°»A PB¿Ý§ä ef§ä -4 ê æê ê æð :ÅÍjÀMä è êæ ä æä ä æä æä æ ê äê ì ä å ê :ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ ¾B¨¯ÞA Ëä ÕFÀmÞA êXjbNmGê ê 2.{fÀv»A å ì å ä ì ɼ»A è ä ä å ì ÌÇ æ½³} -C ,fYC ɼ»A ä å å æä ä ê ì å å ɼ»A} 3.{~iÞA Ë PAËBÀn»A iÌà å ì ä -L ê .ÆBÀÍâA äÅ¿ å æ ì -X ê æê ê jJv»A ð åå å ì .ÅÍf»A eÌÀ§ä ÑÝv»A -e ê 4.{AÌÄ¿E ê ì ì å ä äÅÍh»A ŧä å ê å äɼ»A ÆG} -_Ç ê ©¯AfÍ ì ê The Guidance In Grammar 13 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 14. å ê ì å æì S»BR»A pif»A THE THIRD LESSON å æä êæä Definition Of The Particle ²jZ»A ±Íj¨M ê å æä ìä Ð ä æä æ ç æ ä íå è äêä å æ ä BÀÇBĨ¿ ÆH¯ ,(Ó»G) Ëä (Å¿) :ÌZÃä ,BÇjΫ Ï¯ê ½Iä ,BÈn°Ãä ϯê ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fMä Ü ÒÀ¼· :²jZ»A æ ê åæ ê æ ê ê ê æ äæ ì å æ ä ä é å æ Ëä å ê æ å æ ê å ä æ å B¿ j·gê f¨Iä ÜG BÀÇBĨ¿ ÐÓ¼§ä ÆÜfMä Ü æŸ_» Ëä ,ÕBÈNÃâA Ëä å ê æ å êê ,ÕBÈNÃâA ÕAfNIâA ÉÄ¿ ÁÈ°Í ê ê ê ê ê Ð å ê æê ÕAfNIâA ê ä å Ð ä ä æ ä ä åæ ä æä ä å ä äæä ä .(ү̸»A Ó»Gê ÑjvJ»A Å¿ê Pjm) :¹»Ì³ ϯê (ү̸»A) Ë (ÑjvJ»A)_· ê ê ê ê ê ê ä ä äæ æä æ ä å PB¿Ý§ä Ü Ëä ÕFÀmÞA PB¿Ý§ä ½J´Íä Ü ÆC Ëä ,ÉIê Ü Ëä å æ ä iBJaâA ì ê ä Ü ÆC ²jZ»A ҿݧä Ëä ê ê æ ê ä ê Éħ å ê vÍ æ ê æ ä ä æÔ êä ê ì è æ ä å æ æ ä æÔ æ æì ä è ä ê ä è ê ä ä ä ä æ Ëä ÁmA ËC ,(iAf»A ϯê fÍk) :ÌZÃä ,ÅÎÀmA äÅÎIä ê¡Ij»B· ,ÑjÎR· fÖA̯ Lj¨»A êÂÝ· Ï¯ê ²jZ¼»ê Ëä .¾B¨¯ÞA ê ê êæä ê æä ë ä ä ä Ð æ ä ä å æ æ ä ä è ä ä æ å æ ä æ ä ä æ å æä ä ä å æ ä ä å æ ä æ fÖAÌ°»A Å¿ ¹»g jΫ Ë ,(É¿j·D¯ fΨm ÏÃÕFU ÆG) :ÌZà ,ÅÎN¼ÀU ËC ,(Á¼´»BIê OJN·) :ÌZà ,½¨¯ê êê ê ê ê ê ê ê ê ê ê ë ä ì ä æ æä ä ì Ð ê é æê å æ .Ó»B¨Mä å ÕFq ÆGê êS»BR»A êÁn´»A ϯê BÈ°Íj¨Mä ÏMDÎm ÏN»A ɼ»A ê ê ê æä å The Particle (²jZ»A) is a word not signifying a meaning in itself, rather it signifies (a ä Ð meaning in) other than itself, like (æÅ¿) and (Ó»Gê). Their meaning is the beginning point and ê end point. However, they do not signify their meaning except after mentioning that which − is understood of a beginning point and end point, like Basrah and Kufah, as you would ± ä å Ð ä ä æ ä ä åæ say: ê − ү̸»A Ó»Gê ÑjvJ»A Å¿ê Pjmê I traveled from Basrah to Kufah. ê ± The signs of Particle are: • It is not proper to make attribution with the particle nor have attribution made to the particle (itself). • The Particle does not accept the signs of the verb or the noun. In the Arabic language, there are many benefits of the Particle, like the connection ì è æä between two nouns. as in: iAf»A ϯê fÍk Zaid is in the house; or connection between a noun ê ää å ä ä Á¼´»BI æ and a verb, as in: ê ê OJN· I wrote with the pen; or connection between two sentences, as æä ä É¿j·D è ê êä æ in: å æ ê ¯ fΨmä ÏÃÕFU ÆGê If Sa'eed comes to me, I will honor him. (And there are benefits) other than that whose introduction will come in the third-section, if Allah, the Exalted, wills. The Guidance In Grammar 14 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 15. ä å æ å é å ä Âݸ»A ±Íj¨Mä :S»BR»A ½v°»A ê ê ê æ ä å æ THE THIRD SECTION: The Definition Of Speech (êÂݸ»A ±Íj¨Mä) ê fΰMä SÎZIê ÔjaÞA Ó»Gê êÅÎNÀ¼¸»A ÐÔfYGê ÒJnÃê eBÄmâA Ëä ,eBÄmâBIê ÅÎNÀ¼¸»A ÅÀzMä ¥°» :Âݸ»A å ê å æ ä Ð ä æå Ð ä æ ä ä ê ä ä æ å ä æ å æ ä è æä å ê ê æê ê æ ä ä ê ä ì ä .(fÍk å æ æä å å í ê ç äê è æ ä äÂB³) :ÌZÃä ,BÈμ§ä P̸n»A vÍä ÑfÖB¯ äK äBbÀ»A å í æÔ ë æ æä ç ì ê æÔ ç ä æ å Ð ì ä å è ê è æ ä å æ ê æ ä æÔ ì å å æ ä ìä åä ,ÁmA Ëä ½¨¯ê ËC .ÒÎÀmA Ò¼ÀU ÓÀnÍ Ëä ,(±³AË fÍk) :ÌZÃä ,ÅÎÀmA äÅ¿ê ÜGê ½vZÍä Ü äÂݸ»A ÆC äÁ¼¨¯ ê ë ìå ä ê æ ä ç ä æ ä å ä æ å å ä æ å å ä æ å æ ç ìê æ ç ä æ å ì ä å è ê ä ä å æ fI ݯ ,BÀÇjΫ ϯê B¨¿ êÉλGê fÄnÀ»A Ëä fÄnÀ»A fUÌÍ Ü gGê .Òμ¨¯ê Ò¼ÀU ÐÓÀnÍ Ëä ,(fΨmä äo¼U) :ÌZÃä ä äê ä è Ëä ,̧eC) ÂB´¿ ÁÖB³ ÕEfÄ»A ²jYä :Bļ³ (f»Ba BÍ) :ÌZÃä ,ÕEfÄ»BIê |´NÄÍä AhÇÐ :½Î³ê ÆH¯ .BÀÈÄ¿ê êÂݸ¼»ê åæ å æå å å æ ê ð å êäæ ä æ ä åæ äæ ê ê ð æ ê ê å ä æ ä ä å æ ä å ä å å æä ê ð ê ê .ÕEfÄ»BIê |´NÄÍ Ý¯ ,½¨°»A ÌÇ Ë (K¼ C ä å æ Speech (å Âݸ»A) is an expression comprised of (at least) two words with ascription (eBÄmâA) ê between one another. Ascription is defined as the connection of one word with the another, wherein the listener benefits (from the ascription making it) proper for him to è æä remain silent, as in: fÍk äÂB³ Zaid stood. It is known that speech is only achieved with either two nouns, referred to as a nominal åì æ åä æ å sentence (ÒÎÀmâA Ò¼ÀV»A). Or (achieved) with a verb and a noun, referred to as a verbal ê ê å åä ìê æ ê æ å è ä ä sentence (Òμ¨°»A Ò¼ÀV»A), as in: fΨmä äo¼U Sa'eed sat. Then, the ascribed word and that word ê which is ascribed to it are not found together in other than the noun and verb. It is required, therefore, that speech (is comprised) of the two. −½ åê − If it is said that (the rule) is broken by the Nida, as in: f»Ba BÍ O Khalid! We say: the åæ ä å æä Vocative Particle stands in the place of (̧eC) and (å C) and they are verbs. Therefore, the K¼ rule is not broken by the Vocative. The Guidance In Grammar 15 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 16. å ä å :ÒuÝb»A æä ä ä Ð ä å ä ä ä :ÂBn³C êÒQÝQ Ó»Gê ÒÀ¼¸»A å ê æ ä ë ê Án´ÄM ÐÓ¼§ä ¾eä B¿ ÌÇ Ëä :½¨¯ê Ëä .ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDIê ÆAjN³AÔ jΫä æÅ¿ê ½´Nn¿ä ÓĨ¿ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾eä B¿ ÌÇ Ëä :ÁmGê ä å ë æ ê ä ì ä ê æä ê ää ë ê æ ê æ ä ì ÿ êä æ ç æ ä ì äå ë æ ì æä ç æ ä ÐÓ¼§ä ¾fÍä Ü B¿ ÌÇ Ëä :²jYä Ëä .ÒQÝR»A êÒÄ¿kÞA fYDI êÉÃAjN³AÔ ä©¿ä ½´Nn¿ ÓĨ¿ä AgGê ÜGê êÉn°Ã ϯê ÓĨ¿ ê ä å í ä å ë æ ê ä ì ä ê æä ê ää ê ê ê æ ÿ ê ä æ å ç æ æ å å ÅnZÍ ç ä ê å ê å å æ ì ä å å ä ê ê ä æ å æ ì ÉMfÖB¯ ê ê æ ä ä ð å Ëä BÈμ§ä P̸n»A å å æ ä ÑfÖB¯ fΰÀ»A ¥°¼»A ÌÇ :Âݸ»A .PBÀ¼¸»A äÅÎIä ¡Ij»A å åä ê Ëä ,ÊjΫ ä©¿ äK·i æ ê Ëä ÁmAÔ ËCä ÅÎÀmAÔ äÅ¿ ÜG å å æ ä Ü í ì .½¨¯ ë æ ê ê æ ä æ ê ê ½vZÍ ë è ä ê æä :Ò¼×mC å ä æ ð ä ê æ ä ä æ æ å æå .É» ½R¿ Ëä ,²jZ»A ±Íj¨Mä j·gC -1 ê äæ ð ä ê æ ä äê ð .BÈ» ½R¿ä Ëä ,²jZ»A fÖA̯ æÅÎIä -2 .¾BRÀIê ¹»gÐ æyËä Ëä ,Âݸ»A ²j§ä -3 ä ä ë ê ê ð ä êð ë ä ê æ ê ä¹»gÐ æyËä ?B¿Ý· å ä æ å Æ̸Mä ÓN¿ä -4 ä ç ä å .Ò¼R¿DI ê ð Ò¼ÀV»A å Ð ä ä æ ð ä ä ä æ å ä æä æ å æå ê .BÈ» ½R¿ Ë ,Ò¼ÀV»A ÂBn³C j·gC -5 The Guidance In Grammar 16 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 17. :ÅÍiBÀMä å ê æä äæ å æ ä æä ä æä ð ä åå æä :ÏMDÍ BÀίê êÒ¼ÀV»A äªÌÃä æÅÎIä Ëä ,²ËjZ»A Ëä ¾B¨¯ÞA Ëä ÕFÀmÞA êXjbNmGê -1 ê ê æ æ .LBN¸»A å æä ä ê -C ä ê OÍjNqG .Ï´Ífuä AhÇÐ fΨmä ¾B³ -L êê èê ä å æä ì ê ìð .PBÎÄ»BIê ¾BÀ§ÞA BÀÃGê -X æ å ä©¿ä lJb»A f»Ì»A ä½·Cä -e .ÅJV»A ä æ å ä ê å ä ä ä ê ì ä æ ä ê ä êä æ .jάv»A êÁYiA Ëä jÎJ¸»A êÂjNYGê -_Ç ç äæ å ä .AjvNÄ¿ ì ä å æ ä -Ë ê μZ»A OÍCi ä äì æ äì æ ä äå æä æ ê äê ì ä å ê å å :ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ ²ËjZ»A Ëä ÒÎÀmâA Ëä Òμ¨°»A ½ÀV»A êXjbNmGê -2 ê ê ê ê ê ê æä è ä ê ð è æ ê æä è ä æ ä å æ .ÆB·iÞBIê ½À§ä Ëä ,ÆBn¼»BIê iAj³Gê Ëä ,K¼´»BIê Ò¯j¨¿ ÆBÀÍâA -C ê ê ì èìå .iBÄ»A äÅ¿ê ÒÄU å æ ì -L ê ÂÌv»A ì ä æ å æå ê æ Ð êæä .fZ¼»A Ó»Gê fÈÀ»A äÅ¿ê äÁ¼¨»A êK¼ C -X ê å å ê æ å ë æÔ ½· å ä .ÉÄnZÍ B¿ Ùj¿A ð ÒÀγê -e å ê ä å ê ÁÈMÝu ϯê æÁÇ äÅÍh»A ÆÌÄ¿ÛÀ»A 伯Cä f³} -_Ç 5.{Æ̨qBa æ ê å êì ä å ê æ å ä æ æ ä ê The Guidance In Grammar 17 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 18. å ê ì å æì ©IAj»A pif»A THE FOURTH LESSON The Noun å æê ÁmâA ä åæ ä ä :ÅÎIBI ϯê å ä æ j·hÃä Ëä ,ÏÄJ¿ä Ëä Lj¨¿ :ÅÎÀn³ê ÐÓ»Gê å ê æ ä å æê ê æä É¿B¸YC å ÿ êæ ë ä æ å ê æä æ Án´ÄÍ ÁmâA è äæ å The Noun (Al-Ism) is divided into two types: The Declinable (Lj¨¿) and the Indeclinable ï êæ ä (ÏÄJ¿). We will mention their rules in two chapters: å ìä å ¾ËÞA LBJ»A ååä ä å ä ðäå è ä ä ê å åä ä è äðä å å ä æ å ÁmâA ë å ¾Ìv¯ ÒQÝQ BÈίê Ëä Ò¿f´À»A .ÒÀMBa Ëä fuB´¿ ÒQÝQ Ëä Ò¿f´¿ êÉίê Ëä ,Lj¨À»A å æê ê THE FIRST CHAPTER å ä æ å ÁmâA The Declinable Noun (Lj¨À»A å æê ). In (the first chapter) is an introduction, three objectives and a conclusion. In the Introduction are three sections: å ä æ å ÁmâA å ì ä å æ ä Lj¨À»A å æê :¾ËÞA ½v°»A SECTION ONE: The Declinable Noun ê äæ ê åæä ä ä ê æ ê æ ì ê æ ÉJrÍ æ ä ð å æÔ ½· ä å å ä æ å ÁmâA å Ëä äÏyBÀ»A ½¨°»A Ëä ²jZ»A ÏħC ,½uÞA ÏÄJ¿ä å ê å Ü Ëä ÊjΫ ä©¿ä äK·i ÁmA í ÌÇ :Lj¨À»A å æê êê æ ë Ð è ê ä å æ ä ê ä æä äÂB³) ϯê (AhÇ) Ü Ëä êKηjN»A Âf¨»ê åä æ ä (fΨm) Ü (fΨmä ÕFU) ϯê (fΨm) :ÌZÃä ,jyBZ»A j¿ÞA ê æ ì ê ä ä ÊfYË ê ä èê ä ²ÝNaHIê åå ê ±¼NbÍä ÆC å å å Ëä ,ÅÍÌÄN»A êÉ»ÌJ´»ê BĸÀN¿ä ÐÓÀnÍ Ëä ,²jZ»BIê êÉJr»A eÌUÌ»ê (AhÇÐ æ ä æ ä æ ä ç ê ê ê ÊjaE ê ä æ ÉÀ¸Y ä ê æ ì ê å ð ä ä ì ä å ê æ ä ä ì ê åå ä ,ÓN¯ä ÏÃÕFU) :ÌZÃä ,AjÍf´Mä ËCä ,(fÍlIê Pij¿ä Ëä ,AfÍkä å æä ä Ëä ,fÍkä ÏÃÕFU) :ÌZÃä ,B¤°»ä ½¿Ą»A Ë ç êä å æ ç ê æ æ ë æä å æä çæ OÍCi è æ êä åæ ç æ ê ê ä ç ä å æä ä ç ä OÍCi .(ÓN°Iê Pij¿ä Ëä ,ÓN¯ å æ ä The Guidance In Grammar 18 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 19. The declinable noun is every noun constructed (in an expression) with other than itself and (the declinable noun) does not resemble originally indeclinable nouns, meaning the äæä ä ä ÏyBÀ»A æ ê ä ê äæ Particle (²jZ»A); the past-tense verb (ä ê ½¨°»A) and the command verb (jyBZ»A j¿ÞA), such è è è as (fΨmä) in: fΨmä ÕFU Sa'eed Came, not the word (fΨmä) alone due to lack of (grammatical) ê ê ä ê construction. Nor is (AhÇÐ) in: AhÇÐ äÂB³ This stood, due to the existence of a resemblance to a particle. ð ä The (Declinable Noun) is referred to as Mutamakkin (å ä å ) due to its acceptance of ŸÀNÀ»A Tanween (å ê æ ì ) or Nunnation. The rule of the Declinable Noun is that its ending changes ÅÍÌÄN»A − å ç æä èä ê ä æ êä with a change of word government (½¿Ą»A). This change may be literal (B¤°»), as in: fÍk ÏÃÕFU ç æä å æ ä ë æä ê å æ ä ä Zaid came to me; AfÍk OÍCiä I saw Zaid; fÍlI Pij¿ I passed by Zaid. Or (the change may) be ç æä çä æ çä å ä ä estimated (AjÍf´M), as in: ÓN¯ ÏÃÕFU A youth came to me; ÓN¯ OÍCiä I saw a youth; ÓN°I Pij¿ I çä å ê êä ê æä passed by a youth. ä ä ä æä ì ì ä ê ä æ å å ê å êä æ ê å æ .±»ÞA Ëä ÕFλA Ëä ËAÌ»A Ëä Ñjn¸»A Ëä êÒZN°»A Ëä êÒÀz»B· ,Lj¨À»A jaE ±¼NbÍ ÉIê B¿ :LAj§âA Ëä ê ê ê ê êä æ ê æä å ä ä æ å æ :ªAÌÃC ÒQÝQ êÁmâA LAj§Gê Ëä ë ê ï è æ èæ .jUä -3 ,KvÃä -2 ,©¯iä -1 å æ å ê å æ ä ä æê ê ê æê ½Z¿ ä KvÄ»A ©¯j»A å å æ æ :ÌZÃä ,jaàA ²jZ»A ÌÇä êÁmâA äÅ¿ LAj§âA í ä ä Ëä .jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä å ì êÉIê ½vZÍä B¿ :½¿B¨»A Ëä å ê í è ää ìä è ää èê ì åæ è æ åì ì è ä æ å è å æ èê (f»Ba) æÅ¿ê ¾Af»A ²jYä Ëä LAj§Gê ÒÀz»A Ëä ,Lj¨¿ ¾ÌÀ¨¿ä (f»Ba) Ëä ½¿B§ (Cj³) ÆH¯ ,(f»Ba Cj³) ê ê ä ê ê ä æ .LAj§âA í ä ä ê ê ½Z¿ æ å ì ä ä ä æ å ä ä æÔ Án´»A ϯê å å å å6ÏVÎmä Ëä .ªiBzÀ»A ½¨°»A Ëä å ð ä ä å å æê ÜGê Lj¨»A êÂÝ· ϯê Lj¨¿ Ü åì æÁ¼§A Ëä ê æê ÉÀ¸Y Õ ê ä å ê å æ ê ŸÀNÀ»A ÁmâA ê ä ä ÉÃC ä ì ä æ Ð .Ó»B¨Mä å ÕFq ÆGê ÏÃBR»A ɼ»A êé å æ Declension (LAj§âA) is that by which the ending of declinable nouns are changed, like (the ê åì ì å ä æä åä æ ä åä −½ ÕFλA signs of declension): Dammah (ÒÀz»A); Fathah (ÒZN°»A); Kasrah (Ñjn¸»A); Waw (ËAÌ»A); Ya (å ), ± ± − å ä è æ è æ ä and Alif (±»ÞA). Declension of the noun is of three types: Nominative (©¯iä); Accusative (KvÃ) ê ïä and Genitive (jU). The Guidance In Grammar 19 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 20. å Word government (½¿B¨»A) is that by which the nominative, accusative and genitive states ê æ è ää are achieved. The place of declension (LAj§âA í ä ä) of the noun is its last letter, as in: f»Ba Cj³ ê ê ½Z¿ ê ä ää å èê − ä Khalid read. The word (Cj³) is the governing word (½¿B¨»A) and the word (f»Ba) is the ê å ä æå å åæ ä declinable governed noun (Lj¨À»A ¾ÌÀ¨À»A). Dammah is the (sign of) declension and the ± è ê ) is the place of declension (LAj§âA í ä ä). letter (e) in the word (f»Ba æ ê ê ½Z¿ Know, that in the speech of the 'Arabs there are no declinable words other than the ð ä å Mutamakkin Noun (å ä å å æê ) and the present-tense verb (å ê å ½¨°»A). (The verb's) ŸÀNÀ»A ÁmâA ªiBzÀ»A æ ê ruling will come in the second section, if Allah, the Exalted, wills. æê ê æ å æ ä ê å æ ä ÁmâA LAj§Gê ²BÄuC :ÏÃBR»A ½v°»A ê SECTION TWO: Types of Declension of the Noun ä ë æ å ä æ æê å æ :²BÄuC Ò¨nMê êÁmâA LAj§Gê ä ä ä å ìä ä BÀIê í ä æ ä Ëä Ñjn¸»BIê jV»A Ëä ,ÒZN°»BIê å æ ì Ëä ,ÒÀz»BIê å æì Æ̸Íä ÆCä - :¾ËÞA :Ï¼Í wNbÍ ê ä æ í ä ê ä æ KvÄ»A ê ì ì ©¯j»A ä æ ê å æ ë ì ä æ ÊjaE å å :ÌZÃä ,Ò¼§ê ²jYä åå ê Æ̸Íä Ü B¿ :ÑBZÄ»A fħê ÌÇ Ëä ,ÎZv»A ²jvÄÀ»A ej°À»A êÁmâBIê -C ê í ä æ ä å ê ê ì ê ê ä æ å ê ä å æê æ è ää .(fmC) ,Ì»e) :ÌZÃä ,Å·Bm BȼJ³ B¿ ÕFÍ ËC AËAË åå ê Æ̸Íä B¿ ÌÇ Ëä ,ÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ä ÐiBV»BIê -L èæä å æ è ê äæ ä ç æ ç å ÊjaE å äå ê ê ì äæ ê èæä .(ÏJ£ è è æ ä èæ è ää ê ä ä å å è å æ ê ê ä æå ê ì ä å æ ä Ëä ;¾BUiê Ëä ,ÏJ£ Ëä ,ËjUä Ëä ,fmC ÏÄÀUBÇ) :¾Ì´Mä .(¾BUi) :ÌZÃä ,²jvÄÀ»A jn¸À»A ê©ÀV»BIê -X ê ä ä æ ä ä ë ää å æ ä ä ä ç ä ç æ ä ä ç æ ä ä ç ä ä å æ ä ä .(¾BUiê Ëä ,ÏJ£ Ë ,ËjU Ë ,fmDIê Pij¿ Ë ;ÜBUiê Ë BÎJ£ Ë AËjU Ë ,AfmC OÍCi ë ëæ ë Declension of the noun is of nine types: æ The First: That it is nominative (å ì ) with Dammah; accusative (å æ ì ) with Fathah; and ©¯j»A ± KvÄ»A ± ä ) with Kasrah. It is exclusive to the following: genitive (jV»A í The Guidance In Grammar 20 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 21. å æ æ ÎZv»A ê ä å åä å a) The Fully Declinable Singular Sound Noun (å ê ì ²jvÄÀ»A ej°À»A). According to the scholars of Nahw, it is a noun which does not have a weak letter at its ending, as ± è æ ä Zaid. in: fÍk b) al-Jari Majra as-Saheeh (êÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ ÐiBV»A). It is a noun whose last letter is Waw − − ± ± ± ± ê ì äæ ä ê − èä æ ä or Ya with (the preceding letter) being unvowelled (å ê é ), as in: Ì»e A bucket; è æ −½ Å·Bn»A ÏJ£ A Gazelle. å æ ä è c) The fully-declinable Broken Plural (²jvÄÀ»A å ì å å æ ä ), as in: ¾BUi Men. You å ê å jn¸À»A ©ÀV»A ê ä ää è ä ÏÄÀUBÇ A lion attacked me; ËjUä ÏÄÀUBÇ A cub attacked me; ÏJ£ä ÏÄÀUBÇ A èæ ê ä ä would say: fmC ê è æ êä ä è êä ä Gazelle attacked me; ¾BUiê ÏÄÀUBÇ Some men attacked me. ä æ ç äå ä ç æä æ å ä æ æä ç äå ä (Or you can say:) AfmC OÍCiä I saw a lion; AËjU OÍCiä I saw a cub; BÎJ£ OÍCi I saw a ç æ å ä ë ä æä ä ä å gazelle; ÜBUiê OÍCiä I saw some men. (Or you can say:) fmDIê Pij¿ I passed by a lion; å ä å æä å ëæ ä æä ËjVI Pij¿ä I passed by a cub; ÏJ¤Iê Pij¿ä I passed by a gazelle; ¾BUjIê Pij¿ä I passed by ëæ ë ê æä some men. å æ ê é ìä å æ ä wNbÍ ê ä æ ä ä KvÄ»A ê ì ä ©¯j»A ä å æ ä ê é æ æ :ÌZÃä ,Á»Bn»A êSÃÛÀ»A ê©ÀV»BIê í ä ä Ëä Ñjn¸»BIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,ÒÀz»BIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:ÏÃBR»A ê í ë ê .(PBÀ¼nÀIæ åê Pij¿ Ëä ,PBÀ¼n¿ å æä ä Ëä ,PBÀ¼n¿ ÏÄMÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä ,(PBÀ¼n¿) å æä ä ë ê æ å OÍCi è ê æ å ê æä åå êæ å The Second: That which is nominative (å Ú ) with Dammah, and accusative æ ©¯j»A ± (å æ ì ) and KvÄ»A ä ) with Kasrah. It is exclusive to the Feminine Sound Plural (å ê ì å ìä å å æ ä genitive (jV»A í Á»Bn»A SÃÛÀ»A ©ÀV»A), è êæ å è êæ å ê ä æ as in: PBÀ¼n¿ Muslim women. You would say: PBÀ¼n¿ ÏÄMÕFU Some Muslim women came to ë êæ å æå ä ë ê æ åê æä ä å me; PBÀ¼n¿ OÍCiä I saw some Muslim women; PBÀ¼nÀI Pij¿ I passed by some Muslim women. å ä æ ä å æ ê ä æ å æ ä wNbÍ ä æ ä ä KvÄ»A ê ì ì ©¯j»A ä å æ ä å ê é æ æ ,(fÀYC) :ÌZÃä ,²jvÄÀ»A jάIê í ä ä Ëä êÒZN°»BIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,ÒÀz»BIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:S»BR»A ê ê äíä æä Pij¿ä Ëä ,fÀYCä å æä ä Ëä ,fÀYCä ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä .(fÀYDIê å æä ä ä æ OÍCi å ä æ êä åå The Third: That which is nominative (å Ú ) with Dammah and accusative (å æ ì ) and æ ©¯j»A ± KvÄ»A ä ä ê ê ä æå åæ genitive (jV»A) with Fathah. It is exclusive to the Partially Declinable Nouns (²jvÄÀ»A jΫ), as í ± å ä æä å ä æ ä êä ä ä æ ä å æä å æä ä in: fÀYC Ahmad. You could say: fÀYC ÏÃÕFU Ahmad came to me; fÀYC OÍCiä I saw Ahmad; Pij¿ ± ± ± ä ä æä fÀYDIê I passed by Ahmad. ± The Guidance In Grammar 21 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 22. ê KvÄ»A ê ©¯j»A ä æ å ê é çä ì ä å ì ð æä wNbÍ ê ä å ä ä æ ä ÑjJ¸¿ êÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞBIê í ä æ ä Ëä ,ÕFλBIê jV»A Ëä ,±»ÞBIê å æ ì Ëä ,ËAÌ»BIê å æì Æ̸Íä ÆC :©IAj»A ä jΫ) ê í ä ä çêä ä å ä ä ä åä ä ä åä ä ä ð ä ä å ºÌÀY Ë ,ºÌIC Ë ,ºÌaC :ÏÇê Ë ,Á¼¸NÀ»A ÕFÍ jΫ ÐÓ»Gê Ò¯Bz¿ (©ÀUä Ü Ëä ÑBÄR¿ jΫ) Ñej°¿ (Ñj¬v¿ ê ê êæ å æ ë ë ì ä å ä æ ä ç ä ä æ å ëä ì ä ä ä ä ä ä å æä ä ä ä ä å æä ä ä ä åä ä åå å ä å ä å .ϳAÌJ»A Ah· Ë (¹ÎaDIê Pij¿ Ë ,ºBaC OÍCi Ë ,ºÌaC ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä ,¾B¿ Ëg Ëä ºÌÄÇä Ëä ºÌ¯ Ë ê ä ê ê ë The Fourth: That which is nominative (å Ú ) with Waw, accusative (å æ ì ) with Alif, and æ ©¯j»A − KvÄ»A ä å ì ð å æä −½ genitive (jV»A) with Ya. It is exclusive to The Six Nouns (ÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞA) (with the condition that í ä ëì ì ä å ä æ ä ç ä ì å they are) non-Diminutive (Ñj¬v¿ jΫ ÑjJ¸¿); singular; not dual or plural, and annexed to ðä ä Á¼¸NÀ»A ê ê æ Ð ä ä çä å other than the (pronoun of the) first person singular (ê å ÕFÍ jΫ Ó»Gê Ò¯Bz¿). The Six Nouns å ä ì ð ÕFÀmÞA ä åä å ä ä åä ä ä å (ÒNn»A å æ ) are: ºÌaC Your brother; ºÌIC Your father; ºÌÀY Your father-in-law; ºÌ¯ Your mouth; ä åä å ä åä ä ä ä ä ºÌÄÇ Your thing; ¾B¿ Ëg Wealthy. You would say: ºÌaC ÏÃÕFU Your brother came to me; ºBaC å æ ä ë ê OÍCi ä ä å æä ä I saw your brother; ¹ÎaDI Pij¿ I passed by your brother. Likewise, it is for the remaining êê words. è ä ê æä :Ò¼×mC åä æ ð .É» ½R¿ä Ëä ,Lj¨À»A äÁmâA ²j§ä -1 ä ä æå æ ê ð ê åä ç æ æ å ð ä ä å ÁmâA ä å .É» ÜBR¿ê LjyGê ?ŸÀNÀ»A å æê ÌÇ B¿ -2 ê æ Ð ä æ æ å æå .LAj§âA ÓĨ¿ä j·gC -3 ê ê æê ê æ æä æ å æå .ÁmâA LAj§Gê äªAÌÃC j·gC -4 ê ì ä ä æ ðä ä ä ê ê æ .LAj§âA ½Z¿ ÅÎI Ë ,½¿B¨»A ²j§ä -5 ê êð æ ê ±Äuê ð å ê ¾BR¿ j·gê ä©¿ä BÈÄ¿ Ò¨IiC `jqG ?ÁmâA LAj§G ²BÄuCä äÏÇê æÁ· -6 .BÈÄ¿ ë æ ½¸» ë ê ê æ äæ æ æ ê ç ää æ ä æê ê æ ê å æ ä ê ê .É» ½R¿ ?ÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ä ÐiBV»A å æê ÌÇ B¿ -7 å äæ ðä ì ä æ ê ÁmâA ä å ê ê jn¸À»A ê©ÀV»A Ëä ,ÎZv»A ÐÔjV¿ä ÐiBV»A Ëä ,ÎZv»A ej°À»A êÁmâA äÅ¿ê ½· Lj¨Í ±Î· -8 ä æ ï å å ä æå ä æ ä êì å æä ê ê ì äæ ê ê ê ì êä å ê ê ê ä æå .²jvÄÀ»A The Guidance In Grammar 22 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 23. ä Ð æð ä ä å æå ê ê ê ì ìä å æ ê æ ì ê æ æ .¹»h»ê ½R¿ä Ëä ,Á»Bn»A êSÃÛÀ»A ê©ÀUä LAj§Gê Òΰη j·gC-9 ä Ð å ìä å ç ä ê ê ê ê ä æ å jΫ ÁmâA å ä æ å ê .¹»g yÌÍ ÜBR¿ê PBÇ ?²jvÄÀ»A å æ å æê Lj¨Í äÁI-10 ä ä åå ëäê æ ê æ ð ä ìð ä æ ê æ .Ò¼R¿C j·gê ä©¿ä BÈIAj§Gê PB¿Ý§ä æÅÎIä Ëä ÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞA j·gC -11 ê æ ê :ÅÍiBÀMä å ê ä ê æ ê ð ê ä ê ì ä å ê ä ää æ å ä æ ê æ ä æ :BÈIAj§Gê PB¿Ý§ä æÅÎIä Ëä ,ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ ÒIj¨À»A ÕFÀmÞA êXjbNmGê -1 æä ä ê ì ê ɼ» å æ ä 6.{~iÞA Ë PAËBÀn»A j êB¯ ê ìê fÀZ»A} -C ê ä .ÉÄ¿ê ä©Ä¿ B¿ ÐÓ¼§ä è ê ä ÆBnÃâA -L åæ ê å wÍjY å æê ä æå ä æ ä ä æ ä ä ì ì 7.{j¸ÄÀ»A Ë ÕFrZ°»A ŧ ÐÓÈÄM ÑÝv»A ÆG} -X ê ê ê ê ä æê ä .μr¿eä æÅ¿ê ÅnYä ÌIC ÕFU -e ëä å ä .ªÌyÌÀ»BIê Á¼§ê Ëg gBNmÞA AhÇÐ -_Ç ê åæ ä æ å å æå ë ä Ð ä ä æ ä æ å ðäå .|ÍjÀ»A êÒ¿Ýmä Ó¼§ä ÆjÈnÍä PByjÀÀ»A -Ë ê êä ê ääæ ä ä ä æ ä ä OÀ¼m .ÒmifÀ»A ϯê fÀYC ÐÓ¼§ä å æ ä -k ì ì ð ê æä ê ç ê å ç æÔ :ÒλBN»A ê½ÀV»A äÅ¿ Ï»Bb»A ÆB¸À»A ϯê êÒNn»A ÕFÀmÞA äÅ¿ BJmBÄ¿ BÀmA ê©yä -2 ê äê ì ä å ê ê ê ä Ð æ ê æÔ ä æ êä æ .......Ó¼§ä ±ñ§A Ëä .....ÂjNYGê -C ä ê äåå ê ê åæ .Ò¨ÀV»A ÑÝuä ϯ......OÍCiä -L ä åå Ð æ æ ........Ó»Gê j¤ÃC -X ï êä è ê .Ï·g K»B ........ -e æ ìå .Á¼§.......½· æo»BU -_Ç ë ê ê ä Ð OÀ¼m ..........Ó¼§ä å æ ä -Ë ì æ ä ê ä ä ê åì ì .jÎb»A ½À¨».......ɼ»A äμ¯Ëä -k ê The Guidance In Grammar 23 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A
  • 24. å æì åo¿Bb»A pif»A ê THE FIFTH LESSON æê ê æ ê æ ä å ì ê ÁmâA LAj§Gê ²BÄuC ÒδIä The Remaining Types Of Declension Of The Noun ê Ð ì ä å wNbÍæ äæ ä åæ ä ê ä KvÄ»A ê êä ©¯j»A ä å æ ä å ê æ Ëä ,ÓÄRÀ»BIê í ä ä Ëä .BȼJ³ B¿ ê`ÌN°À»A ÕFλBIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,±»ÞBIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:o¿Bb»A í ä ,BÀÇÝ· ÆÝUj»A ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´Mä ,(ÆBNÄQAÔ Ëä ÆBÄQG) Ëä ,jÎÀyä Ó»G êÅίBz¿ BÃB· AgG (BN¼·) Ëä (Ý·) å ê åì êä åå äæ ê ê ëê Ð ê æ å æ ä ä æ Ë ê ê ê ê ê ä æÔ ä æ ä æ ä åì å æä ä ä æ ä æÔ ä æ ä æ ä åì å æä ä ä æ êæ ê ê ê ê .(ÅÎÄQA Ë ,BÀÈμ· êÅμUj»BIê Pij¿ Ë ;ÅÎÄQA Ë ,BÀÈμ· êÅμUj»A OÍCi Ë ;ÆBÄQGê ê ê æ The Fifth: That which is nominative (å ì ) with Alif and accusative (å æ ì ) and genitive (jV»A) ©¯j»A KvÄ»A í ä −½ −± with Ya, the letter before it being Maftuh (vowelled with Fathah). This is exclusive to the ± æ Dual (ÐÓÄRÀ»A) and that which is attached to the Dual, and these are (Ý·) and (BN¼·) when they ä ìå ê ê æ äæ are annexed to a pronoun. Also attached to the Dual are the words (ÆBÄQGê) and (ÆBNÄQGê). You ê ê å ê åì êä å ä ä å ä ê æ ê Åæ ì æ would say: BÀÇÝ· ÆÝUj»A ÏÃÕFU Two men came to me, both of them; BÀÈμ· ê μUj»A OÍCiä I saw two ê ä å ä å æä ä êæ ê æ ì men, both of them; BÀÈμ· êÅμUj»BIê Pij¿ I passed by two men, both of them. äæ ä ê åæä ê ä KvÄ»A äæ ä å æ å ê ©¯j»A ä ä æ ä å ê é æ Ëä .BȼJ³ B¿ iÌn¸À»A ÕFλBIê jV»A Ëä å æ ì Ëä ,BȼJ³ B¿ êÂÌÀzÀ»A ËAÌ»BIê å ì Æ̸Íä ÆC -:peBn»A í ä åê æ å ÏÃÕFU) :¾Ì´M .(BÈMAÌaCä Ëä äÅÍjr§ê Ëä Ï»ËC)_· êÉI å ê æ å Ëä ,Á»Bn»A j·hÀ»A ©ÀV»BI wNbÍä ,ÆÌÀ¼n¿ êä å åå ê ä æ êæ å ä ìä μZ¼À»A ê ê ì ê å ê æ ä ê í ä æ ê ê ä ê ê æ å å æä ä ë ê å ç å ê æ ä ä ê ê æ å OÍCi ë å å ç å ä å æ Ëä ,ÅÎÀ¼nÀIê Pij¿ Ëä ;¾B¿ Ï»ËC Ëä ,ÝUiä äÅÍjr§ê Ëä ,ÅÎÀ¼n¿ å æ ä Ëä ;¾B¿ Ì»ËC Ëä ,ÝUiä ÆËjr§ê Ëä å ç å æ .(¾B¿ Ï»ËC Ëä ,ÝUiä äÅÍjr§ê ë ê ê æ The Sixth: That which is nominative (å ì ) with Waw, the letter before it being Madmum ©¯j»A − ± − (vowelled with Dammah) and accusative (å æ ì ) and Genitive (jV»A) with Ya, the letter ± KvÄ»A í ä −½ − before it being Maksur (vowelled with Kasrah). It is exclusive to the Masculine Sound äì å æ Plural (å ê é å å å æ ä ) and its attachments, which are: Ï»ËC and ä ê ê and her sisters.8 You Á»Bn»A j·hÀ»A ©ÀV»A ê ÅÍjr§ ä å ê æ å êä å äå ç æ could say: ÆÌÀ¼nÀ»A ÏÃÕFU Muslim men came to me; ÝUiä ÆËjr§ê ÏÃÕFU Twenty men came to me; êä åå ä ä ¾B¿ Ì»ËC ÏÃÕFU Wealthy people came to me. (Or you could say:) äÅÎÀ¼n¿ å æ ä I saw Muslim men; ë ê ê ê æ å OÍCi ç å æ ä å ä ÝUiä äÅÍjr§ê å æ ä I saw twenty men; ¾B¿ Ï»ËC å æ ä I saw wealthy people. (Or you could say:) Pij¿ä ê OÍCi ë ê OÍCi å æä ç å æ å è å ê ê æ åê ê ê ê æä ê ê å æä äÅÎÀ¼nÀI I passed by Muslim men; ÝUiä äÅÍjr¨I Pij¿ä I passed by twenty men; ¾B¿ Ï»ËDI Pij¿ä I passed by wealthy people. The Guidance In Grammar 24 ÌZÄ»A ϯ ÒÍAfÈ»A