tool for management

9. Work Sampling
Two primary uses:
• Ratio-delay studies: concern the percentage of
worker’s time that involves unavoidable delays
appropriate for long, non-repetitive tasks
is a technique for estimating the proportion of
time that a worker or machine spends on
various activities and the idle time.
• Analysis of non-repetitive jobs: percentage of
time an employee spends doing various jobs

10. Observed Time (OT): simply the average of the recorded times
n
x
OT
i
Normal Time (NT): observed time adjusted for worker performance
PR*OTNT 
Standard Time (ST): normal time required for a job plus
an allowance time for different delays
FNTST A